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Land Conservation and Human Demographics by Census Tract in New England 2014-2018
This dataset summarizes land protection, conservation prioritization layer scores, and human demographics within New England communities, defined as census tracts. This dataset was created to identify disparities in land protection according to metrics of social marginalization and assess how incorporating environmental justice criteria into land conservation prioritization systems might change conservation priorities.
Land Use on the Southern New England and New York Coasts 1600-2001
The widespread influence of land use and natural disturbance on population, community, and landscape dynamics and the long-term legacy of disturbance on modern ecosystems requires that a historical, broad-scale perspective become an integral part of modern ecological studies and conservation assessment and planning. In previous studies, the Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has developed an integrated approach of paleoecological and historical reconstruction, meteorological modeling, air photo interpretation, GIS analyses, and field studies of vegetation and soils, to address fundamental ecological questions concerning the rates, direction, and causes of vegetation change, to evaluate controls over modern species and community distributions and landscape patterns, and to provide critical background for conservation and restoration planning. In the current study, we extend this approach to investigate the link between landscape history and the abundance, distribution, and dynamics of species, communities and landscapes of the Cape Cod to Long Island coastal region, including the islands of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Block Island. The study region includes many areas of high conservation priority that are linked geographically, historically, and ecologically. Despite the compelling rationale for examining this coastal region as a whole and for comparing its related, though distinctive geographic areas, an integrated and comprehensive study of the region has never been undertaken. We are investigating regional controls over landscape patterns and community distribution and will focus in detail on the dynamics of sandplain communities, including grasslands, heathlands, barrens, and woodlands, which are unique components of this region and high priorities for conservation. In order to determine the historical and modern abundance and distribution of these community types, and to relate these to historical patterns of land use, fire, winds
Historical and future land use and land cover data for the STARS4Water river basins
<p>Dataset contains data on historical and future land use and land cover for seven European river basins (Danube, Drammen, Duero, East Anglia, Messara, Rhine and Seine) being case study basin in the STARS4Water, and a shapefile with river basin boundaries. The average area fraction of five general land use classes (crop, forest, grass, urban and other) within the project river basins was calculated at five-year intervals starting in 2016 and ending in 2051. This dataset was prepared based on the data available in the "LUCAS LUC future land use and land cover change dataset for Europe (Version 1.1)" repository (Hoffmann et al., 2022, DOI: 10.26050/WDCC/LUC_future_EU_v1.1).</p>
Multiscale Land Surface Parameters for Europe
<p><strong>General Description</strong></p> <p>The <em>Multiscale Land Surface Parameters for Europe</em> dataset is derived from <a href="../records/7676373">Global Ensemble DTM</a>. Data is computed using GRASS GIS and SAGA GIS. Original DTM data is in projection EPSG:4326, and reprojects to Equi7 (EPSG:27704), computes the parameters, and eventually reprojects to EPSG:3035. High resolution layers (120m downward in geo-hydrological parameters and 60m downward in others) are computed in tiles. In order to eliminate boundary effects and reprojection resampling, Regional land surface parameters have 3400 pixels overlap and local land surface 100 pixels overlap. Below is the list of land-surface parameters.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Local land-surface parameter</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>slope in degree (slope): </strong>steepness at each cell</p> <p><strong>hillshade:</strong> visualizing of terrain determined by a light source and the slope and aspect of the elevation surface</p> <p><strong>easterness: </strong>cosine of aspect</p> <p><strong>northerness:</strong> sine of aspect</p> <p><strong>minimum curvature (minic): </strong>valleys in negative value and local convex landform in positive value</p> <p><strong>maximum curvature (maxic):</strong> ridges in positive values and local concave landform in negative value</p> <p><strong>positive openness (pos.openness): </strong>the "dominance" of an elevated location over its surroundings</p> <p><strong>negative openness (neg.openness):</strong> the "enclosure" of a lower location by elevated surroundings</p> <ul> <li><strong>Regional land-surface parameter</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>sink removal DTM (nosink)</strong></p> <p><strong>flow accumulation (flow.accum): </strong>depiction of the flow convergence upslope pixels to downslope pixels</p> <p><strong>geomorphon classes (geomorphon):</strong> 9 terrain forms based on the line-of-sight neighbor pixels</p> <p><strong>specific catchment area (spec.catch.area.factor):</strong> the total catchment area divided by flow width</p> <p><strong>topographic wetness index (twi):</strong> a parameter describing the tendency of a cell to accumulate water</p> <p><strong>slope length and steepness factor (ls.factor):</strong> the S-factor measures the effect of slope steepness, and the L-factor defines the impact of slope length.