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176 results for “morphological diversification”
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE 4 Morphological and genetic variation in Triturus pygmaeus from in and around Doñana National Park (DNP). A – histograms of Nlink counts for four population groups with, from top to bottom: southwestern cluster of T. pygmaeus (localities 65, 436, 438 and 1004 in the south of Portugal, together marked C1 in fig. 2), populations in the northern section of DNP (ER, locality 1005 and BS, locality 1006), population in the southern section of DNP (locality 271) and the Betic cluster of T. pygmaeus (localities 270, 463, 465 and 1003 in the very south of Spain, together marked C2 in fig. 1). Exceptionally, the northern Doñana museum material contains 15 juvenile specimens (open bars) along with three adults (shaded bars). B – geographical cline in microsatellite genetic variation. The horizontal axis shows 'Distance from the Guadalquivir River' in km and the vertical axis presents Structure Q-scores. The solid round symbols represent populations and the grey area shows the 95% credibility interval. The Structure Q-scores were extracted from a published figure (Albert & García-Navas, 2022: Figure 4) and are unavoidably imprecise. The position of the 'Torre Carbonero', a cultural landmark at the Doñana beach, is shown by an arrow (TC). Three populations with morphological data available, that can be associated to the transect are El Rocío (arrow marked ER) and the biological station (BS) in northern Doñana and Zacallón C. de los Junqueros in southern Doñana (arrow marked 271). For details, see table 1 and supplementary table S1.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and genetic diversification of pygmy and marbled newts, with the description of a new species from the wider Lisbon Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE 5 Histogram for the number of links (Nlinks) observed in Iberian large-bodied newts, with low values for Triturus marmoratus (top panel), intermediate values for T. rudolfi sp. nov. (middle panel) and low to high values for T. pygmaeus (bottom panel). A distinction is made between T. p. pygmaeus from the Betic region (grey bars) and T. p. lusitanicus from the remainder of the species range (open bars) (see Arntzen, 2024). The optimal separation of T. rudolfi nov. sp. versus T. p. lusitanicus is achieved at Nlinks = 6.8, as shown by an interrupted line. To the right examples are shown of individuals with low and high link counts. Animals are facing left, with T. marmoratus from Gerês, northern Portugal at the top and T. p. lusitanicus from Sagres, southern Portugal at the bottom. Links are counted over the left and right side of the newts' bodies, in between the insertion of the fore- and hind leg. THE IMAGERY IS REPRODUCED FROM ARNTZEN (2018)
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE 3 Nine marbled newts from three (sub)species each in dorsal and ventral view. Link counts for the left and right side of the body are given in parentheses. Top row – Triturus marmoratus from Jublains, France; left male (3, 2) and right female (1, 1). Middle row – T. pygmaeus lusitanicus ssp. nov. from Cardeña, Spain; from left to right female (2, 4), male (4, 3) and male (4, 5). Bottom row – T. p. pygmaeus from Salinas, Spain; from left to right male (2, 1), male (1, 2) male (2,0) and female (3, 1). Note that the colour pattern in T. marmoratus and T. p. pygmaeus is horizontally banded whereas in T. p. lusitanicus ssp. nov. it is reticulated. PHOTOGRAPHY L. A. VAN DER LAAN
Fig. 10 in High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Fig. 10. Habit and inflorescence details of: A, E. serpentini; B, E. montenegrina. — Photos: B. Frajman.
Fig. 5 in High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Fig. 5. Metaphase plates of Euphorbia montenegrina from populations no. 130 (A) and 131 (B) showing 2n = 28 chromosomes. — Scale bars: 1 μm. Population numbers correspond to supplementary Table S1.
Fig. 9 in High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Fig. 9. Habit and inflorescence details of: A, Euphorbia flavicoma; B, E. verrucosa. The upper right photo in B shows E. verrucosa (left) and E. montenegrina (right) grown together in the Botanical garden in Innsbruck. — Photos: B. Frajman.
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among Euphorbia flavicoma, E. montenegrina, E. serpentini and E in High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among Euphorbia flavicoma, E. montenegrina, E. serpentini and E. verrucosa inferred by neighbour-joining analysis based on AFLP fingerprinting and presented in detail in supplementary Fig. S3. Terminals belonging to the same taxa/ploidy levels were collapsed; the heights of the triangles correspond to the number of individuals analysed. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values, and 2x and 4x indicate diploid and tetraploid ploidy levels, respectively. Within E. montenegrina, both ploidy levels appeared in several clusters.
