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Fig. 6 in Systematic Analyses of the Genus Architricha and Pleurotricha curdsi (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae), with Redescriptions of Their Morphology

Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Architricha indica and Pleurotricha curdsi (bold). Newly sequenced species are marked by arrows. Nodal support for branches in the ML and BI trees are marked in order. "*" indicates bootstrap value disagreement between the ML tree and the reference BI tree at a given node. Black circles indicate full support in all analyses. Bar, 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Parabirojimia similis and Parabirojimia multinucleata are the out group taxa.

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Figs 5A–N in Systematic Analyses of the Genus Architricha and Pleurotricha curdsi (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae), with Redescriptions of Their Morphology

Figs 5A–N. Photomicrographs of Pleurotricha curdsi from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–N). A – a typical individual showing body shape and color; B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view, showing the food granules (arrowheads), arrow in (B) indicates the cytostome, arrow in (C) marks the collar part of adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) on the dorsal side; D – anterior part, to show the AZM; E – anterior part of dorsal side, to show the AZM in the back collar (arrowhead); F – posterior portion, to show the tapered posterior end (arrow); G – showing the contractile vacuole (arrow) and cilia of dorsal kinety (arrowhead); H – ventral view to show the single left marginal and two right marginal cirri rows; I – to show the cirri in frontal area, noting this specimen owning five frontal ventral cirri and three frontal cirri; J – postoral ventral cirri and pretransverse and cirri; K – transverse cirri; L – caudal cirri (arrowheads); M – anterior part of dorsal kineties; N – macronuclei and micronuclei (arrowheads). BC – buccal cirrus, FC – frontal cirri, FVC – frontal ventral cirri, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronucleus, PTVC – pretransverse ventral cirri, PVC – postoral ventral cirri, RMR 1, 2 – right marginal row 1 and 2, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Fig. 7 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Numbers at the nodes represent the bootstrap values of ML analyses and posterior probability of BI analyses. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. Asterisk (*) represents support values less than 50% and the disagreement between BI and the reference ML tree. The scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. The newly sequenced species in the present study is shown in bold.

Fig. 4 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Divisional morphogenesis in Tachysoma pellionellum (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of an early divider. Note the basal bodies in the oral primordium forming an elongated field; arrowheads show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact only for a short time. (C, D) Ventral views of an early divider. Arrowheads show the developing FVT-anlagen. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In E, arrow marks the old paroral which is dedifferentiating, double-arrowheads shows the UM-anlage formed to the right of the oral primordium as a long streak of basal bodies and arrowhead indicates the right marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in F, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In G, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the undulating membranes anlagen; arrowheads mark the left marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in H, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; II–VI, frontoventral–transverse cirral anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronucleus; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlage. Scale bars: 15 µm (A, C) and 35 µm (B, D, E–H).

Fig. 1 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Map of North America (the background from Google earth) showing the sampling sites. (A, B) Map showing Stone Mountain State Park, North Carolina, USA. (C, D), where Tachysoma pellionellum was collected.

Fig. 3 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Tachysoma pellionellum in vivo (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–H). (A–D) Ventral views of typical individuals; arrow in Fig. B marks the contractile vacuole, arrows in Fig. C show the refringent globules and arrowheads demonstrate the dorsal cilia. (E) Ventral view of the infraciliature; showing the frontoventral (in rectangle) and postoral ventral cirri (in circle). (F) Ventral view of anterior portion of infraciliature. (G) Ventral view of posterior portion of infraciliature, showing the pretransverse ventral cirri (dashed line). (H) Dorsal view of the infraciliature, showing the dorsal kineties (arrowheads). AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; Scale bars: 55 µm (A), 35 µm (E) and 15 µm (F, G).

Fig. 2 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphology of Tachysoma pellionellum from life (A–C) and after protargol staining (D–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Detail of cell, arrows indicate the refringent globules and arrowhead shows the food vacuole. (D) Detailed ventral view of the anterior region, showing the frontoventral (in rectangle) and postoral ventral cirri (in ellipse). (E, F) Ciliature of ventral and dorsal side and nuclear apparatus, the dashed ellipse depicts the postoral ventral cirri; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–6, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 40 µm.

Fig. 6 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Tachysoma pellionellum during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of early dividers, note the basal bodies in the oral primordia forming an elongated field; arrows show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact. (C, D) Ventral views of early dividers. In C, arrow in the proter marks the paroral which is dedifferentiating; arrow in the opisthe shows the anlage of the undulating membranes, and arrowhead indicates the right marginal anlage; in D, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the anlagen of the undulating membranes, and arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen. (E–G) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In E, arrowhead shows the first frontal cirrus and arrows mark the right marginal anlagen; in G, double-arrowheads show the first frontal cirrius, arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen, and arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 1. (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; arrows show the dorsal kineties 6. II–VI, FVT-anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; OP, oral primordium; 2–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm (B, D, F) and 45µm (I).

Fig. 5 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Middle and late dividers of Tachysoma pellionellum, after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In A, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri and arrows mark the left marginal anlagen; in B, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of a mid-divider. In C, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri, arrows mark the left marginal anlagen and double-arrowheads show the anlagen of dorsal kineties; in D, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen 4. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; double-arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6) and arrowheads show the left marginal row. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a late-stage divider; arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; 1–6, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 45 µm.