</p> <p><strong>Data Details</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Time period:</strong> January 2000 – December 2022</li> <li><strong>Type of data:</strong> Land surface parameters of geomorphometry</li> <li><strong>How the data was collected or derived:</strong> Derived from <a href="../records/7676373">Global Ensemble DTM</a> in 30m using GRASS GIS and SAGA GIS running in a local HPC.</li> <li><strong>Coordinate reference system:</strong> EPSG:3035</li> <li><strong>Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax):</strong> (900000 899000 7401000 5501000)</li> <li><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong> 60m, 120m, 240m, 480m, 960m</li> <li><strong>Image size: </strong>108,350 x 76,700; 54,175 x 38,350; 54,175 x 38,350; 13,544 x 9,588; 6,772 x 4,794<strong> </strong></li> <li><strong>File format:</strong> Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Support</strong></p> <p>If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: <a href="https://github.com/AI4SoilHealth/SoilHealthDataCube/issues">https://github.com/AI4SoilHealth/SoilHealthDataCube/issues</a></p> <p><strong>Name convention</strong></p> <p>To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are:</p> <ol> <li><strong>generic variable name:</strong> slope = slope in degree</li> <li><strong>variable procedure combination:</strong> edtm = Ensemble digital terrain model</li> <li><strong>Position in the probability distribution / variable type:</strong> m = measurement</li> <li><strong>Spatial support:</strong> 60m, 120m, 240m, 480m, 960m</li> <li><strong>Depth reference:</strong> s = surface</li> <li><strong>Time reference begin time:</strong> 20000101 = 2000-01-01</li> <li><strong>Time reference end time:</strong> 20221231 = 2022-12-31</li> <li><strong>Bounding box:</strong> eu = Europe</li> <li><strong>EPSG code:</strong> epsg.3035 = EPSG:3035</li> <li><strong>Version code:</strong> v20240528 = 2024-05-28 (creation date)</li> </ol>
Monitoring juvenile Chinook salmon outmigration using rotary screw traps on the Sacramento River at Knights Landing
Since 1995, the rotary screw traps (RSTs) at Knights Landing have provided water management agencies an early warning of emigrating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) making their way to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta). Due to the proximity of the site to other major tributaries of the Sacramento River, such as the Feather and American Rivers, it is assumed that salmonids captured at the Knights Landing RSTs originate from the upper Sacramento River and its tributaries, a stretch of river that provides spawning and rearing habitat for all four runs of natural origin Chinook salmon: winter-run (State and federally listed as endangered), spring-run (State and federally listed as threatened), late fall-run and fall-run, as well as steelhead trout (federally listed as threatened). The near real-time information RST monitoring data provides on emigration timing and relative abundance for protected runs of juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead improves the ability for resource agencies and water managers to implement protective measures that help them navigate through the maze of waterways in the Delta. By utilizing emigration data in adaptive management, reservoir releases, export rates, water transfers, and Delta Cross Channel Gate operations can be modified to minimize the risk of predation, entrainment, and take, thereby maximizing juvenile salmonid survival through the Delta. The primary goals of the Knights Landing Monitoring Program are to (1) Provide early warning of listed salmonids emigrating toward the Delta, (2) Document passage of emigrating salmonids including timing, relative abundance, and environmental conditions, (3) Develop passage estimates of salmonids emigrating through the lower Sacramento River above the Delta, and (4) Develop a long-term dataset on juvenile salmonid emigration to compare changes over time. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) issued ITP 2081-2019-066-00 to D
FAO and SAGARPA. (2012). Baseline of the Natural Resources Sustainability Program. Sustainable Land Use Subindex - Calculation Methodology. Mexico City (53 pp.) (FAO y SAGARPA. (2012). Línea de Base del Programa de Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales. Subíndice de Uso Sustentable del Suelo - Metodología de Cálculo (53 pág.). Ciudad de México)
The lack of soil data is a complication that most soil scientists will encounter throughout their career; this critical aspect is exacerbated due to the excessive cost of soil surveying. Consequently, it is essential to develop strategies that guarantee the permanent accessibility of past soil sampling efforts. The main objective of this contribution is to release an entire dataset of soil samples surveyed by the Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries, and Food (SAGARPA) in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in the year 2012, the dataset consists of more that 4000 compound samples surveyed on managed cropland. SAGARPAS's main objective was to generate a new index to assess and monitor the current and future state of soil when sustainable soil practices take place. A complete set of physicochemical properties were determined via laboratory analysis for all record in the dataset, namely: pH, EC, OM, BD, P, Sand, Silt, Clay, Texture, N, K, Ca, Mg, Na, CEC, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), including the calculation of the Sustainable Soil Land Use Subindex (SSLUS). We presented a reviewed dataset with the potential to contribute to a large variety of studies, ranging from: agricultural pinpointing of the best conditions for crop production to digital soil mapping and modeling and agronomical studies. We also provide the original report on the developement of the dataset, indicating the names of creators and colaborators, as well as the methods of analysis and interpretation of the results. The new information is appealing for a wide diversity of users interested in soil traits across agricultural systems of Mexico.
Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance of Grazing Lands across the continental United States, 2013-2023
Grazing lands underpin U.S. beef production, store roughly one-third of global soil organic carbon, deliver multiple ecosystem services, and are closely tied to the prosperity and resilience of rural communities. In this study, we calculated net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), the net status of grazing lands as a carbon sink or source, by integrating carbon uptake from photosynthesis, and carbon loss through ecosystem respiration, enteric fermentation and manure from livestock. Our objective was to synthesize multiple years of annual NECB of grazing lands measured by eddy covariance towers from 16 pastures across seven USDA Long-term Agroecosystem Research Network (LTAR) sites and enteric fermentation and manure emissions derived from the stocking rates. We evaluated annual NECB against mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), vegetation, soil, fire history, grazing pressure index (GPI) and fertilization history. We found: (1) grazing lands were a carbon sink or neutral in most sites, and NECB was not significantly different between grasslands and shrublands, mesic and xeric conditions, and fertilized and unfertilized sites; (2) NECB increased with precipitation and temperature, but decreased with a higher GPI; and (3) precipitation, temperature, and GPI interacted such that temperature had a positive effect when MAP was greater than 700 mm and GPI had a negative effect when MAP was less than 1000 mm. Thus, most grazing lands in our study function as a carbon sink unless coupled with water deficit, low temperature, or heavy grazing. NECB is most sensitive to precipitation when water was limited with high interannual variability. Future work to improve our understanding of NECB on grazing lands should directly measure enteric fermentation and ecosystem emissions in different systems and add measurements on carbon loss through wind erosion and leaching.
Soil Properties in CRUI Land Use Project at Harvard Forest 1995-1998
Soil properties and processes were evaluated on three types of colonial agricultural land-use - plowing, pasturing, and selective tree removal in a woodlot that ceased in the mid to late 1800s. Plowing, the most intensive type of agricultural disturbance, mixes soil to a depth of approximately 15cm, homogenizing the soil resources and likely reducing diversity in microenvironments. Removing trees and replacing them with grasses for pasture decreases the organic matter amount and types of inputs to the system, decreasing resource diversity. Woodlots, altered by selective and chronic tree removal, would have more limited decreases in resources and microenvironments. This study defines forest soil legacies using data from plots located at Harvard Forest in both amounts of soil resources and spatial heterogeneity of those soil resources. We found that for several soil parameters measured on previously cultivated and preciously pastured lands at the Harvard Forest, a legacy exists in the mineral soil, but the forest floor appears to have largely recovered from the agricultural disturbance. Parameters examined included soil mass, bulk density, organic matter content, pH, C, N, nitrogen mineralization and nitrification, Ca, Mg, K, and P.
Soil Respiration in CRUI Land Use Project at Harvard Forest 1997
Soil properties and processes were evaluated on three types of colonial agricultural land-use - plowing, pasturing, and selective tree removal in a woodlot that ceased in the mid to late 1800s. Plowing, the most intensive type of agricultural disturbance, mixes soil to a depth of approximately 15cm, homogenizing the soil resources and likely reducing diversity in microenvironments. Removing trees and replacing them with grasses for pasture decreases the organic matter amount and types of inputs to the system, decreasing resource diversity. Woodlots, altered by selective and chronic tree removal, would have more limited decreases in resources and microenvironments. This study examined soil surface (at 10cm above the soil surface) CO2 concentrations and soil respiration at the land use sites. Soil respiration and surface CO2 concentrations were highest in the woodlot sites and lowest in the formerly plowed sites.
