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32 results for “morphological character evolution”
FIGURE 1 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 1. Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov. A. CpL from left side (MSU-ZOC.412). B. CpD (MSU-ZOC.411). C. Detail of surface of LVe (MSU-ZOC.412). D. LVi (MSU-ZOC.409). E. RVi (MSU-ZOC.409). F. Detail of muscle scars of RVi (MSU-ZOC.409). Scale bars: A–B, E–F = 100 µm, C = 10 µm, D = 20 µm.
FIGURE 8. Character optimizations onto a 50 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)
FIGURE 8. Character optimizations onto a 50% majority-rule Bayesian tree based on a plastid phylogeny (modified from Simon et al. 2011). The evolution of glandular trichomes (a) and branched trichomes (b) are mapped onto the phylogeny using unordered parsimony optimization. Letters close to nodes correspond to main clades as in Simon et al. (2011), and vertical bars correspond to outgroups. Terminals with two or more states are represented by several squares. Please refer to Simon et al. (2011) for details on species names and clades.
Data from: Serial homology and correlated characters in morphological phylogenetics: modeling the evolution of dental crests in placentals
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Data from: Identifying hidden rate changes in the evolution of a binary morphological character: the evolution of plant habit in Campanulid angiosperms
The growth of phylogenetic trees in scope and in size is promising from the standpoint of understanding a wide variety of evolutionary patterns and processes. With trees comprised of larger, older, and globally distributed clades, it is likely that the lability of a binary character will differ significantly among lineages, which could lead to errors in estimating transition rates and the associated inference of ancestral states. Here we develop and implement a new method for identifying different rates of evolution in a binary character along different branches of a phylogeny. We illustrate this approach by exploring the evolution of growth habit in Campanulidae, a flowering plant clade containing some 35,000 species. The distribution of woody versus herbaceous species calls into question the use of traditional models of binary character evolution. The recognition and accommodation of changes in the rate of growth form evolution in different lineages demonstrates, for the first time, a robust picture of growth form evolution across a very large, very old, and very widespread flowering plant clade.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from morphological data. A in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from morphological data. A, phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the somatic data set. Posterior probabilities of ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes. B, phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the spermatozoal data set. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.
Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A, Annual herb (Morelloid clade, S. weddellii Phil.); B, Herbaceous vine (Herpystichum clade, S. brevifolium Dunal); C, Woody vine (Tomato clade, S. juglandifolium Dunal); D, Single-stemmed shrub (Pteroidea clade, S. mite Ruiz & Pav.); E, Shrub (Torva clade, S. glutinosum Dunal); F, Tree (Crinitum clade, S. sycophanta Dunal); G, Simple glandular trichomes (Tomato clade, S. habrochaites S.Knapp & D.M.Spooner); H, Stellate glandular trichomes (Torva clade, S. asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav.); I, Mix of simple glandular (short) and eglandular (long) trichomes (Tomato clade, S. arcanum Peralta); J, Stellate glandular trichomes (Erythrotrichum clade, S. aciculare Sw.); K, Needle-like prickles on calyx (EHS clade, S. dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn.); L, Broad-based prickles on trunk (Crinitum clade, S. kioniotrichum Bitter ex J.F.Macbr.); M, Homomorphic stamens, most common state in Solanum (Anarrhichomenum clade, S. appendiculatum Dunal); N, Apical and basal anther modifications (i.e., horn-like projections; Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); O, Apical anther modifications (i.e., appendages; Tomato clade, S. corneliomulleri J.F.Macbr.); P, Enlarged anther connectives (Pachyphylla clade, S. betaceum Cav.); Q, Deeply stellate purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. sycocarpum Mart. & Sendtn.); R, Broadly stellate purple corollas (EHS clade, S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger); S, Rotate purple corollas with abundant interpetalar tissue (Herpystichum clade, S. trifolium Dunal); T, Deeply stellate yellow-green corollas lacking interpetalar tissue (Pteroidea clade, S. anceps Ruiz & Pav.); U, Campanulate pale lilac corollas (Morelloid clade; S. fiebrigii Bitter); V, Urceolate white-purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. diversifolium