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70 results for “larval host plant”
Fig. 1 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of leaf discs of Solanum sisymbriifolium used in feeding choice trials. a) High density stellate trichomes (HD) ¼ 29.7/mm2; b) low density stellate trichomes (LD) ¼ 1.07/mm2; c) submitted to mechanical removal of stellate trichomes (Bars ¼ 100 µm).
Fig. 4 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 4. Survivorship curves of Gratiana spadicea larvae fed with intact Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf discs and with leaf discs submitted to mechanical and chemical removal of the trichomes and their exudates, and to trichomes mechanical control. Treatments followed by the same letters do not differ significantly (log rank tests, Oi ¼ 0.05).
Fig. 3 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 3. Leaf damage of Gratiana spadicea on Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf. a) Feeding site cleared by a first instar larva; b) detail (enlargement of the area marked in a) of a corresponding macerated lateral ray (arrow). (Bars ¼ 100 µm and 50 µm, respectively).
Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae
The evolution of host range drives diversification in phytophagous insects, and understanding the female oviposition choices is pivotal for understanding host specialization. One controversial mechanism for female host choice is Hopkins' host selection principle, where females are predicted to increase their preference for the host species they were feeding upon as larvae. A recent hypothesis posits that such larval imprinting is especially adaptive in combination with anticipatory transgenerational acclimation, so that females both allocate and adapt their offspring to their future host. We study the butterfly <i>Pieris rapae</i>, for which previous evidence suggests that females prefer to oviposit on host individuals of similar nitrogen content as the plant they were feeding upon as larvae, and where the offspring show higher performance on the mother's host type. We test the hypothesis that larval experience and anticipatory transgenerational effects influence female host plant acceptance (no-choice) and preference (choice) of two host plant species (<i>Barbarea vulgaris</i> and <i>Berteroa incana</i>) of varying nitrogen content. We then test the offspring performance on these hosts. We found no evidence of larval imprinting affecting female decision-making during oviposition, but that an adult female experience of egg laying in no-choice trials on the less-preferred host <i>Be. incana</i> slightly increased the <i>P. rapae</i> propensity to oviposit on <i>Be. incana</i> in subsequent choice trials. We found no transgenerational effects on female host acceptance or preference, but negative transgenerational effects on larval performance, because the offspring of <i>P. rapae</i> females that had developed on<i> Be. incana</i> as larvae grew slower on both hosts, and especially on <i>Be. incana</i>. Our results suggest that among host-species preferences are guided by hard-wired preference hierarchies linked to species-specific host traits and less affected by larval experience or transgenerational effects, which may be more important for females evaluating different host individuals of the same species.
Larval parasitism in a specialist herbivore is explained by phenological synchrony and host plant availability
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Parasitism is a key factor in the population dynamics of many herbivorous insects, although its impact on host populations varies widely, for instance, along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Understanding the sources of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions is crucial for reliably predicting the future success of the interacting species under a context of global change.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Here, we examine larval parasitism in the butterfly <em>Aglais urticae</em> in south-west Europe, where it is a mountain specialist. Larval nests were sampled over two years along altitudinal gradients in three Iberian mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, home to its southernmost European population. Additional data on nettle condition and adult butterflies were obtained in the study areas. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>These data sources were used to investigate whether or not differences in parasitism rates are related to the geographical position and phenology of the host, and to the availability of the host plants.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Phenological differences in the host populations between regions were related to the severity of summer drought and the corresponding differences in host plant availability. At the </span><span>trailing-edge </span><span>of its distribution, the butterfly's breeding season was restricted to the end of winter and spring, while in its northern Iberian range the season was prolonged until mid-summer. Although parasitism was an important source of mortality in all regions, parasitism rates and parasitoid richness were highest in the north and lowest in the south. Moreover, within a region, there was a notable increase in parasitism rates over time, which probably led to selection against an additional late-summer host generation in northern regions. Conversely, the shorter breeding season in Sierra Nevada resulted in a loss of synchrony between the host and one important late-season parasitoid, <em>Sturmia bella</em>, which may partly explain the high density of this butterfly species at the </span><span>trailing-edge </span><span>of its range.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Our results support the key role of host phenology in accounting for differences in parasitism rates between populations. They also provide insights into how climate through host plant availability affects host phenology and, ultimately, the impact of parasitism on host populations.</span></p>
Data from: Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hyrdocarbon expression in response to different host plants
Analysis of sexual selection and sexual isolation in Drosophila mojavensis and its relatives has revealed a pervasive role of rearing substrates on adult courtship behavior when flies were reared on fermenting cactus in preadult stages. Here, we assessed expression of contact pheromones comprised of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from eclosion to 28 days of age in adults from two populations reared on fermenting tissues of two host cacti over the entire life cycle. Flies were never exposed to laboratory food and showed significant reductions in average CHC amounts consistent with CHCs of wild-caught flies. Overall, total hydrocarbon amounts increased from eclosion to 14–18 days, well past age at sexual maturity, and then declined in older flies. Most flies did not survive past 4 weeks. Baja California and mainland populations showed significantly different age-specific CHC profiles where Baja adults showed far less age-specific changes in CHC expression. Adults from populations reared on the host cactus typically used in nature expressed more CHCs than on the alternate host. MANCOVA with age as the covariate for the first six CHC principal components showed extensive differences in CHC composition due to age, population, cactus, sex, and age × population, age × sex, and age × cactus interactions. Thus, understanding variation in CHC composition as adult D. mojavensis age requires information about population and host plant differences, with potential influences on patterns of mate choice, sexual selection, and sexual isolation, and ultimately how these pheromones are expressed in natural populations. Studies of drosophilid aging in the wild are badly needed.
