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North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1930s

Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for riparian buffer zones surrounding 50 lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.

North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1960s

North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1990s

North Temperate Lakes LTER Yahara Lakes District Land Use - Land Cover 1930s

Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for selected watersheds in Dane County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.

North Temperate Lakes LTER Yahara Lakes District Land Use - Land Cover 1960s

North Temperate Lakes LTER Yahara Lakes District Land Use - Land Cover 1990s

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

zenodo52/100

Parsimonious Random-Forest-Based Land-Use Regression Model Using Particulate Matter Sensors in Berlin, Germany

The dataset consists of particulate matter pollution concentration, measured in three localities - Hermsdorf, Charlottenburg and Adlershof, in Berlin, Germany. <a href="../api/records/10076056/draft/files/pm25_summer_rd_30s.geojson/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">pm25_summer_rd_30s.geojson</a> shows the observed PM2.5 concentration in a 30 second interval. <a href="../api/records/10076056/draft/files/pm25_summer.geojson/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">pm25_summer.geojson</a> shows the concentrations shown is the local concentration (observed concentration - background concentration) in a 30 second interval. The background concentration is calculated as the lowest 5 percentile of the measured concentration for each measurement round.  <a href="../api/records/10076056/draft/files/PM2.5_lc_max.geojson/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PM2.5_lc_max.geojson</a> contains the information from <a href="../api/records/10076056/draft/files/pm25_summer.geojson/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">pm25_summer.geojson</a> in a 25m resolution. Additionally, it contains the land use information for each coordinate. The original publication providing all necessary background information on study sites, methodology and data processing is the following: Venkatraman Jagatha, J., T. Sauter, C. Schneider (2024): Parsimonious Random-Forest-Based Land-Use Regression Model Using Particulate Matter Sensors in Berlin, Germany. MDPI Sensors, 24(13), 4193, DOI: 10.3390/s24134193. The paper is fully open access and can be downloaded at <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134193">https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134193</a>. Information on working with geojson file can be found under <a href="https://geojson.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">GeoJSON</a> .

zenodo52/100

Yearly CO2 emissions from anthropogenic land use change by main driver (2014-2023)

