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FIG. 14 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 14. — Phylogenetic relationships of Incadelphys among other metatherians:strict consensus tree (Consistency index [CI] = 0.401; Retention index [RI] = 0.609) of the two shortest trees resulting from the analysis with downweighted homoplastic characters (with Goloboff k = 3); black number above nodes indicate the minimum and maximum numbers of synapomorphies. The name of clade designated as "SAMI" is a working term composed with the initials of the four genera it includes: Szalinia, Aenigmadelphys, Marmosopsis, and Incadelphys.

FIG. 12 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 12. — Aenigmadelphys archeri, SEM photos of casts: A, left M3 (holotype, OMNH 23328) in occlusal view; B, right m3 (OMNH 20531)in occlusal view; C, the same in labial view; D, the same in lingual view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 11 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 11. — Occlusal view of the M1 of some basal metatherians discussed in text showing the distolabial extension of the metastylar lobe: A, Aenigmadelphys (OMNH 22898), SEM photo of cast; B, Incadelphys (YPFB Pal 6251), SEM photo of cast; C, Incadelphys (MHNC 13906); D, Marmosopsis (MNHN.F.ITB83). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 10 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 10. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, lateral view of the right dentary; B, medial view of the right dentary; C, lateral view of the left dentary; D, medial view of the left dentary; E, ventral view of the left dentary. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 9 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 9. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: B, right lateral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 9 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 9. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, left lateral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 8 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 8. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, dorsal view of the anterior skull; B, ventral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 6 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 6. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, stereopair of the left lower tooth row in occlusal view; B, stereopair of the right lower tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 4. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: B, stereopair of the left maxilla and upper tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 5 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 5. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906:A, lateral view of the right upper tooth row; B, lateral view of the left upper tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 4. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, stereopair of the right maxilla and upper tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 7. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, lateral view of the right lower tooth row; B, medial view of the right lower tooth row; C, lateral view of the left lower tooth row; D, medial view of the left lower tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 3. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906, partial skull with dentaries: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view; E, right dentary in lateral view; F, left dentary in lateral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 2. — Incadelphys antiquus, holotype, YPFB Pal 6251 (SEM photo of cast): A, left maxillary with P1-P2, dP3, M1-M2; M3, missing the protocone, erupting; B, right maxillary with dP3, M1-M2, M3 erupting; C, right dentary with p3, dp3, m1-m2, m3 missing the trigonid, m4 in crypt. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 13 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 13. — Phylogenetic relationships of Incadelphys among other metatherians: strict consensus tree of four equally parsimonious trees resulting from the analysis of the data matrix of 287 osteological characters and 32 taxa with equally weighted homoplastic characters (Tree length [L] = 889; Consistency index [CI] = 0.4; Retention index [RI] = 0.606); the Bremer index is given at branches in black numbers below nodes.

FIGURE 1 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of our extant comparative sample generated using TimeTree (www.timetree.org; Kumar et al., 2017).

FIGURE 2 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 2. Boxplots of Dirichlet normal energy (DNE), relief index (RFI), and orientation patch count rotated (OPCR) across extant mammals classified by diet and a subset of fossil groups. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist. Abbreviations for fossil groups: Alph. = Alphadontidae; Herpet. = Herpetotheriidae; Ped. = Pediomyidae.

FIGURE 6 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 6. Patterns of taxonomic diversity and dietary diversity of NALK metatherians. Top: Known taxonomic diversity (gray squares and line) of NALK metatherians and the metatherian diversity sampled in this study (black circles and line). Middle: Dietary diversity of NALK metatherians through time (out of six dietary categories). Judithian diversity count is based on our DFA classification of Iugomortiferum thoringtoni as a carnivore. Bottom: Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of NALK metatherians sampled in this study (the deltatheriid Atokatheridium boreni was removed). The phylogeny is modified from Williamson et al. (2014), Wilson et al. (2016), and Cohen et al. (2020). Thick horizontal bars represent the known temporal range of each species. Bar colors represent the dietary categories assigned to each taxon in this study. For cases in which specimens of the same species were classified differently, we include both classifications in this figure, with the exception of Iugomortiferum thoringtoni and Didelphodon vorax. Our DFA classification for Iugomortiferum thoringtoni (carn) contradicts additional lines of evidence that suggests it is a plant-dominated omnivore (see Discussion), and thus we classify it here as 'carn/pdo.' Our DFA classifies the two Didelphodon vorax specimens as an animal-dominated omnivore and an invertivore, but additional lines of evidence suggest that it is an animal-dominated omnivore (see Discussion). Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animaldominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = softinvertebrate specialist. Abbreviations for NALMAs: Aquil = Aquilan; La = Lancian.

FIGURE 5 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 5. Morphological disparity of NALK metatherians during different time bins (top) and in two major subclasses (bottom). We calculated disparity as the variance of each DTA metric and the sum of variances. The 95% confidence intervals were generated using a custom bootstrapping function with 1,000 replicates. Top row: all-metatherian disparity for each time bin. Sample size for each time bin is shown in parentheses at the bottom of the far-left plot: pre-Aquilan (preA) = 7; Aquilan = 8; Judithian = 18; Lancian = 18. Bottom row: disparity of alphadontids vs. disparity of pediomyids. Sample size for each taxon is shown in parentheses at the bottom of the far-left plot: Alphadontidae = 19 and Pediomyidae = 8. See Table 11 for P-values.

FIGURE 4 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 4. Bivariate scatter plots of log-transformed Dirichlet normal energy (lnDNE), relief index (lnRFI), and orientation patch count rotated (lnOPCR) values, and a 3D scatterplot of all three DTA metrics (bottom right) for our fossil sample. Colored polygons are regions of the morphospace occupied by extant mammals in our dietary categories. Shapes correspond to fossil groups. See Table 3 for taxonomic names. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.