Fig. 33 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 33. Strict consensus of three equally most parsimonious trees resulting from cladistic parsimony analysis of 114 postcranial characters for 38 taxa described in this report, where polymorphic data were treated as composite entries (CO) (see tables 2–4 for summary data set characteristics and tree statistics). Numbers above branches refer to absolute Bremer support values ($1). Numbers below branches refer to

Fig. 31 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 31. Chironectes minimus (AMNH 148720), plantar and dorsal views of left astragalus. The ridge between the medial (atim) and lateral (atil) astragalotibial facets is present (ch. 108[1]), as well as being between the lateral atragalotibial and astragalofibular (afi) facets (ch. 109[1]). There is no contact between the astragalonavicular (an) and sustentacular (su) facets (ch. 110[0]), and the sustentacular facet is separated from the calcaneoastragalar (caa) facet by the well-developed sulcus astragali (sa) (ch. 111[0]). Other abbreviation: ampt, astragalar medial plantar tuberosity. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Fig. 30 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 30. Philander frenatus (MVZ 182067), dorsal aspect of distal ulna (ul), radius (ra), carpal, and metacarpal (Mc) bones. Note the lunate (lu) relatively large and in contact with other elements (ch. 103[1]). A distolateral process of the scaphoid (sca) separates the lunate and magnum (mag) (ch. 105[1]). Other abbreviations: un, unciform; cu, cuneiform; tm, trapezium; tr, trapezoid. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Fig. 22 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 22. Caluromys philander (AMNH 267337) and Chironectes minimus (AMNH 148720), radius in lateral view showing the well-developed bicipital tuberosity (bt) (ch. 81[1]) and the bony plate (bp) on the caudal portion (ch. 82[1]) in Caluromys, whereas in Chironectes the bicipital tuberosity is small (ch. 81[0]) and the bony plate is absent (ch. 82[0]). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 23 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 23. Marmosops parvidens (AMNH 267348), os coxae in lateral view showing the posteroventral extension (pex) on the pubis (ch. 86[1]). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Fig. 26 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 26. Monodelphis brevicaudata (AMNH 257203) and Chironectes minimus (AMNH 212909), pelvis in dorsal view. In Chironectes the posterior part of the ischium (is) body is laterally deflected (ch. 92[1]), whereas in Monodelphis it is almost straight (ch. 92[0]). Other abbreviations: il, illium; syp, symphysis pubis. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Fig. 21 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 21. Lestodelphys halli (UWZM 22422) and Monodelphis brevicaudata (AMNH 257203), proximal part of right ulna, anterior surface. In Monodelphis, the anconeal process (ap) is poorly developed (ch. 76[0]) and the ulnar coronoid process (ucop) is well developed in the lateral side (ch. 78[1]). In contrast, in Lestodelphys the anconeal process is well developed (ch. 76[1]) and the ulnar coronoid process is not very developed on the lateral side (ch. 78[0]). The greater sigmoid cavity (gsc) is mesially extended in Monodelphis (ch. 75[1]), whereas in Lestodelphys it is not mesially extended (ch. 75[0]). Other abbreviations: ol, olecraneon; tn, trochlear notch. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 20. Tlacualtzin canescens (UMMZ 94604), proximal portion of ulna (ul) and radius (ra) showing the fossa for exterior ligament (fel) extended beyond the trochlear notch (tn) (ch. 74[3]). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Fig. 25 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 25. Tlacuatzin canescens (UMMZ 94604) and Marmosa mexicana (ROM 99604), pelvis in dorsal view. In Tlacuatzin the symphysis pubis (syp) is shorter than the obturator foramen (of) (ch. 91[0]), whereas the symphysis size is similar to the obturator foramen in Marmosa mexicana (ch. 91[1]). Note the anterior portion of the ilium (il) curved laterally in Tlacuatzin (ch. 90[1]), and in Marmosa it is almost straight (ch. 90[0]). Scale bars: 5 mm.

Fig. 17 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 17. Caluromys philander (AMNH 267001) and Chironectes minimus (AMNH 212909), distal portion of left humerus in anterior view. The capitulum (cap) in Caluromys is spherical in shape (ch. 60[0]), whereas in Chironectes it is cylindrical (ch. 60[1]). Note the more developed proximal extension of the capitulum in Caluromys relative to the proximal extension of the trochlea (tr) (ch. 63[1]). In both species there is a lateral extension (lex) of the capitulum (ch. (64[1]). In Caluromys, a proximal process (prp) in the supinator ridge (sur) is present (ch. 67[1]), whereas in Chironectes it is absent (ch. 67[0]). Other abbreviations: enf, entepicondylar foramen; en, entepicondyle. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Fig. 18 in Phylogenetic Analyses Of Postcranial Skeletal Morphology In Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 18. Didelphis marsupialis (AMNH 210427) and Micoureus regina (AMNH 48757), proximal portion of ulna in lateral view. The caudal border is straight in Didelphis (ch. 71[1]), whereas it is strongly curved in Micoureus (ch. 71[0]). Scale bars: 10 mm.