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Figure 8 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 8. Examples of grossly smooth and muted persistent coarse surfaces. A, shallow surface dimples (arrows) (MOR HIP2001-08R-32, femur). B, smooth surface (FWC 40853, femur). C, muted texture, femoral fourth trochanter (FWC 40853). D, muted texture, femoral proximal lateral (dorsal) surface (FWC 40859). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 2 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 2. Diagrammatic representation of Alligator long bones showing locations of thin sections used in histological analyses in relation to major bone contours. Elements are all drawn to the same scale and are not in proportion to one another as they would be in a single individual. A, femur, caudomedial (caudoventral) view. B, tibia, cranial view. C, humerus, cranial (ventral) view.

Figure 1 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of Alligator long bones illustrating bone landmarks used in determining sizeindependent maturity estimates. Elements are all drawn to the same scale and are not in proportion to one another as they would be in a single individual. Numbers correspond to character definitions in Appendix 1. A, femur, craniolateral (craniodorsal) view. B, femur, caudomedial (caudoventral) view. C, tibia, cranial view. D, tibia, caudal view. E, humerus, cranial (ventral) view. F, humerus, caudolateral (dorsocranial) view.

Figure 7 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 7. Examples of porous surface patterns. A, fuzzy fibrous pattern with visible pores (UF 109039, femur). B, fuzzy fibrous pattern without visible pores (UF 109039, humerus). C, etched porosity with connecting surface grooves (UF 38974, femur). D, etched porosity (FWC 35119, humerus). E, porous surface (top) grading into radiating fibrous surface (bottom) (FWC LGS1, femur). F, dotted porosity (FWC LGS2, femur). G, overprinted etched and dotted porosity, etched more prominent (ROM R4415, femur). H, overprinted etched and dotted porosity, dotted more prominent (FWC LGS1, femur). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 4. Consensus results of cluster analyses of bone landmark characters. Distance metric is normalized percent disagreement. Complete linkage method (farthest neighbour). Numbers in parentheses represent ontogenetic stages. 'Groups' represent individuals of the same ontogenetic stage grouped together to reduce the size of the trees; included individuals are listed in Appendix 2. A, femur: tree based on distributions of characters 1, 4, 5, 8 and 10. B, tibia: tree based on distributions of characters 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. C, humerus: tree based on distributions of characters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8.

Figure 6 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 6. Examples of persistent coarse surfaces. A, femoral fourth trochanter in caudomedial (caudoventral) view (FWC LGS2). B, femoral proximal lateral (dorsal) surface (FWC LGS1). C, humeral medial (caudal) condyle in caudomedial (dorsocaudal) view, collateral ligament attachment site (FWC 35119). D, humeral deltopectoral crest, lateral (cranial) surface (FWC LGS3). E, humeral deltopectoral crest, craniomedial (ventrocaudal) surface (FWC 35119). F, adductor ridges on caudal surface of femoral shaft (FWC LGS2). Proximal is toward the top in all images. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 3. Strict consensus trees resulting from parsimony analyses. Numbered ontogenetic stages are defined in Table 2. A, femur: strict consensus of 34 281 trees, tree length = 18, CI = 0.3846. B, tibia: strict consensus of 357 trees, tree length = 13, CI = 0.5077. C, humerus: strict consensus of 36 trees, tree length = 15, CI = 0.4286.

Figure 9 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Figure 9. Relationship between bone texture type and femur length body-size proxy for all elements. A, femora. B, tibiae. C, humeri.

Figure 5 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 5. Independent contrasts reduced major axis (RMA) regression plots for the total sample of proboscideans. Slopes and correlations, respectively, are 1.079 and 0.902 (humerus), 0.961 and 0.841 (ulna), 0.761 and 0.857 (femur), and 0.828 and 0.873 (tibia).

Figure 3 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 3. Morphometric comparisons of humereral and femoral proportions., Loxodonta africana; A, Elephas maximus, Z, Mammuthus (columbi, imperator, meridionalis, and primigenius); Δ, gomphotheres s.l. (Archaeobelodon filholi, Cuvieronius hyodon, Eubelodon morrilli, Gomphotherium angustidens, Gomphotherium productum, Mammut americanum, Serbelodon barbourensis, and Stegomastodon platensis).