<h3>Background</h3> Human-induced land use change (LUC), driven by activities such as forestry, logging, and the production of agricultural commodities (e.g. fruits, nuts, and meat) significantly impacts the Global Commons, encompassing the climate system, ice sheets, land biosphere, oceans, and the ozone layer. The convertion of natural forests into areas dedicated to these activities lead to disrupted ecosystems (Foley et al. 2005), severely degraded biodiversity (Newbold et al. 2015), and the release of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere (Hong et al. 2021), further exacerbating climate change and ocean acidification (Doney et al. 2009). The expansion of the agricultural frontier is identified as the predominant direct cause of deforestation globally, with other industries like timber and mining also playing significant roles (Curtis et al. 2018). To achieve global climate targets, forestry, and other land use GHG emissions must decrease along a nonlinear trajectory and reach carbon neutrality by 2050 (Rockström et al. 2017). However, to successfully address this road map, improving our understanding of deforestation drivers is urgently needed. <h3>Summary</h3> This dataset is the result of data processing performed to estimate the extent to which commodities and other agricultural products have replaced forests, while mapping the CO2 emission impact making use of the best available spatially explicit data. Results are reported globally for 52 products at national level, as well as agroecological and thermal zones (FAO & IIASA) and a 50km cell vector grid. In order to detect spatially-explicit deforestation drivers, the current extent of commodities and agricultural products was overlapped with global annual tree cover loss in the 10-year period from 2014 to 2023. Carbon stocks in the deforested areas were then assumed to have been emmited into the atmosphere. Recent, detailed crop and pasture maps for relevant commodities were used whenever available, and coarser resolution datasets were used as supplements when needed. Operations were performed in Google Earth Engine. <h3>Datasets used</h3> Forest and biomass carbon distribution The <a href="https://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest">Global Forest Change</a> dataset (Hansen et al., 2013) is used to estimate deforestation between 2014 and 2023. This tree cover loss dataset measures the first instance of complete removal of tree cover canopy at a 30-meter resolution for all woody vegetation over 5 meters in height. The <a href="https://data-gis.unep-wcmc.org/portal/home/item.html?id=374a99fc76574f72bb8c71af7b428d0a">WCMC Above and Below Ground Biomass Carbon Density </a>(Soto-Navarro et al., 2020), for reference year 2010 at 300m pixel, is overlapped with resulting deforested areas pixels to dermine the biomass carbon present in the areas before deforestation. Generalized deforestation drivers <a href="https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/ff304784a9f04ac4a45a40f60bae5b26/about">Tree cover loss by dominant driver</a> (Curtis et al., 2022) in 2023 is used to determine wide categories of deforestation drivers (commodities, shifting agriculture, forestry, wildfire and urbanization). Pixels indicating deforestation in the Global Forest Change dataset (Hansen et al., 2013) that overlap the commodities and shifting agriculture pixels from this dataset (Curtis et al., 2022) have their drivers further detailed with the data sources listed in the below. <a href="http://www.earthstat.org/">EarthStat</a> pasture areas layer (Ramankutty et al., 2008) is used to identify areas for which specific livestock categories are to be defined. The project provides pasture areas for reference year 2000 at ~10km resolution. Detailed deforestation drivers The <a href="https://earthobservations.org/geoglam.php">Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring</a> (GEOGLAM) commodity distibution layer (Becker-Reshef et al., 2023) is used to identify specific commodities (winter wheat, spring wheat, maize, rice and soybean) to deforestation pixels pertaining to the "commodities" class. The ressource provides commodity distribution mapping at 5km pixel resolution. Values are provided as percentage of pixel area occupied by given crop. The <a href="https://mapspam.info/">Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM)</a> physical area layer (You et al., 2014) for reference year 2020 is used to detail drivers pertaining to the "shifting agriculture" class. The dataset covers 46 crops and crop groups at ~9km pixel resolution. Values are provided as percentage of pixel area occupied by given crop or crop group. The <a href="https://www.fao.org/livestock-systems/global-distributions/en/">Gridded Livestock of the World (GLW3)</a> (Gilbert et al., 2022) is used to determine which species (cattle, goat, sheep or horse) of livestock is raised in areas identified as pasture in the EarthStat layer and pertaining to the "commodities" class. The project provides livestock distribution for reference year 2015 at ~9km resolution. Values are provided as number of individuals located within the pixel. Values were converted into percentage of pixel area covered by grazing field for given species based on species density thresholds. <h3>Data processing</h3> Most of data processing takes place in Google Earth Engine, with scripts redacted in javascript. In summary, two strategies were implemented: Proportional driver distribution strategy: When deforestation pixels (Hansen et al., 2013) overlapped with pixels from at least one of the detailed deforestation drivers data sources, the driver describe in the latter were associated with that deforested area. Whenever more than one of these data sources had non-null pixels overlapping the area, a proportional distribution was assumed (i.e. if SPAM indicated 100% of the area to be covered by cowpea crops, GEOGLAM 100% by maize, and GLW3 100% by cattle grazing fields, the pixel is assumed to have 33.3% of its deforested area associated with each of these drivers). Main driver strategy: When deforestation pixels did not overlap with any non-null pixels from any of the detailed drivers sources, the pixel is assumed to have the entirety of its deforested area associated with one single main driver resulting from a crop-livestock mosaic. The mosaic is created by taking the highest value from each of the crop or livestock distribution rasters, and then assigning the raster category to be the new pixel value, ultimately creating a category raster layer containing the main crop, crop group or livestock species occupying that pixel area. Null or zero values in this mosaic are filled-in by nearest neighbour analysis, to a limit of 20 pixels expansion. This was enough to ensure that all deforestation pixels had at least one detailed driver with which it could be associated. The logic behind this operation resides in the fact that the deforestation layer (Hansen et al., 2013) has a larger temporal coverage (with the more recent data point being the reference year 2023), while the detailed driver layers can be as old as reference year 2015. This means we're assuming the main deforestation drivers continued to expand their limits to neighbouring areas during the years for which no data is available. Resulting rasters from both strategies are put together and a zonal statistics operation is performed in order to populate the vector grid cells. <h3>Files</h3> This repository contains the following files: <ul> <li>deforested_area_by_LUC_driver_2014_2023.CSV contains the deforested area (hectares) and the corresponding driver in each grid cell (idenfied by the id field) in each year, in CSV text format.</li> <li>carbon_emissions_by_LUC_driver_2014_2023.CSV contains the carbon emitted (Mg CO2 eq.) and the corresponding driver in each grid cell (idenfied by the id field) in each year, in CSV text format.</li> <li>spatial_grid.gpkg contains the raw 50km cell grid, with identification of country (iso3 and name fields), region, and FAO agroecological zone (zone field) and thermal zone (thermal field), in Geopackage format. In order to visualize the data in a map, the user will need to join one of the csv files to this geopackage file by basing the join on the 'id' field.</li> <li>summary_showcase.png is an image showcasing maps created using the database, as well as a diagram showing the datasets used to create the final dataset.</li> </ul> <h3>How to cite</h3> Iablonovski, G.; Berthet, E. C.; Roberts, S. (2024). Yearly CO2 emissions from anthropogenic land use change by main driver (2014-2023) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13308514 <h3>Authors and contact</h3> Authors: Guilherme Iablonovski*, Etienne Charles Berthet, Sophie Roberts *Corresponding author: Guilherme Iablonovski (guilherme.iablonovski@unsdsn.org)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