Impacts of Land Use on Japanese Barberry Invasion in Central Massachusetts 2005
Despite the recognized importance of historical factors in controlling many native species distributions, few studies have incorporated historical landscape changes into models of invasive species distribution and abundance. We explore the possibility that the current distribution of invasive species may reflect legacies of historical land use despite nearly a century of forest succession and subsequent disturbances. We evaluated the modern distribution and abundance of Berberis thunbergii DC. (Japanese barberry), a problematic non-native shrub in forests of the northeastern U.S., relative to two distinct periods of historical land use, modern forest harvesting activity, and environmental and edaphic characteristics. Species questions addressed in this study include: (1) Do patterns of historical land use influence modern barberry distribution and abundance? (2) What is the influence of disturbance type and timing relative to the timing of introduction on current barberry distribution and abundance? (3) Which disturbance, environmental and edaphic variables best predict modern barberry distribution and abundance? Japanese barberry occurred more frequently and was more abundant in sites historically cleared for agriculture than in historically wooded sites. This relationship was strongest for areas in agriculture in the early 20th century after barberry was introduced to the region. The strong relationship between modern distribution patterns and prior land use suggests historical colonization of abandoned agricultural lands and persistence through subsequent reforestation. Contrary to our expectations, recent forest harvesting did not influence the occurrence or abundance of barberry. Our results indicate that interpretations of both native community composition and modern plant invasions must consider the importance of historical landscape changes and the timing of species introduction along with current environmental and edaphic conditions.
Land-Use Impacts on Ecosystem Services Provisioning in Massachusetts 2001-2011
Meeting fundamental human needs while also maintaining ecosystem function and services is the central challenge of sustainability science. In the densely populated state of Massachusetts, USA, abundant forests and other natural land cover convey a range of ecosystem services. However, after more than a century of reforestation following an agrarian past, Massachusetts is again losing forests, this time to housing and commercial development. We used land-cover maps, ecosystem process models, and land-use data bases to map changes (2001, 2006, 2011) in eight ecosystem service variables and to identify “hotspots,” or areas that produce a high value of five or more services, at three policy-relevant spatial scales. Water-related services (clean water provisioning and flood regulation) experienced local declines in response to shifting land uses, but changed little when measured at the state-level. General habitat quality for terrestrial species declined state-wide during the study period as a consequence of forest loss. In contrast, climate regulation (carbon storage) and cultural services (outdoor recreation) increased, driven by continued forest biomass accrual and land protection, respectively. Timber harvest volume had high inter-annual variability, but no temporal trend. The scale at which hotspots are delineated greatly affects their quantity and spatial configuration, with a higher density in eastern Massachusetts and 10–12% more hotspots overall when they are identified at a town scale as compared to a watershed or state scale. Ecosystem service hotspots cover a small percentage of land area in Massachusetts (2.5–3.5% of the state), but are becoming more abundant as urbanization concentrates ecosystem service provisioning onto a diminished natural land base. This suggests that while ecosystem service hotspots are valuable targets for conservation, more are not necessarily better since hotspot proliferation can reflect the bifurcation of the landscape into servic
Land Owner Decisions and Consequences in North Central Massachusetts 1950-2009
Landscapes dominated by private ownership experience change as properties change hands, change monetary value, undergo land use conversion, become isolated or lose road access, or are divided and hence smaller in size. The future ecological integrity, connectivity, and function of landscapes dominated by private ownership depend on the speed or frequency with which decisions are made, the kinds of decisions, and their outcomes or consequences. One way to study this human behavior on land is through attitudinal surveys of owners investigating their motivations, beliefs, and values. Another is to pose hypothetical circumstances and query owners about potential response or reactions. Another involves the study of social networks around owners, and determining the extent to which information flows between owners and may influence decisions. We proposed instead to study or monitor decisions made and resulting circumstances, and to establish a long-term framework or network of points at which land owner decisions will be sampled over time. In essence, we proposed to study behavior enacted on the landscape, rather than individual people. Data derived from this network and sampling will inform land use scenario modeling efforts to forecast the future trajectory of the landscape, its rate of change, and subsequent potential provision of ecosystem services. The network was established to monitor change over time in the future, but an important aspect was to establish the baseline and antecedent circumstances that led to existing conditions. A classic historic study following specific decision-making over time on land ownership over generations is told in the Sanderson Farm story at the Harvard Forest: http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/FHT/FHT1997/SandersonsFarm.pdf Establishment of the baseline and historic circumstances will inform models of future decisions. The summer 2009 project was a proof-of-concept to test the extent to which points could be established and an