Figure 2 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree structure of the 19 included proboscidean genera, along with inferred clade ages. References used in constructing the tree topology and assigning clade ages were Tassy & Pickford (1983), Tassy (1994, 1995a, b, c), Lister (1995), Kalb et al. (1995), Lambert (1995), Saunders (1995), Shoshani (1995b), Shoshani & Tassy (1995b), Shoshani et al. (1995, 1998), Tobien (1995), Todd & Roth (1995), Gheerbrant et al. (1996), and Thomas et al. (2000).

Figure 1 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 1. Proboscidean limb bones: 1–5, humeri; 6–10, femora. 1 and 6, Loxodonta africana; 2 and 7, Elephas maximus; 3 and 8, Mammuthus imperator; 4 and 9, Stegomastodon superbus; 5 and 10, Mammut americanum.

Figure 13 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 13. Histology underlying grossly smooth surface textures in transverse section. A, single-layered fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83592, tibiotarsus section c). B, three-layered cortex with a central fibrolamellar core and endosteal and periosteal lamellar bone (DMNH 83591, femur section e). M, medullary cavity; P, osteogenic layer of periosteum. Scale bars: A = 50 µm; B = 92 µm.

Figure 6. A in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 6. A, very faint transverse wrinkles, indicated by arrows (DMNH 82228, tibiotarsus). B, a more prominent transverse wrinkled texture pattern (DMNH 82910, femur). C, scattered pores, examples indicated by arrows, on an otherwise nonporous surface (DMNH 82729, femur). D, rugose texture (DMNH 82944, femur). E, areas of rugose texture on an otherwise smooth surface (DMNH 80847, humerus). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 5 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 5. Examples of striated, fibrous, and porous texture patterns. A, longitudinal striations with (top) and without (bottom) transverse struts (DMNH 83589, tibiotarsus). B, fibrous texture (DMNH 78603, humerus). C, shorter-grained fibrous texture, intermediate between (B) and (D) (DMNH 82727, humerus). D, dotted pattern of porous texture (DMNH 82727, femur). E, rough grainy texture lacking distinct individual pores (DMNH 82247, femur). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 12. Juvenile bone DMNH 83585 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 12. Juvenile bone DMNH 83585 in longitudinal section. A, longitudinal to slightly oblique channels intersecting the bone surface (arrows) in the distal region of the shaft (tibiotarsus region d). B, oblique channels intersecting the bone surface (arrows) just proximal to the midshaft region (tibiotarsus region b). C, irregular channels in the midshaft region (tibiotarsus region c). M, medullary cavity; P, periosteum. Scale bars = 92 µm.

Figure 7 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 7. Examples of nonpenetrating longitudinal and smooth texture patterns. A, shallow longitudinal grooves (DMNH 82732, humerus). B, shallow surface dimples (DMNH 82730, femur). C, generally smooth texture with extremely faint longitudinal grooves (DMNH 82730, tibiotarsus). D, completely smooth surface (DMNH 82730, humerus). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 3. Results of the cluster analyses of bone landmark characters. The distance metric is normalized percent disagreement. Complete linkage method (farthest neighbour). All specimen designations are DMNH catalogue numbers. The numbers in parentheses represent ontogenetic stages. Femur: DMNH 78500 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 10 (medial scar for M. flexor perforati II and IV). Tibiotarsus: DMNH 83058 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 13 (peroneal sulcus). Humerus: DMNH 78603 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 12 (bicipital crest).

Figure 14 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 14. Irregular resorptive surface with large erosion bays lined by numerous osteoclasts (arrows), seen in transverse section (DMNH 83592, tibiotarsus section a). P, periosteum. Scale bar = 92 µm.

Figure 1 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 1. Locations of thin sections used in the autocontrol study. A, femur; B, tibiotarsus. Labelled lines indicate the positions of transverse sections. Longitudinal sections are designated based on the transverse lines they intersect.