zenodo52/100

MODIS MCD12Q1 Land Cover and Land Use Time Series Global Mosaics 2001-2022 (500 m)

General Description The yearly land use and land cover dataset is derived from <a href="https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/products/MCD12Q1"><abbr title="MCD12Q1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500m">MCD12Q1 v061</abbr></a>. This data provides an yearly mosaics of land use and land cover data from 2001 to 2022 in cloud optimized Geotiff (COG) format. This dataset includes layers of land cover type 1 (t1), 2 (t2), and 5 (t5), land cover property 1 (p1) and 2 (p2), land cover property assessment 1 (p1a) and 2 (p2a), and land cover quality control (qc). Data Details <ul> <li>Time period: 2001–2022</li> <li>Type of data: Land cover and land use</li> <li>How the data was collected or derived: Derived from MCD12Q1 v061 using <a href="https://earthengine.google.com">Google Earth Engine</a>.</li> <li>Statistical methods used: None</li> <li>Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica.</li> <li>Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326</li> <li>Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.00081, 179.99994, 87.37000)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 1/120 d.d. = 0.008333333 (1km)</li> <li>Image size: 86,400 x 35,849</li> <li>File format: Cloud optimized Geotiff.</li> </ul> Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels: <ul> <li>Technical issues and questions about the code: <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/-/issues">GitLab Issues</a></li> <li>General questions and comments: <a href="https://disqus.com/home/forums/landgis">LandGIS Forum</a></li> </ul> Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: <ol> <li>generic variable name: lc = Land cover</li> <li>variable procedure combination: mcd12q1v061.t1 = MCD12Q1 v061 LC Type1 band</li> <li>Position in the probability distribution / variable type: c = class | p = probability</li> <li>Spatial support: 500m</li> <li>Depth reference: s = surface</li> <li>Time reference begin time: 20010101 = 2001-01-01</li> <li>Time reference end time: 20011231 = 2001-12-31</li> <li>Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica)</li> <li>EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326</li> <li>Version code: v20230818 = creation date</li> </ol>

opencc-by-sa-4.0Sep 2023View details →

edi52/100

Land use and land cover (LULC) classification of the CAP LTER study area (central Arizona, USA) using Landsat imagery: 2015 and 2020

## overview The project extends the long-term, LULC datasets to facilitate environmental change monitoring and social-ecological studies regarding urban sprawl and dynamics, urban heat islands, and outdoor water consumption, among others. Six land-use/land-cover (LULC) maps at 30 m resolution were previously created from 1985 to 2010 at five-year intervals (Zhang and Li 2017). This project updates that suite with maps for 2015 and 2020. As with the prior set, systematic object-based classification was utilized to ensure map consistency and direct comparison capability over time. The maps comprise 11 land-use/land-cover classes with an overall accuracy of 89.1% for 2015 and 89.6% for 2020. ## literature cited - Zhang, Y. and X. Li. 2017. Land cover classification of the CAP LTER study area at five-year intervals from 1985 to 2010 using Landsat imagery ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/dab4db27974f6c8d5b91a91d30c7781d (Accessed 2022-07-13).

openCC0Aug 2023View details →

edi52/100

FCE Redlands 1994 Land Use, Miami-Dade County, South Florida

Urban growth models have increasingly been used by planners and policy makers to visualize, organize, understand, and predict urban growth. However, these models reveal a wide disparity in their attention to policy factors. Some urban growth models capture few if any specific policy effects (e.g.,as model variables), while others integrate certain policies but not others. Since zoning policies are the most widely used form of land use control in the United States, their conspicuous absence from so many urban growth models is surprising. This research investigated the impacts of zoning on urban growth by calibrating and simulating a cellular automaton urban growth model, SLEUTH, under two conditions in a South Florida location. The first condition integrated restrictive agricultural zoning into SLEUTH, while the other ignored zoning data. Goodness of fit metrics indicate that including the agricultural zoning data improved model performance. The results further suggest that agricultural zoning has been somewhat successful in retarding urban growth in South Florida. Ignoring zoning information is detrimental to SLEUTH performance in particular, and urban growth modeling in general.

