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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationship among the Enterocytozoon bieneusi groups. The relationship between the E in Prevalence and new genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in China: A zoonotic concern

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationship among the Enterocytozoon bieneusi groups. The relationship between the E. bieneusi genotypes identified in this study and other known genotypes deposited in GenBank was inferred by neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequences based on genetic distance using the Kimura-2-parameter model. The numbers on the branches represent percent bootstrapping values from 1000 replicates, with more than 50% shown in the tree. Each sequence is identified by its accession number, genotype designation, and host origin. Genotypes marked with black dot are identified in this study.

Fig. 3 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 3. GI parasite genera types identified from fecal samples of toque macaques. I. Protozoan types: (A) Balantidium cyst, (B) Balantidium trophozoite, (C) Endolimax cyst, (D) Entamoeba cyst, (E) Isospora cyst. (F) Unidentified protozoan cyst; II. Cestode types: (G) Bertiella ova, (H) Diphyllobothrium ova, (I) Hymenolepis ova; III. Trematode types: (J–K) Unidentified trematode ova; IV. Acanthocephalan type: (L) Moniliformis ova; V. Nematode types: (M) Oesophagostomum ova, (N) Strongyloides ova, (O) Ascaris ova, (P) Trichuris ova, (Q) Strongyle/ Hookworm ova, (R) Enterobius ova, (S)Trichostrongylus ova, (T) Unidentified nematode ova.

Fig. 2 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 2. Map of Sri Lanka with sampling localities in the dry and the wet zones and the montane region.

Fig. 4 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 4. Number of parasite genera types (species richness) infecting M. s. aurifrons, M. s. sinica and M. s. opisthomelas in urban, suburban, and wild habitats.

Fig. 1 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 1. The three subspecies of macaque's endemic to Sri Lanka. (A) Common macaque (Macaca sinica sinica), (B) dusky or pale-fronted macaque (M. s. aurifrons), and (C) hill-zone macaque (M. s. opisthomelas) (image courtesy: Madura De Silva).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques

Data for: Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques Patterson, S.K., Andonov, E., Arre, A.M., Martinez, M.I., Negron-Del Valle, J.E., Petersen, R.M, Phillips, D., Rahman, A., Ruiz-Lambides, A., Villanueva, I., Lea, A.J., Snyder-Mackler, N., Brent, L.J., Higham, J.P. "Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques." 2024. Philosophical Transactions B.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Simulation and social network analysis provide insight into the acquisition of tool behavior in hybrid macaques

The pathways through which primates acquire skills are a central focus of cultural evolution studies. The roles of social and genetic inheritance processes in skill acquisition are often confounded by environmental factors. Hybrid macaques from Koram Island, Thailand provide an opportunity to examine the roles of inheritance and social learning to skill acquisition within a single ecological setting. These hybrids are a cross between tool-using Burmese long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis aurea) and non-tool-using common long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis). This population provides an opportunity to explore the roles of social learning and inheritance processes while being able to exclude underlying ecological factors. Here, we investigate the roles of social learning and inheritance in tool use prevalence within this population using social network analysis and simulation. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is used to generate expectations for how social/asocial learning and inheritance structure the patterning in a social network. The results of the simulation show that various transmission mechanisms can be differentiated based on associations between individuals in a social network. The results provide an investigative framework for discussing tool-use transmission pathways in the Koram social network. By combining ABM, network analysis, and behavioral data from the field we can investigate the roles social learning and inheritance play in tool acquisition in wild primates.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data from: Longitudinal effects of early psychosocial deprivation on macaque executive function: Evidence from computational modelling

Executive function (EF) describes a group of cognitive processes underlying the organization and control of goal-directed behaviour. Environmental experience appears to play a crucial role in EF development, with early psychosocial deprivation often linked to EF impairment. However, many questions remain concerning the developmental trajectories of EF after exposure to deprivation, especially concerning specific mechanisms. Accordingly, using an 'A-not B' paradigm and a macaque model of early psychosocial deprivation, we investigated how early deprivation influences EF development longitudinally from adolescence into early adulthood. The contribution of working memory and inhibitory control mechanisms were examined specifically via the fitting of a computational model of decision-making to the choice behaviour of each individual. As predicted, peer-reared animals (i.e. those exposed to early psychosocial deprivation) performed worse than mother-reared animals across time, with the fitted model parameters yielding novel insights into the functional decomposition of group-level EF differences underlying task performance. Results indicated differential trajectories of inhibitory control and working memory development in the two groups. Such findings not only extend our knowledge of how early deprivation influences EF longitudinally, but also provide support for the utility of computational modelling to elucidate specific mechanisms linking early psychosocial deprivation to long-term poor outcomes.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Accompanying empirical data for Kirchherr et al., 2023, "Bayesian multilevel hidden Markov models identify stable state dynamics in longitudinal recordings from macaque primary motor cortex"

