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FIGURE 7 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians
FIGURE 7. Scatterplots of lnDNE versus lnRFI of NALK metatherians through time. Points represent species averages for each DTA metric. Time proceeds upward with the oldest time bin (pre-Aquilan) at the bottom and the youngest time bin (Lancian) at the top. Colored polygons are regions of the morphospace occupied by extant mammals in our dietary categories. Markers correspond to fossil groups. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.
FIGURE 3 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians
FIGURE 3. Bivariate scatter plots of log-transformed Dirichlet normal energy (lnDNE), relief index (lnRFI), and orientation patch count rotated (lnOPCR) values, and a 3D scatterplot of all three DTA metrics (bottom right) for our extant comparative sample. Shapes correspond to our assigned diet categorizations. See Table 2 for taxonomic names. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.
Fig. 1 in A peculiar faunivorous metatherian from the early Eocene of Australia
Fig. 1. Holotype and only known specimen of the metatherian mammal Archaeonothos henkgodthelpi gen. et sp. nov. (QM F53825; M2 or M3) from the early Eocene Tingamarra Fauna, southeastern Queensland, Australia; in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Both SEM micrographs.
Figure 6 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 6. Consensus tree of the two parsimonious trees resulting from a second analysis using reweighted characters. Each node is named and described in the text. The Bremer index is given on the branches, followed by the number of non-ambiguous synapomorphies in parentheses. The Bremer index mean is 2 (36/18).
Figure 4 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 4. Left petrosal of MNRJ 6733-V (Type V) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fss, foramen for the sigmoid sinus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pec, petrosal crest; pfc,prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; prt, promontorial tubercle; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; ts, transverse sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani; us, unknown sulcus; vf, vascular foramen.
Figure 3 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 3. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6732-V (Type IV) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; th, tympanohyal; ts, transverse sinus; vf, vascular foramen.
Figure 2 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 2. Left petrosal of MNRJ 6730-V (Type III) in ventral (A), dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: ac, aqueductus cochleae; al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pprs, postpromontorial sinus; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psv?, probable prootic sinus vein; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; spsv?, sulcus for a probable vein connected to the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; ts, transverse sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; vf, vascular foramen; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.
Figure 5 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 5. Consensus tree of the seven parsimonious trees (L = 142, CI = 0.542, RI = 0.715). Each node is named and described in the text. The Bremer index is given on the branches, followed by the number of non-ambiguous synapomorphies in parentheses. The Bremer index mean is 2 (36/18).
Figure 1 in Petrosal bones of metatherian mammals from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil), and a cladistic analysis of petrosal features in metatherians
Figure 1. Molar area vs. promontorium area for extant and fossil metatherians with associated petrosal and teeth remains. A, M2 area vs. promontorium area; B, m2 area vs. promontorium area; C, M3 area vs. promontorium area; D, m3 area vs. promontorium area. Z, Didelphis marsupialis,; Didelphis aurita;, Didelphis albiventris; O, Marmosa murina; •, Philander opossum;, Metachirus nudicaudatus; ×, Caluromys philander; Ɨ, Caenolestes fuliginosus;, Phacogale tapoatafa; Δ, Pucadelphys andinus; ^, Andinodelphys cochabambensis;, Mayulestes ferox; –, Deltatheridium pretrituberculare.
FIG. 1 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians
FIG. 1. — Dental terminology (redrawn and modified from Davis 2007).
Data from: Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids
It was once thought that the endemic carnivorous mammals of South America, the metatherian sparassodonts, were driven extinct by North American carnivores through competitive exclusion. However, sparassodonts went extinct before most groups of carnivorans entered South America; only the endemic Cyonasua-group procyonids (Cyonasua and Chapalmalania), which immigrated to South America nearly four million years earlier than other carnivorans, significantly overlapped with sparassodonts in time. In this study, we examine the functional morphology of the dentition of Cyonasua and Chapalmalania through quantitative analysis to determine the dietary habits of these taxa and the degree to which they may have ecologically overlapped sparassodonts and large predatory Neogene didelphimorphians. We find Cyonasua and Chapalmalania to be more carnivorous than extant procyonids other than Bassariscus, in agreement with previous studies, but more omnivorous than most other carnivorans and all meat-eating South American metatherians, including sparassodonts. The extreme ecological dissimilarity between Cyonasua-group procyonids and members of the endemic South American predator guild may explain why procyonids were able to successfully establish themselves in South America several million years earlier than most other northern mammals (including all other carnivorans): they moved into a previously unoccupied ecological niche (large omnivore) and avoided direct competition with incumbent native species, a situation similar to that documented in historical cases of biological invasion. The omnivorous diets and climbing/swimming abilities of procyonids may have increased their chances for a successful over-water dispersal relative to other carnivorans, further favoring their successful establishment in South America.
Supplementary material 5 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178
Data used to calculate taxonomic richness for Metatherian shown in Figure 15.: Explanation note: Data used to calculate taxonomic richness for Metatheria shown in Figure 15.