openCC (other)Feb 2024View details →

edi52/100

PEATCLSM(Tb): A land surface data assimilation product for peatlands using PEATCLSM and brightness temperature (Tb) satellite observations (Northern Hemisphere output)

The datasets archived here include simulation results shown in the paper, “Improved Groundwater Table and L-band Brightness Temperature Estimates for Northern Hemisphere Peatlands Using New Model Physics and SMOS Observations in a Global Data Assimilation Framework”, published in Remote Sensing of Environment Journal (Bechtold et al., 2020). The output was produced by combining peatland-specific land surface modeling (Bechtold et al., 2019b) embedded in the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) with L-band brightness temperature (Tb) observations (SMOS), applying the data assimilation framework of the SMAP Level‐4 Soil Moisture product (Reichle et al., 2019). We provide netcdf files (9-km resolution EASEv2 grid, period Jan 2010 – Nov 2019, and between 45°N and 70°N, NE Asia excluded) of the four experiments of the manuscript: model-only (open-loop, OL) and data assimilation (DA) for each land model version, that is CLSM without and with the use of the PEATCLSM modules. The highest accuracy is provided by the DA product using PEATCLSM and Tb observations. When referring to the latter product use the name ‘PEATCLSM(Tb)’. We provide three types of netcdf files: •    daily_images_*.nc: Daily land states and fluxes (Table 1), provided as netCDF image-chunked image stack •    ObsFcstAna_images_*.nc: Brightness temperature observations, forecasts and analysis (Table 2), provided as netCDF image-chunked image stack •    incr_timeseries_*.nc: Data assimilation increments (Table 3), provided as netCDF timeseries-chunked image stack The file content is described in the file PEATCLSM_Tb_Documentation_20200505.pdf Please contact Michel Bechtold (michel.bechtold@kuleuven.be) for any questions. Data usage statement: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ If you decide to work with this data, we kindly ask to be informed at the outset of the nature of this work. If the data are essential to the work, or if an important result or conclusion depends on the PEATCLSM(Tb) data product, we would appreciate that you discuss these findings with us to ensure correct use and interpretation of the PEATCLSM(Tb) product. Furthermore, we are continuously improving the data assimilation product, a discussion of your work at an early stage may (i) help us to improve our product, and (ii) allow us to provide you with a newer version. Thanks! References: Bechtold, M., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Reichle, R. H., & Koster, R. D. (2019a). PEAT-CLSM simulation output (Northern Peatlands) version 1. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/E58YM Bechtold, M. et al. (2019b). PEAT‐CLSM: A Specific Treatment of Peatland Hydrology in the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(7), 2130–2162. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001574 Bechtold, M., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Reichle, R. H., Roose, D., Balliston, N., Burdun, I., Devito, K., Kurbatova, J., Strack, M., & Zarov, E. A. (2020). Improved Groundwater Table and L-band Brightness Temperature Estimates for Northern Hemisphere Peatlands Using New Model Physics and SMOS Observations in a Global Data Assimilation Framework. Remote Sensing of Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111805 Reichle, R. H., Liu, Q., Koster, R. D., Crow, W. T., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Kimball, J. S., Ardizzone, J. V., Bosch, D., Colliander, A., Cosh, M., Kolassa, J., Mahanama, S. P., Prueger, J., Starks, P., & Walker, J. P. (2019). Version 4 of the SMAP Level-4 Soil Moisture Algorithm and Data Product. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(10), 3106–3130. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001729

opencc-by-4.0May 2020View details →

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Model simulation data used in "The global impact of the transport sectors on atmospheric aerosol in 2030 – Part 1: Land transport and shipping" (Righi et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015)

This dataset contains the output of the EMAC global model simulations analysed and discussed in Righi et al. (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015). For details see the README.md file.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

A dataset to model Levantine landcover and land-use change connected to climate change, the Arab Spring and COVID-19

