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Fig. 36 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 36. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–B. Antigonia sp., Piney Point F., Pamunkey River, Virginia. A. SW of Pampatike Landing (IRSNB P 10250). B. Devil's Hole (IRSNB P 10251). C–F. Pagellus pamunkeyensis sp. nov., Piney Point F., Pamunkey River, 1 km E of Eanes property, Virginia. C–E. Paratypes (IRSNB P 10252–10254). F. Holotype (IRSNB P 10255). G–L. "Sparus" elegantulus (Koken, 1888). G. Landrum M., Pin Oak Creek, Texas (IRSNB P 10256). H–I. Wheelock M., Little Brazos River, Stenzel loc., Texas (IRSNB P 10257–10258). J–L. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 10259–10261). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 32 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 32. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–G. Ekokenia eporrecta (Koken, 1888). A–B. Wheelock M., Little Brazos River, confluence with Brazos River, Texas (IRSNB P 10204–10205). C–G. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2, bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 10206– 10210). H–M. "Sciaena" claybornensis (Koken, 1888). H–K. Yazoo Clay, Copenhagen, Louisiana (IRSNB P 10211–10214). L–M. Moodys Branch F., Midway, Techeva Creek, Mississippi (IRSNB P 10215–10216). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 11. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–D. Ariosoma nonsector Nolf & Stringer, 2003. A–C. Wheelock M., Little Brazos River, Stenzel loc., Texas (IRSNB P 9993–9995). D. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 5 from bed S, Texas (IRSNB P 9996). E–F. Paraconger wechesensis sp. nov., Weches F., Wall Farm 1, Texas. E. Holotype (IRSNB P 9997). F. Paratype (IRSNB P 9998). G–L. Paraconger brazosensis (Dante & Frizzell, 1965), "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 9999–10004). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 29 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 29. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–D. "Latilus" sulcatus Koken, 1888. A. Moodys Branch F., Melvin (SE of town), Alabama (IRSNB P 10181). B–D. "Upper" Lisbon F., Barrytown, County Road 21, Alabama (IRSNB P 10182–10184). E. Malacanthidae indet., Weches F., Robbins, road side, Texas (IRSNB P 10185). F–G. Triglidae indet. F. Landrum M., Pin Oak Creek, Texas (IRSNB P 10186). G. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, Texas (IRSNB P 10187). H–K. "Haemulon" obliquum (Müller, 1999), "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 10188–10191). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 9. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–C. "Muraenesox" barrytownensis sp. nov. A–B. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, Texas, paratypes (IRSNB P 9969–9970). C. "Upper" Lisbon F., Barrytown, County Road 21, Alabama, holotype (IRSNB P 9971). D. Conger vetustus Frizzell & Lamber, 1962, "upper" Lisbon F., Coffeeville Landing, Alabama (IRSNB P 9972). E–F. Pseudophichthys texanus sp. nov., Weches F., Wall Farm 1, Texas. E. Paratype (IRSNB P 9973). F. Holotype (IRSNB P 9974). G–K. Pseudophichthys glaber (Koken, 1888). G–H. Wheelock M., Little Brazos River, Stenzel loc., Texas (IRSNB P 9975–9976). I–K. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 9977–9979). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 8. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–B. Albula sp. (IRSNB P 9957–9958). A. Weches F., Wall Farm 2, Texas. B. "Stone City beds", Alabama Ferry, on Trinity River, North, Texas. C–D. Elopothrissus bernardlemorti sp. nov., "Stone City beds", Texas. C. Alabama Ferry, on Trinity River, North, holotype (IRSNB P 9959), D. Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, paratype (IRSNB P 9960). E–H. Pythonichthys colei (Müller, 1999). E–F. Landrum M., Pin Oak Creek, Texas (IRSNB P 9961–9962). G–H. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, Texas (IRSNB P 9963–9964). I–L. Pterothrissus umbonatus (Koken, 1884), "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 9965–9968). M–N. Alaconger fornicatus (Frizzell & Lamber, 1962), Shubuta Clay M., Cynthia, Mississippi Lite clay pit, Mississippi (IRSNB P 10005–10006). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 6. Measured section at the Stone City Bluff, Brazos River locality, Texas (after Stenzel et al. 1957).

