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399 results for “mimicry”

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zenodo40/100

Fig. 2. Heterotypic schooling involving the genus Haemulon and other coral reef fish species. A in Mixed-species schooling behavior and protective mimicry involving coral reef fish from the genus Haemulon (Haemulidae)

Fig. 2. Heterotypic schooling involving the genus Haemulon and other coral reef fish species. A) Anisotremus virginicus with school of adult H. aurolineatum; B) Ocyurus chrysurus with adult H. aurolineatum and H. squamipinna; C) Scarus zelindae with adult H. parra, H. plumieri and H. squamipinna; D) Lutjanus jocu with adult H. parra and H. squamipinna. Circles highlight the non-Haemulon species. Photos: P. H. C. Pereira

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2011View details →

zenodo40/100

Fig. 3. Protective mimicry between select reef fish species and the genus Haemulon. A in Mixed-species schooling behavior and protective mimicry involving coral reef fish from the genus Haemulon (Haemulidae)

Fig. 3. Protective mimicry between select reef fish species and the genus Haemulon. A) Mulloidichthys martinicus with a school of adult H. aurolineatum; B) Sparisoma axillare with H. parra juveniles; C) Harengula clupeola with a school of juvenile H. aurolineatum. Circles highlight non-Haemulon species. Photos: P. H. C. Pereira

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2011View details →

dryad40/100

Hard to catch: experimental evidence supports evasive mimicry

Most research on aposematism has focused on chemically defended prey, but the signaling difficulty of capture remains poorly explored. Similar to classical Batesian and Müllerian mimicry related to distastefulness, such 'evasive aposematism' may also lead to convergence in warning colours, known as evasive mimicry. A prime candidate group for evasive mimicry areAdelphabutterflies, which are agile insects and show remarkable colour pattern convergence. We tested the ability of naive blue tits to learn to avoid and generalizeAdelphawing patterns associated with the difficulty of capture and compared their response to that of birds that learned to associate the same wing patterns with distastefulness. Birds learned to avoid all wing patterns tested and generalized their aversion to other prey to some extent, but learning was faster with evasive prey compared to distasteful prey. Our results on generalization agree with longstanding observations of striking convergence in wing colour patterns amongAdelphaspecies, since, in our experiments, perfect mimics of evasive and distasteful models were always protected during generalization and suffered the lowest attack rate. Moreover, generalization on evasive prey was broader compared to that on distasteful prey. Our results suggest that being hard to catch may deter predators at least as effectively as distastefulness. This study provides empirical evidence for evasive mimicry, a potentially widespread but poorly understood form of morphological convergence driven by predator selection.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad40/100

Combined measures of mimetic fidelity explain imperfect mimicry in a brood parasite–host system

The persistence of imperfect mimicry in nature presents a challenge to mimicry theory. Some hypotheses for the existence of imperfect mimicry make differing predictions depending on how mimetic fidelity is measured. Here, we measure mimetic fidelity in a brood parasite–host system using both trait-based and response-based measures of mimetic fidelity. Cuckoo finches Anomalospiza imberbis lay imperfectly mimetic eggs that lack the fine scribbling characteristic of eggs of the tawny-flanked prinia Prinia subflava, a common host species. A trait-based discriminant analysis based on Minkowski functionals—that use geometric and topological morphometric methods related to egg pattern shape and coverage—reflects this consistent difference between host and parasite eggs. These methods could be applied to quantify other phenotypes including stripes and waved patterns. Furthermore, by painting scribbles onto cuckoo finch eggs and testing their rate of rejection compared to control eggs (i.e. a response-based approach to quantify mimetic fidelity), we show that prinias do not discriminate between eggs based on the absence of scribbles. Overall, our results support relaxed selection on cuckoo finches to mimic scribbles, since prinias do not respond differently to eggs with and without scribbles, despite the existence of this consistent trait difference.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Data for: Aggressive hosts are undeterred by a cuckoo's hawk mimicry, but probably make good foster parents

Parasites face a trade-off if the highest quality hosts are also most resistant to exploitation. For brood parasites, well-defended host nests may be both harder to parasitize and harder to predate, leading to better survival of parasitic chicks. This trade-off could be accentuated if brood-parasitic adaptations to reduce front-line defences of hosts, such as mimicry of hawks by Cuculus cuckoos, do not deter hosts which aggressively mob raptors. Here we investigate the costs and benefits to the African cuckoo (Cuculus gularis) of specializing on a highly aggressive host species, the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Field experiments showed that drongos strongly attacked and mobbed both cuckoo and hawk models, implying that hawk mimicry does not deter front-line defences against African cuckoos. Attacks on cuckoo and hawk models generally declined after the egg stage but attacks on snake models sharply increased, suggesting drongos may treat hawks more like cuckoos than predators. We suggest that the cost to cuckoos of parasitizing an aggressive host may be alleviated by subsequent benefits to their offspring, since drongo nests survived better than nests of other species with similar nesting ecology. These results are indicative of a trade-off between host quality and susceptibility for a brood parasite.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad40/100