Supplementary material 4 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178
Temporal ranges of Cretaceous metatherian taxa used to calculate taxonomic richness of Metatheria.: Explanation note: Temporal ranges of Cretaceous metatherian taxa used to calculate taxonomic richness of Metatheria (Suppl. material 5). Data were compiled from the Paleobiology Database (PBDB; http: //fossilworks.org/?a=home), Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004), Woodburne et al. (2004), Williamson et al. (2012), Tables 3–4, and based on the timescale of Ogg et al. (2004).
Supplementary material 3 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178
Characters in common on the most parsimonious trees diagnosing the nodes on the strict consensus tree in Figure 6.: Explanation note: Characters in common on the most parsimonious trees diagnosing the selected nodes on the strict consensus tree resulting from the analysis run with characters ordered.
Data from: The osteology and systematics of the enigmatic Australian Oligo-Miocene metatherian Yalkaparidon (Yalkaparidontidae; Yalkaparidontia; Australidelphia; Marsupialia)
We provide the first detailed description of the osteology of the enigmatic Oligo-Miocene Australian metatherian Yalkaparidon. This taxon exhibits a number of unusual craniodental apomorphies but appears to be plesiomorphic within Metatheria in retaining four molars, rather than three as previously reported. We demonstrate that the only known skull of Yalkaparidon almost certainly represents a single individual. We also tentatively refer a number of isolated tarsals to the genus. Maximum parsimony analyses of a 258 character morphological matrix (with information from the tarsals described here either included or excluded) place Yalkaparidon within the superordinal clade Australidelphia, but Bayesian analyses of the same matrix are less well resolved, placing Yalkaparidon within Marsupialia but without unequivocally supporting australidelphian affinities. Bayesian analyses of a total evidence matrix that combines the morphological data with 9 kb of sequence data from five nuclear protein-coding genes (APOB, BRCA1, IRBP, RAG1 and VWF), 78 indels, and 53 retroposon insertion characters are similarly poorly resolved and do not clarify the supraordinal relationships of Yalkaparidon beyond suggesting that it is probably a member of Marsupialia. However, if the tarsal remains are correctly attributed to Yalkaparidon, then membership of Australidelphia seems likely, as these specimens exhibit characteristic australidelphian apomorphies. We conclude that the ordinal status of Yalkaparidon remains justified based on current evidence, and we present a revised diagnosis for Yalkaparidontia. We maintain the two currently recognized species, Y. coheni and Y. jonesi, but present revised specific diagnoses. We suggest a revised phylogenetic definition for Marsupialia, and provide phylogenetic definitions for Eomarsupialia (the clade comprising all extant Australian marsupial orders) and for the clade comprising Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, and Notoryctemorphia to the exclusion of Diprotodontia; we propose the name Agreodontia for the latter clade.
Figure 1 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 1. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6734-V (Type VI) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fss, foramen for the sigmoid sinus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psv?, probable prootic sinus vein; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; spsv?, sulcus for a probable vein connected to the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; th, tympanohyal; tt, tuberculum tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; ts, transverse sinus; tyc, tympanic crest; vf, vascular foramen; uf, unknown foramen; us, unknown sulcus; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.
Figure 7 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 7. Timing of the earliest evolution of metatherians according to the hypotheses highlighted in the most parsimonious trees (Fig. 4). Data sources: minimal age of Sinodelphys (Swisher et al., 1999), age for the North American metatherians (Clemens, 1966), dating of the Mongolian taxon Deltatheridium (Dashzeveg et al., 2005), dating of the South American metatherians (de Muizon, 1994; Flynn & Swisher, 1995; Marshall et al., 1997); molecular estimate of divergence of marsupial ordinal clades (Nilsson et al., 2004; Beck, 2008; Meredith et al., 2008). Thick and grey strokes represent fossil species. Geological stages: Ab, Albian; Bm, Barremian; C, Coniacian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Eo, Eocene; H, Hauterivian; Ma, Maastrichtian; Pa, Palaeocene; S, Santonian; T, Turonian; V, Valanginian.
Figure 6 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 6. Comparisons of the morphometric and phylogenetic assessments as regards the possible assignment of petrosal types to dental-based taxa from Itaboraí. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 5 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 5. Molar area vs. promontorium area for extant and fossil metatherians with associated petrosal and teeth remains. A, M2 area vs. promontorium area; B, m2 area vs. promontorium area; C, M3 area vs. promontorium area; D, m3 area vs. promontorium area. Open square, Didelphis marsupialis, closed square; Didelphis aurita; grey square, Didelphis albiventris; open circle, Marmosa murina; closed circle, Philander opossum; grey circle, Metachirus nudicaudatus; cross, Caluromys philander; closed lozenge; Caenolestes fuliginosus; grey lozenge, Phacogale tapoatafa; open triangle, Pucadelphys andinus; closed triangle, Andinodelphys cochabambensis; grey triangle, Mayulestes ferox; line, Deltatheridium pretrituberculare. M2–3, second and third upper molars; m2–3, second and third lower molars.
Figure 3 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 3. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6735-V (Type VIII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, with a reconstruction of the inner ear (A2). Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; al, anterior lamina; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cocd, cochlear duct; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); pa, posterior ampulla; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani.
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