Land-Cover Change Scenarios for Massachusetts 2010-2060
Working with a panel of practitioners and regional experts, we developed and analyzed four plausible but divergent land-use scenarios that depict the future of Massachusetts from 2010 to 2060. We simulated the land-use scenarios and their interactions with anticipated climate change by coupling statistical models of land use to the LANDIS-II landscape model and then evaluated the outcomes in terms of the magnitude and spatial distribution of (1) direct human uses of the landscape (residential and commercial development, agricultural, timber harvest), (2) ecosystem services (carbon storage, flood regulation, nutrient retention), and (3) habitat quality (forest tree species composition, interior forest habitat). Across all scenarios, conflicts occurred between dispersed residential development and the supply of ecosystem services and habitat quality. In all but the scenario that envisioned a significant agricultural expansion, forest growth resulted in net increases in aboveground carbon storage, despite the concomitant forest clearing and harvesting. One scenario, called Forests as Infrastructure, showed the potential for synergies between increased forest harvest volume through the sustainable practices that encouraged the maintenance of economically and ecologically important tree species, and carbon storage. This scenario also showed trade-offs between development density and water quantity and quality at the watershed scale. The process of integrated scenario analysis led to important insights for land managers and policymakers in a populated forested region where there are tensions among development, forest harvesting, and land conservation. More broadly, the results emphasize the need to consider the consequences of contrasting land-use regimes that result from the interactions between human decisions and spatially heterogeneous landscape dynamics.
Land Zones in New England 1940-2070 from 2017 Wildlands and Woodlands Report
This dataset contains two GIS datalayers, one CSV file and an associated R script used to produce figures for the 2017 Wildlands and Woodlands report. The “wedge diagram” data (HF360-01-landcover-data.csv) shows actual percent landcover estimates across New England from 1940 to 2010 and straight-line trends needed between 2010 to 2070 to reach the Wildlands and Woodland vision by 2060. The published diagram can be seen in figure 1 of the 2017 Wildlands and Woodland report. In hf360-03-community-forests.zip, the GIS layer shows towns that contain community forests as determined by the authors of the report. In hf360-04-wildland-woodland-zones.zip, the GIS layer shows Wildland and Woodland Zones as illustrated in the report. It was created by starting with the Wildland and Woodland zones from the 2010 report and adding in areas with high agricultural land use. These types are meant to be conceptual and not prescriptive. Wildlands and Woodlands Report: Foster, D. R., Lambert, K. F., Kittredge, D. B., Donahue, B. M, Hart, C. M., Labich, W. G., Meyer, S., Thompson, J. , Buchanan, M., Levitt, J. N., Pershel, R., Ross, K., Elkins, G., Daigle, C., Hall, B., Faison, E. K., D'Amato, A. W., Forman, R. T. T., Del Tredici, P., Irland, L. C., Colburn, B. A., Orwig, D. A., Aber, J. D., Berger, A., Driscoll, C. T., Keeton, W. S., Lilieholm, R. J., Pederson, N., Ellison, A. M., Hunter, M. L., Fahey, T. J. 2017. Wildlands and Woodlands, Farmlands and Communities: Broadening the Vision for New England.
Academics for Land Protection in New England (ALPINE) GIS Data 2015-2018
Academics for Land Protection in New England (ALPINE) is a network of academic institutions committed to increasing the pace of land protection in New England to address the region’s environmental challenges and to support nature and people. ALPINE seeks to expand the role that academic institutions play in conserving the New England landscape by sharing experiences and resources among faculty and staff, students, administrations, and alumni. This dataset contains point locations of colleges that are participants in ALPINE and parcels of natural land owned by participating schools who submitted data to the ALPINE coordinator.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1930s
Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for riparian buffer zones surrounding 50 lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1960s
Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for riparian buffer zones surrounding 50 lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Land Use - Land Cover 1990s
Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for riparian buffer zones surrounding 50 lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Yahara Lakes District Land Use - Land Cover 1930s
Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for selected watersheds in Dane County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Yahara Lakes District Land Use - Land Cover 1960s
Land use/land cover was interpreted from historical aerial photographs for selected watersheds in Dane County, Wisconsin. Photography from the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s were interpreted, resulting in land use/land cover data for three time periods.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.