Fig. 12 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 12. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–C. Paraconger sector (Koken, 1888). A. Moodys Branch F., Jackson, Riverside Park, Mississippi (IRSNB P 10007). B. Piney Point F., Pamunkey River, loc. 25 of Müller, Virginia (IRSNB P 10008), paratype of P. americanus Müller, 1999. C. Moodys Branch F., Midway, Techeva Creek, Mississippi (IRSNB P 10009). D–G. "Conger" prolatus (Müller, 1999), Piney Point F., Virginia. D. Sand and gravel pit, Bottoms Bridge, loc. 22 of Müller, paratype (IRSNB P 10010). E–F. Pamunkey River, Devil's Hole (IRSNB P 10011–10012). G. Pamunkey River, SW of Pampatike Landing (IRSNB P 10013). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 35 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 35. Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A–I. "Sciaena" intermedia Koken, 1888. A–F. "Stone City beds", Stone City Bluff, Brazos River, sample 2 from bed P, Texas (IRSNB P 10235– 10240). G–H. "Upper" Lisbon F., Barrytown, County Road 21, Alabama (IRSNB P 10241–10242). I. "Stone City beds", Alabama Ferry, on Trinity River, North, Texas (IRSNB P 10243). J–O. "Sciaena" livesayi (Müller, 1999). J–M. Wheelock M., Little Brazos River, confluence with Brazos River, Texas (IRSNB P 10244–10247). N–O. Piney Point F., sand and gravel pit, Bottoms Bridge, loc. 22 of Müller, Virginia, paratypes (IRSNB P 10248–10249). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 7. Measured section at the Pamunkey River, 1 km E of Eanes property, Virginia (after Strickland 1985, loc. 37).

Fig. 2 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic position of otolith-bearing strata in the US Gulf Coast middle and upper Eocene. A. The studied formations are indicated in yellow (after Dockery 1980, 1986c). B. Detailed stratigraphic units and biostratigraphic zonations for the succession in Mississippi (after Dockery & Thompson 2016).

Fig. 1 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 1. Maps showing the sampling sites on the US Gulf and eastern Atlantic Coasts (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia).A. Sites 1–23 from Texas. B. Sites 25–43 from Mississippi and Alabama. 1. Pin Oak Creek. 2. Hooker Creek. 3. Burleson Bluff. 4–10. Rocky Branch, 1.5 miles SW of Stone City Bluff, samples 0–6. 11. Stone City Bluff, Brazos River. 12. Little Brazos River, under Highway 21 bridge. 13. Little Brazos River, Stenzel loc. 14. Little Brazos River, 1.5 km S of Highway 21 bridge. 15. Little Brazos River, confluence with Brazos River. 16. Dunn's Ranch, NNE of Bryan. 17. Robbins, roadside. 18. Wall Farm 2. 19. Wall Farm 1. 20. Cedar Creek, E of Centerville. 21. Alabama Ferry, on Trinity River, North. 22. Crockett. 23. Nacogdoces Dam. 24. Copenhagen (after Nolf & Stringer 2003). 25. Cynthia, Mississippi Lite clay pit. 26. Midway, Techeva Creek. 27. Jackson, boring at the corner of Amite and Mill Streets. 28. Jackson, Town Creek. 29. Jackson, Riverside Park. 30. Newton, NE exit off Interstate 20. 31. Dobys Bluff. 32. Quitman, Archusa Water Park. 33. Chickasawhay River, Hunting Lodge. 34. Evansboro (SE of town). 35. Puss Cuss Creek. 36. Isney. 37. Melvin (SE of town). 38. Gilbertown. 39. Barrytown, County Road 21. 40. Coffeeville Landing, samples A–D. 41. Coffeeville Landing, sample S. 42. Little Stave Creek. 43. Claiborne Bluff, Gosport F. 44. Pamunkey River, Devil's Hole. 45. Pamunkey River, 1 km E of Eanes property. 46. Pamunkey River, Horseshoe, Old Church type locality. 47. Pamunkey River, SW of Pampatike Landing.

Fig. S1 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. S1. Comparison of Claibornian and Jacksonian otolith assemblages from the middle and late Eocene of the eastern and southern USA. A cluster analysis (A) and a principal coordinate analysis, PCoA (B) with Bray-Curtis similarity index were performed based on the taxonomic composition (presence/ absence) of each assemblage. Bootstrap values are given at the roots of each cluster in (A).