Fig. 8 in High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Fig. 8. Morphological differentiation revealed by discriminant analysis (DA) of 39 metric vegetative and cyathium characters and 16 ratios among: A, Euphorbia flavicoma (squares), E. montenegrina (triangles), E. serpentini (stars) and E. verrucosa (circles); B, E. montenegrina (triangles), E. serpentini (stars) and E. verrucosa (circles).
Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
<p>High disparity among avian forelimb and hind limb segments in crown birds relative to non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, potentially driven by the origin of separate forelimb and hind limb locomotor modules, has been linked to the evolution of diverse avian locomotor behaviors. However, this hypothesized relationship has not been quantitatively investigated in a phylogenetic framework. We assessed the relationship between the evolution of limb morphology and locomotor behavior by comparing a numerical proxy for locomotor diversity to morphospace sizes derived from a dataset of 1241 extant species. We then estimated how limb disparity accumulated during the crown avian radiation. Lastly, we tested whether limb segments evolved independently between each limb module using phylogenetically informed regressions. Disparity increased significantly with behavioral diversity after accounting for clade age and species richness. We found that forelimb disparity accumulated rapidly early in avian evolution, whereas hindlimb disparity accumulated later, in more recent divergences. We recovered little support for strong correlations between forelimb and hind limb morphology. We posit that these findings support independent evolution of locomotor modules that enabled the striking morphological and behavioral diversity of extant birds.</p>
Data for: Decoupling of sexual signals and their underlying morphology facilitates rapid phenotypic diversification
<p>How novel phenotypes evolve is challenging to imagine because traits are often underlain by numerous integrated phenotypic components, and changes to any one form can disrupt the function of the entire module. Yet novel phenotypes do emerge, and research on adaptive phenotypic evolution suggests that complex traits can diverge while either maintaining existing form-function relationships or through innovations that alter form-function relationships. How these alternate routes contribute to sexual signal evolution is poorly understood, despite the role of sexual signals in generating biodiversity. In Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, male song attracts both female crickets and a deadly acoustically orienting parasitoid fly. In response to this conflict between natural and sexual selection, male crickets have evolved altered wing morphologies multiple times, resulting in loss and dramatic alteration of sexual signals. More recently, we and others have observed a radical increase in sexual signal variation and the underlying morphological structures that produce song. We conducted the first combined analysis of form (wing morphology), function (emergent signal), and receiver responses to characterize novel variation, test alternative hypotheses about form-function relationships (Form-Function Continuity vs. Form-Function Decoupling) and investigate underlying mechanistic changes and fitness consequences of novel signals. We identified three sound-producing male morphs (one previously undescribed, named "rattling") and found that relationships between morphology and signals have been rewired (Form-Function Decoupling), rapidly and repeatedly, through the gain, loss, and alteration of morphological structures, facilitating the production of signals that exist in novel phenotypic space. By integrating across a hierarchy of phenotypes, we uncovered divergent morphs with unique solutions to the challenge of attracting mates while evading fatal parasitism.</p>
Data from: Beaks promote rapid morphological diversification along distinct evolutionary trajectories in labrid fishes (Eupercaria: Labridae)
<p>The upper and lower jaws of some wrasses (Eupercaria: Labridae) possess teeth that have been coalesced into a strong durable beak that they use to graze on hard coral skeletons, hard-shelled prey, and algae, allowing many of these species to function as important ecosystem engineers in their respective marine habitats. While the ecological impact of the beak is well-understood, questions remain about its evolutionary history and the effects of this innovation on the downstream patterns of morphological evolution. Here we analyze 3D cranial shape data in a phylogenetic comparative framework and use paleoclimate modeling to reconstruct the evolution of the labrid beak across 205 species. We find that wrasses evolved beaks three times independently, once within odacines, and twice within parrotfishes in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. We find an increase in the rate of shape evolution in the Scarus+Chlorurus+Hipposcarus (SCH) clade of parrotfishes likely driven by the evolution of the intramandibular joint. Paleoclimate modeling shows that the SCH clade of parrotfishes rapidly morphologically diversified during the middle Miocene. We hypothesize that possession of a beak in the SCH clade coupled with favorable environmental conditions allowed these species to rapidly morphologically diversify.</p>
Data from: Taxic and morphological diversification during the early radiation of Clupeomorpha (Actinopterygii, Teleostei)