FIGURES 5–10 in Description of the female of Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock in Ricarte et al., 2015 (Diptera, Syrphidae), first record in mainland South America and new larval host plant
FIGURES 5–10. Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock. Male (5–7): 5. Dorsal view; 6. Lateral View; 7. Apical abdominal tergites, dorsal view. Female (8–10): 8. Dorsal view; 9. Lateral View; 10. Apical abdominal tergites, dorsal view. Legend: abm, abdominal marking; m, scutum posterior macula; tb, metatibia.
FIGURES 11–17 in Description of the female of Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock in Ricarte et al., 2015 (Diptera, Syrphidae), first record in mainland South America and new larval host plant
FIGURES 11–17. Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock, genitalia. Male (11–12): 11. Lateral view; 12. Posterior view. Female (13–17): 13. Dorsal view; 14. Ventral view. Proctiger (15–17): 15. Dorsal view; 16. Lateral view; 17. Ventral view. Legend: ap, apodeme of the epiproct; c, cercus; ep, epandrium; epi, epiproct; ext, apico-lateral extensions of the epiproct; hyp, hypoproct; s8, sternite 8; s9, sternite 9 (internal); sct, sub-epandrial sclerite; st, surstylus; t6, 7 and 8, tergites 6, 7 and 8.
FIGURES 3–4 in Description of the female of Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock in Ricarte et al., 2015 (Diptera, Syrphidae), first record in mainland South America and new larval host plant
FIGURES 3–4. Copestylum tigrinum Ricarte & Hancock, puparium: 3. Dorsal view, inset shows apical view of spiracular plate; 4. Lateral view. Legend: bt, posterior breathing tube; ds, dorsal scar; p, pit; so, spiracular opening; tr, transverse ridge.
Data from: Using a comprehensive DNA barcode library to detect novel egg and larval host plant associations in a Cephaloleia Rolled-leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
To fully understand the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions, information regarding the life history of both immature and adult insect stages is essential. However, most knowledge of plant-herbivore associations is derived from observations of adults. One reason for this bias is that species identification of immature stages is usually challenging. DNA barcodes can be used to identify immature stages to the species-level. This technique compares short sequences of the appropriate DNA barcode loci (e.g., mitochondrial COI gene for insects) of an unidentified specimen to a known DNA barcode library. The accuracy of DNA-based identifications depends on the comprehensiveness of the DNA barcode library. We generated a comprehensive DNA barcode library for a community of Rolled-leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in a premontane tropical forest in Costa Rica. The DNA barcode COI accurately identified all beetle species included in this study. Using this DNA barcode library, we identified eggs and larvae of Cephaloleia histrionica Baly with 100% confidence. This new record of C. histrionica is unique in that this species completes its life cycle on a bromeliad, whereas most Cephaloleia species are associated with plants from the order Zingiberales. The life cycle, diet breadth, immature stages, and sexual dimorphism are described for C. histrionica.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 2. Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, labial palpus; C, male genitalia, gen. slide. No. CIS-8150; D, ditto, aedeagus; E, abdomen. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 1. Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, close-up right forewing; C, under surface of wings, with name of veins; D, head and labial palpus, in lateral view; E, hind tibia, paratype; F, female genitalia, holotype, gen slide no. CIS-8152; F, ditto, paratype, gen slide no, CIS-8149. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A, matured larva of Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov.; B, ditto, prepupation in the silk-net; C, matured larva of Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov.
Fig. 4 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)
Fig. 4. Larval habits of Necydalis mellita. A) Old log utilized by N. mellita, B) Ellipsoidal exit tunnel at the surface, C) Head-down pupa in the pupal cell, D) More or less circular emergence hole gnawed by the emerging adult.
Fig. 3 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)
Fig. 3. Stems of desert almond girdled by Neaneflus fuchsii. A–C) Girdled stems showing the girdle and the emergence hole (arrow) below it, the hole is plugged with fibrous frass, D–E) Top view of the girdle, after removing the frass in the girdle in E, the place where the larva headed down is marked by a wad of fibrous frass.
Fig. 2 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)
Fig. 2. Larval habits of Calloides nobilis nobilis. A) Fire-killed oak with new shoots around its base utilized by the beetle (inset shows exit holes), B–C) Prepupal burrows in the center of the stem, D and F) Emergence holes cut by the larva through the bark, the plug is visible in D but not in F, E, G–H) Emergence holes and fibrous plugs in cross section.
Data from: Using a comprehensive DNA barcode library to detect novel egg and larval host plant associations in a Cephaloleia Rolled-leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
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Data from: Anthropogenic host plant expansion leads a nettle-feeding butterfly out of the forest: consequences for larval survival and developmental plasticity in adult morphology
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Data from: Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hyrdocarbon expression in response to different host plants
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Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae
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