Fig. 38 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA

Fig. 38 (opposite page). Fish otoliths from the US middle and upper Eocene. A. "Ophichthus" brevior (Koken, 1888), holotype (ZMB Ot. 26), "Jackson Beds", Mississippi (?). B. Gnathophis dissimilis (Frizzell & Lamber, 1962), Moodys Branch F., Town Creek, Jackson, Mississippi (IRSNB P 9038). C. Paraconger solidus Müller, 1999, holotype (coll. Institut für Geowissenschaften, University of Leipzig, Nr. 10/P67), Piney Point F., loc. 24 (Horseshoe) of Müller, 1999, Virginia. D–G. Paraconger yazooensis Nolf & Stringer, 2003, Yazoo Clay, Tullos M., Copenhagen, Louisiana. D. Holotype (IRSNB P 6962). E–G. Paratypes (IRSNB P 6963–6965). H. Muraenanguilla aff. thevenini (Priem, 1906), Yazoo Clay, Copenhagen, Louisiana (IRSNB P 6966). I. Signata nicoli Dante & Frizzell, 1965, Weches F., Pleasanto, Atascosa County, Texas, holotype (USNM 23370). J. Xenosirembo decipiens (Koken, 1888), lectotype (ZMB Ot. 135), middle Eocene, "Clayborne Group", southern USA. K. Brotula aquitanica Nolf, 1980, Yazoo Clay, Tullos M., Copenhagen, Louisiana (IRSNB P 7419). L–O. Aequalobythites aequaloides (Nolf & Stringer, 2003), Yazoo Clay, Copenhagen, Louisiana. L. Holotype (IRSNB P 6977). M–O. Paratypes (IRSNB P 6978–6980). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 6. Osteoderms of Dasypodidae incertae sedis from the middle member of the Geste Formation, middle–late Eocene, Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province, Argentina. A–O. Pucatherium parvum MLP 93-VI-1-17 (A–F), MLP 88-V-10-19 (G–O). P, Q. Punatherium catamarquensis gen. et sp. nov., holotype, fixed osteoderm, MLP 93-VI-1-18 (P) and paratype, semimovable osteoderm, MLP 86-V-6-24 (Q). Photographs (A1−Q1), line drawings (A2−Q2).

Fig. 5 in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 5. Osteoderms of euphractin Parutaetus punaensis sp. nov. from the middle member of the Geste Formation, middle–late Eocene, Northwestern Argentina. A. Holotype, MLP 83-XI-3-2; Quebrada El Paso, near the Pozuelos salt flat, Los Andes Department, Salta Province. B–E. Fixed osteoderms from Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province; morphotype assigned to the lateral zones of the pelvic buckler, MLP 93-VI-1-17 (B, D), MLP 86-V-6- 25 (C, E, F–I), and movable osteoderms, MLP 86-V-10-19 (J), MLP 93-VI-1-18 (K). L–Q. Fixed osteoderms from Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province; morphotype assigned to the medial zone of the pelvic buckler, MLP 88-V-10-18 (L), MLP 86-V-6-24 (M–P), MLP 86-V-6-25 (Q). Photographs A, B1−Q1), line drawings (B2−Q2).

Fig. 4 in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 4. Dasypodines from the middle member of the Geste Formation, middle–late Eocene, Northwestern Argentina. A. cf. Astegotherium sp., fixed osteoderm, MHAS 067; Quebrada El Paso, near the Pozuelos salt flat, Los Andes Department, Salta Province. B, C.?Prostegotherium sp., movable osteoderms, MHAS 024 (B) and PVL 6567 (C); Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province. D−F. Parastegosimpsonia cf. P. peruana, fixed osteoderms, PVL 6569 (D) and MLP 88-V-10-19A (E, broken); movable osteoderm, PVL 6409 (F); Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province. G. Dasypodinae indet., movable osteoderm, MLP 88-V-10-19; Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca Province. H−J. Movable osteoderms of Stegosimpsonia (H), Dasypodinae indet. (I) and Anadasypus (J). Photographs (A1−G1), line drawings (A2−G2, H−J). H–J, not to scale.

Fig. 3 in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 3. Generalized lithostratigraphic profile of the Geste Formation exposed at Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca, Argentina. Numbers indicate the bedding: strike/dip. Abbreviations: St, siltstone; S, sandstone; C, conglomerate; f, fine; m, medium; c, coarse.

Fig. 2 in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 2. Distribution of Geste Formation in different basins of the Northwestern Argentina. The distribution of this formation is mainly along N-S areas close to the Eastern margin of the Puna Plateau, coinciding with the predominant Andean direction. 1, Salar de Atacama; 2, Salar del Rincón; 3, Salar de Arizaro; 4, Salar de Pocitos; 5, Salar del Hombre Muerto; 6, Salar de Antofalla; SC, San Antonio de los Cobres; PG, Santa Rosa de los Pastos Grandes; P, La Poma; An, Angasto; Af, Antofagasta de la Sierra.

Fig. 1. A, B in Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle-late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina

Fig. 1. A, B. Location of the studied area in South America. C. Map of Northwestern Argentina showing the main middle and middle–late Eocene fossil-bearing localities: 1, Antofagasta de la Sierra; 2, Quebrada El Paso; 3, Luracatao valley; 4, Cerro Tin Tin; 5, El Aguilar; 6, Estancia Pampa Grande—El Simbolar; 7, Juramento River.