Overview This dataset is the repository for the following paper submitted to Data in Brief: Kempf, M. A dataset to model Levantine landcover and land-use change connected to climate change, the Arab Spring and COVID-19. Data in Brief (submitted: December 2023). The Data in Brief article contains the supplement information and is the related data paper to: Kempf, M. Climate change, the Arab Spring, and COVID-19 - Impacts on landcover transformations in the Levant. Journal of Arid Environments (revision submitted: December 2023). Description/abstract The Levant region is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing prolonged heat waves that have led to societal crises and population displacement. Since 2010, the area has been marked by socio-political turmoil, including the Syrian civil war and currently the escalation of the so-called Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, which strained neighbouring countries like Jordan due to the influx of Syrian refugees and increases population vulnerability to governmental decision-making. Jordan, in particular, has seen rapid population growth and significant changes in land-use and infrastructure, leading to over-exploitation of the landscape through irrigation and construction. This dataset uses climate data, satellite imagery, and land cover information to illustrate the substantial increase in construction activity and highlights the intricate relationship between climate change predictions and current socio-political developments in the Levant.  Folder structure The main folder after download contains all data, in which the following subfolders are stored are stored as zipped files:  “code” stores the above described 9 code chunks to read, extract, process, analyse, and visualize the data. “MODIS_merged” contains the 16-days, 250 m resolution NDVI imagery merged from three tiles (h20v05, h21v05, h21v06) and cropped to the study area, n=510, covering January 2001 to December 2022 and including January and February 2023. “mask” contains a single shapefile, which is the merged product of administrative boundaries, including Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Palestine (“MERGED_LEVANT.shp”). “yield_productivity” contains .csv files of yield information for all countries listed above. “population” contains two files with the same name but different format. The .csv file is for processing and plotting in R. The .ods file is for enhanced visualization of population dynamics in the Levant (Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.ods). “GLDAS” stores the raw data of the NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System datasets that can be read, extracted (variable name), and processed using code “8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend” from the respective folder. One folder contains data from 1975-2022 and a second the additional January and February 2023 data. “built_up” contains the landcover and built-up change data from 1975 to 2022. This folder is subdivided into two subfolder which contain the raw data and the already processed data. “raw_data” contains the unprocessed datasets and “derived_data” stores the cropped built_up datasets at 5 year intervals, e.g., “Levant_built_up_1975.tif”.  Code structure 1_MODIS_NDVI_hdf_file_extraction.R  This is the first code chunk that refers to the extraction of MODIS data from .hdf file format. The following packages must be installed and the raw data must be downloaded using a simple mass downloader, e.g., from google chrome. Packages: terra. Download MODIS data from after registration from: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v061/ or https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search (MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V061, last accessed, 09th of October 2023). The code reads a list of files, extracts the NDVI, and saves each file to a single .tif-file with the indication “NDVI”. Because the study area is quite large, we have to load three different (spatially) time series and merge them later. Note that the time series are temporally consistent. 2_MERGE_MODIS_tiles.R In this code, we load and merge the three different stacks to produce large and consistent time series of NDVI imagery across the study area. We further use the package gtools to load the files in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.).  Here, we have three stacks from which we merge the first two (stack 1, stack 2) and store them. We then merge this stack with stack 3. We produce single files named NDVI_final_*consecutivenumber*.tif. Before saving the final output of single merged files, create a folder called “merged” and set the working directory to this folder, e.g., setwd("your directory__MODIS/merged"). 3_CROP_MODIS_merged_tiles.R Now we want to crop the derived MODIS tiles to our study area. We are using a mask, which is provided as .shp file in the repository, named "MERGED_LEVANT.shp". We load the merged .tif files and crop the stack with the vector. Saving to individual files, we name them “NDVI_merged_clip_*consecutivenumber*.tif. We now produced single cropped NDVI time series data from MODIS.  The repository provides the already clipped and merged NDVI datasets. 4_TREND_analysis_NDVI.R Now, we want to perform trend analysis from the derived data. The data we load is tricky as it contains 16-days return period across a year for the period of 22 years. Growing season sums contain MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).  December is represented as a single file, which means that the period DJF (December-February) is represented by 5 images instead of 6. For the last DJF period (December 2022), the data from January and February 2023 can be added. The code selects the respective images from the stack, depending on which period is under consideration. From these stacks, individual annually resolved growing season sums are generated and the slope is calculated. We can then extract the p-values of the trend and characterize all values with high confidence level (0.05). Using the ggplot2 package and the melt function from reshape2 package, we can create a plot of the reclassified NDVI trends together with a local smoother (LOESS) of value 0.3. To increase comparability and understand the amplitude of the trends, z-scores were calculated and plotted, which show the deviation of the values from the mean. This has been done for the NDVI values as well as the GLDAS climate variables as a normalization technique.  