This repository contains data accompanying: Kirchherr et al., 2023, "Bayesian multilevel hidden Markov models identify stable state dynamics in longitudinal recordings from macaque primary motor cortex". Data collection methods: Two adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) trained on a reaching, and grasping, and placing task served as the subjects. The animal handling as well as surgical and experimental procedures complied with European guideline (2010/63/UE) and authorized by the French Ministry for Higher Education and Research (project # 2016112713202878) in force on the care and use of laboratory animals, and were approved by the ethics committee CELYNE (comité d’éthique Lyonnais pour les neurosciences expérimentale, C2EA 42). After initial training, we performed a sterile surgery to implant six floating multielectrode arrays (FMA, Microprobes for Life Science, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) in the right (monkey 1) or left (monkey 2) cortical hemisphere. Each array was comprised of 32 platinum/iridium electrodes (impedance 0.5 MΩ at 1 kHz) with lengths ranging from 1 to 6 mm, and with an inter-electrode spacing of 400 μm. One electrode array was implanted in the primary motor cortex (M1), two were implanted in the ventral premotor cortex (F5), one in the dorsal premotor cortex (F2), and two in the prefrontal cortex (45a and 46/12r), as estimated according to a previous magnetic resonance imaging scan. For the purposes of this study, we analyzed data from the M1 array of each monkey. The wideband neural signal (bandpass filtered at 0.1 to 7500 kHz) was recorded at 30 kS/s, and amplified and digitized (16-bit; 0.192 μV resolution) with an Intan Tech-based (Intan Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, USA) open source acquisition system (Open Ephys; Siegle et al. 2017). This system uses a 256-channel Intan RHD2000 series acquisition board and 32-channel headstages (RHD2132). Spike detection was performed offline using Trisdesclous (Garcia & Pouzat,2015). The common reference was removed to reduce ambient noise. Spikes were then detected from each electrode using a threshold of 2 times the median absolute deviation (MAD), and analyzed as multi-unit activity (MUA) in 10 ms bins. All electrodes in which at least one well-isolated spike waveform was detected were selected for the following analyses. We thus used a sample of 21 electrodes out of 32 for monkey 1, and 25 out of 32 electrodes for monkey 2. Custom made detection panels were used to record the moments when the monkey’s hand released the handle, the hand contacted the target object, and when the object was placed in the groove. An Omniplex 16-channel recording system (Plexon, Dallas, TX, USA) was used to simultaneously record these behavioral events. Trials were discarded if the response time (time between the go signal and handle release) was less than 100 or greater than 1500 ms, the reach duration (time between handle release and object contact) was less than 100 or greater than 1000 ms, or the placing duration (time between object contact and placing the object in the groove) was less than 100 or greater than 1200 ms, leaving 19 - 68 trials per day for monkey 1 (M = 43.9, SD = 15.46, N = 439; left: M = 14.8, SD = 5.74; center: M = 14.4, SD = 5.15; right: M = 14.7, SD = 7.73), and 23 - 49 per day for monkey 2 (M = 38.3, SD = 9.87, N = 383; left: M = 14.2, SD = 3.91; center: M = 10.8, SD = 3.55; right: M = 13.3, SD = 3.37). Abstract: Neural populations, rather than single neurons, may be the fundamental unit of cortical computation. Analyzing chronically recorded neural population activity is challenging not only because of the high dimensionality of activity in many neurons, but also because of changes in the recorded signal that may or may not be due to neural plasticity. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a promising technique for analyzing such data in terms of discrete, latent states, but previous approaches have either not considered the statistical properties of neural spiking data, have not been adaptable to longitudinal data, or have not modeled condition specific differences. We present a multilevel Bayesian HMM which addresses these shortcomings by incorporating multivariate Poisson log-normal emission probability distributions, multilevel parameter estimation, and trial-specific condition covariates. We applied this framework to multi-unit neural spiking data recorded using chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays from macaque primary motor cortex during a cued reaching, grasping, and placing task. We show that the model identifies latent neural population states which are tightly linked to behavioral events, despite the model being trained without any information about event timing. We show that these events represent specific spatiotemporal patterns of neural population activity and that their relationship to behavior is consistent over days of recording. The utility and stability of this approach is demonstrated using a previously learned task, but this multilevel Bayesian HMM framework would be especially suited for future studies of long-term plasticity in neural populations.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Dataset Non-shared coding of observed and executed actions prevails in macaque ventral premotor mirror neurons

This dataset is related to "Non-shared coding of observed and executed actions prevails in macaque ventral premotor mirror neurons".

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data for: Multifunctional fibers enable modulation of cortical and deep brain activity during cognitive behavior in macaques

Recording and modulating neural activity in vivo enables investigations of the neurophysiology underlying behavior and disease, but there is a dearth of translational tools for simultaneous recording and localized receptor-specific modulation. We addressed this limitation by translating multifunctional fiber neurotechnology previously only available for rodent studies to enable cortical and subcortical neural recording and modulation in macaques. In the premotor cortex and putamen, we recorded single-neuron activity and local field potential oscillations during intracranial GABA infusions while a macaque performed a working memory task. We also recorded neuronal activity during saline, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and no infusion control experiments. We characterized the dynamic effects of local infusions with multiple time series analysis techniques, including spectrotemporal analysis and state-space modeling. This dataset and accompanying software toolbox provide detailed insight into the electrophysiological effect of neurotransmitter receptor modulation in both cortical and subcortical structures in an awake macaque.