Dunal); W, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); X, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Androceras clade; S. grayi Rose var. grandiflorum Whalen); Y, Obovoid, apically pointed fleshy berries (Thelopodium clade, S. thelopodium Sendtn.); Z, Globose fleshy berries with colour variation through maturation from yellow (unripe) to red (fully mature; Cyphomandropsis clade, S. amotapense Svenson); AA, Globose orange berries (Reductum clade, S. reductum C.V.Morton); AB, Globose black berries (Morelloid clade, S. longifilamentum Särkinen & P.Gonzáles); AC, Obovoid, apically pointed brown berries (Herpystichum clade, S. limoncochaense Tepe); AD, Globose blue berries (Dulcamaroid clade, S. flaccidum Vell.). — Photo vouchers: A, Särkinen & al. 4038; B, Tepe & al. 3061; C, Fajardo & al. 3998; D, Särkinen & al. 4822; E, Knapp & al. 10594; F, Tepe & al. 2327; G, Särkinen & al. 4524; H, Knapp & al. 10336; I, Särkinen & al. 4503; J, Gouvêa 280; K, Vorontsova & al. 151; L, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1446; M, Knapp & al. 10156; N, Nijmegen 984750158; O, Knapp & al. 10212; P, Tepe s.n.; Q, Bohs s.n.; R, Knapp s.n.; S, Tepe & al. 2684; T, Fajardo & al. 3982; U, Barboza & al. 3548; V, Bohs 2341 (cult. from seeds of Benítez de Rojas 2744); W, cult. Madeira, no collection voucher; X, Vallejo-Marín 08-s-78; Y, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1454; Z, Särkinen & al. 4508; AA, Barboza & al. 3516; AB, Särkinen s.n.; AC, Tepe & al. 2627; AD, Giacomin & al. 1737. Photographs by S. Knapp (E, H, M, N, R, O, U, AA), T. Särkinen (A, C, D, G, I, T, Z, AB), P. Gonzáles Arce (L, Y), E. Tepe (B, F, K, P, S, AC), L. Bohs (Q, V), Y.F. Gouvêa (J), M. Vallejo-Marín (X), M. Benedito (W), and L. Giacomin (AD).
Fig. 5 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 5. Evolution of labile morphological traits (vegetative) in Solanum with 50–100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Specialised underground organs; B, Prickles; C, Trichome structure; D, Leaf division. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Fig. 2 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 2. Phylogeny of Solanum highlighting the informally named infrageneric clades based on Bayesian analysis of 742 Solanum species (60% of total known diversity) with two nuclear and seven plastid regions by Gagnon & al. (2022). Infrageneric clades are colour-coded and numbered reflecting the currently recognised major and minor clades of Solanum (Table 1): bright red shades highlight minor clades within VANAns clade, dark reds DulMo, blues Potato clade, purples Brevantherum, orange shades Geminata, yellows Cyphomandra, purple Wendlandii-Allophyllum, pink Nemorense, and green shades indicate minor clades within the large Leptostemonum clade. Nodes without circles have maximum branch support (1.0 posterior probability), nodes with black circles strong support (≥0.95), and nodes with white circles moderate to weak support (0.75–0.94). Dashed lines indicate nodes with nuclear-plastome discordance highlighted in Gagnon & al. (2022) collapsed in our analyses. A, Minor clades 1–7 (Thelopodium, Valdiviense, ANS [African Non-Spiny], Normania, Archaeosolanum, Dulcamaroid, Morelloid); B, Minor clades 8–17 (Regmandra, Pteroidea, Herpystichum, S. oxycoccoides, Anarrichomenum, Articulatum, Basarthrum, Etuberosum, Tomato, Petota); C, Minor clades 18–27 (S. anomalostemon, Trachytrichium, Gonatotrichum, Inornatum, Brevantherum, Reductum, Geminata, S. graveolens, Cyphomandropsis, Pachyphylla); D, Minor clades 28–46 (Allophyllum, Wendlandii, Nemorense, S. polygamum, Acanthophora, Lasiocarpa, Gardneri, Thomasiifolium, Erythrotrichum, Sisymbriifolium, Crinitum, Androceras, S. campechiense, Carolinense, Bahamense, Micracantha, Asterophorum, S. multispinum, Torva); E, Minor clades 47–49 (S. euacanthum, Elaeagnifolium, EHS [Eastern Hemisphere Spiny]).
Fig. 7 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 7. Evolution of conserved morphological traits in Solanum with 10–49 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Corolla bilateral symmetry; B, Anther shape; C, Pedicel articulation; D, Fruit type; E, Stone cells. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Fig. 6 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 6. Evolution of labile morphological traits (reproductive) in Solanum with 50–100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Inflorescence position; B, Inflorescence branching; C, Sexual system; D, Stamen heteromorphism; E, Trichomes on mature fruits; F, Fruiting calyx modifications. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Data from: Identifying hidden rate changes in the evolution of a binary morphological character: the evolution of plant habit in Campanulid angiosperms
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Data from: Identifying heterogeneity in rates of morphological evolution: discrete character change in the evolution of lungfish (Sarcopterygii; Dipnoi)
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