5_BUILT_UP_change_raster.R Let us look at the landcover changes now. We are working with the terra package and get raster data from here: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=bu (last accessed 03. March 2023, 100 m resolution, global coverage). Here, one can download the temporal coverage that is aimed for and reclassify it using the code after cropping to the individual study area. Here, I summed up different raster to characterize the built-up change in continuous values between 1975 and 2022.  6_POPULATION_numbers_plot.R For this plot, one needs to load the .csv-file “Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.csv” from the repository. The ggplot script provided produces the desired plot with all countries under consideration.  7_YIELD_plot.R In this section, we are using the country productivity from the supplement in the repository “yield_productivity” (e.g., "Jordan_yield.csv". Each of the single country yield datasets is plotted in a ggplot and combined using the patchwork package in R.  8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend The last code provides the basis for the trend analysis of the climate variables used in the paper. The raw data can be accessed https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=GLDAS%20Noah%20Land%20Surface%20Model%20L4%20monthly&page=1 (last accessed 9th of October 2023). The raw data comes in .nc file format and various variables can be extracted using the [“^a variable name”] command from the spatraster collection. Each time you run the code, this variable name must be adjusted to meet the requirements for the variables (see this link for abbreviations: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GLDAS_CLSM025_D_2.0/summary, last accessed 09th of October 2023; or the respective code chunk when reading a .nc file with the ncdf4 package in R) or run print(nc) from the code or use names(the spatraster collection).  Choosing one variable, the code uses the MERGED_LEVANT.shp mask from the repository to crop and mask the data to the outline of the study area. From the processed data, trend analysis are conducted and z-scores were calculated following the code described above. However, annual trends require the frequency of the time series analysis to be set to value = 12. Regarding, e.g., rainfall, which is measured as annual sums and not means, the chunk r.sum=r.sum/12 has to be removed or set to r.sum=r.sum/1 to avoid calculating annual mean values (see other variables). Seasonal subset can be calculated as described in the code. Here, 3-month subsets were chosen for growing seasons, e.g. March-May (MAM), June-July (JJA), September-November (SON), and DJF (December-February, including Jan/Feb of the consecutive year). From the data, mean values of 48 consecutive years are calculated and trend analysis are performed as describe above. In the same way, p-values are extracted and 95 % confidence level values are marked with dots on the raster plot. This analysis can be performed with a much longer time series, other variables, ad different spatial extent across the globe due to the availability of the GLDAS variables.  (9_workflow_diagramme) this simple code can be used to plot a workflow diagram and is detached from the actual analysis. ___ Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, and Funding acquisition: Michael Kempf ___ Acknowledgements I would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that sharpened the paper in the Journal of Arid Environments. I am particularly grateful to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF/SNF) to fund my research project EXOCHAINS - Exploring Holocene Climate Change and Human Innovations across Eurasia at the University of Basel under grant number TMPFP2_217358.   __ All data underlying the results of this article are publicly available on the internet: GLDAS Noah Land Surface Model L4 data: NASA's Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) Program, https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=GLDAS%20Noah%20Land%20Surface%20Model%20L4%20monthly&page=1 (last accessed 09th December 2023);  Country borders: https://www.geoboundaries.org (last accessed 7th of March 2023) and Natural Earth https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (last accessed 5th of December 2023); FAOstats (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (last accessed 7th of March 2023); Global Human Settlement Layer datasets (GHSL): https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=bu (last accessed 7th of March 2023); Population development:  FAO, https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=JOR (last accessed 4th of March 2023);  the Worldbank, https://www.worldbank.org/en/home (last accessed: 04th of March 2023);  Worlddata.info, https://www.worlddata.info/asia/palestine/populationgrowth.php (last accessed 4th of March 2023); Water demand and population numbers (Tab. 1): https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/OA; https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators# (last accessed 13th of December 2023); MODIS: Earthdata server of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006, https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v061/ (last accessed 7th of March 2023). Competing interests statement: The author declares no conflict of interest. The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Data availability: All data underlying the analyses are freely available on the internet and where applicable, sources are cited in the text. Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Informed consent: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Datasets from study: "Land surface observations boost temperature forecast skill: experiments using Long Short-Term Memory surrogate for physics-based models to assess potential predictability"

This repository contains the datasets needed to reproduce the figures from manuscript: Land surface observations boost temperature forecast skill: experiments using Long Short-Term Memory surrogate for physics-based models to assess potential predictability. In this study, we examine the potential of land surface temperature and vegetation data, which are not routinely assimilated in NWP models, for enhancing temperature forecast skill. We build surrogate models for NWP using Long Short-Term Memory.