<p>Evolutionary radiation is a problematic concept whose definition and classification have recently changed. Radiations can be defined as the pattern of abrupt increase in diversity of a lineage. It is relevant to evaluate the presence and interaction of different types of radiation in extant and fossil organisms to adequately delimitate the radiation types and to know the diversity in the context of Earth´s history. Here, we employed superorder Clupeomorpha in the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary as a study case to recognize the radiation types and their interactions, using both taxic and morphologic approaches. Clupeomorpha is a diverse and ancient teleostean superorder with a wide geographic and ecological distribution, that has been extensively studied. We proposed a model to calculate rates of origination to analyze the taxic diversification and employed geometric morphometrics to analyze the morphological diversification that occurred at the time boundary. The results suggest the absence of taxic radiation due to the constant increase in the taxa origination. However, the expansion of the phylomorphospace occupation and the disparity increase suggest the presence of a climatic-geographical-disparification and broad diversification-like, according to the current classifications. This exhibits the incompatibility of the current radiation classifications with the case study. </p>
Data from: Taxic and morphological diversification during the early radiation of Clupeomorpha (Actinopterygii, Teleostei)
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Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
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Data from: Beaks promote rapid morphological diversification along distinct evolutionary trajectories in labrid fishes (Eupercaria: Labridae)
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Data for: Decoupling of sexual signals and their underlying morphology facilitates rapid phenotypic diversification
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Ecological specialization, rather than the island effect, explains morphological diversification in an ancient radiation of geckos
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Data from: Dispersal is associated with morphological innovation, but not increased diversification, in Cyphostemma (Vitaceae)
Multiple processes - including dispersal, morphological innovation, and habitat change - are frequently cited as catalysts for increased diversification. We investigate these processes and the causal linkages among them in the genus Cyphostemma (Vitaceae), a clade comprising ~200 species that is unique in the Vitaceae for its diversity of growth habits. We reconstruct time-calibrated evolutionary relationships among 64 species in the genus using five nuclear and chloroplast markers, and infer the group's morphological and biogeographic history. We test for changes in speciation rate, and evaluate the temporal association and sequencing of events with respect to dispersal, habitat change, and morphological evolution using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In Cyphostemma, neither dispersal nor morphological evolution is associated with shifts in speciation rate, but dispersal is associated with evolutionary shifts in growth form. Evolution of stem succulence, in particular, is associated with adaptation to local, pre-existing conditions following long-distance dispersal, not habitat change in situ. We suggest that the pattern of association between dispersal, morphological innovation, and diversification may depend on the particular characters under study. Lineages with evolutionarily labile characters, such as stem succulence, do not necessarily conform to the notion of niche conservatism and instead demonstrate remarkable morphological adaptation to local climate and edaphic conditions following dispersal.
Data from: Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps
Understanding phenotypic diversification and the conditions that spur morphological novelty or constraint is a major theme in evolutionary biology. Unequal morphological diversity between sister clades can result from either differences in the rate of morphological change or in the ability of clades to explore novel phenotype ranges. We combine an existing phylogenetic framework with new phylogenomic data and geometric morphometrics to explore the relative roles of rate versus mode of morphological evolution for a hyperdiverse group: cryptine ichneumonid wasps. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements (UCEs) confirm that cryptines are divided into two large clades: one specialized in the use of hosts that are deeply concealed under hard substrates, and another with a much more diversified host range. Using a phylomorphospace approach, we show that both clades have experienced similar rates of morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the more specialized group is much more restricted in morphospace occupation, indicating that it repeatedly evolved morphological change through the same morphospace regions. This is in agreement with our prediction that host use imposes constraints in the morphospace available to lineages, and reinforces an important distinction between evolutionary stasis as opposed to a scenario of continual morphological change restricted to a certain range of morphotypes.
Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology in ithomiine butterflies
<p>How an organism's sensory system functions is central to how it navigates its environment. The insect olfactory system is a prominent model for investigating how ecological factors impact sensory reception and processing. Notably, work in Lepidoptera led to the discovery of vastly expanded structures, termed macroglomerular complexes (MGCs), within the primary olfactory processing centre. MGCs typically process pheromonal cues, are usually larger in males, and provide classic examples of how variation in the size of neural structures reflects the importance of sensory cues. Though prevalent across moths, MGCs were lost during the origin of butterflies, consistent with evidence that courtship initiation in butterflies is primarily reliant on visual cues, rather than long distance chemical signals. However, an MGC was recently described in a species of ithomiine butterfly, suggesting that this once lost neural adaptation has re-emerged in this tribe. Here, we show that MGC-like morphologies are widely distributed across ithomiines, but vary in both their structure and prevalence of sexual dimorphism. Based on this interspecific variation we suggest that the ithomiine MGC is involved in processing both plant and pheromonal cues, which have similarities in their chemical constitution, and co-evolved with an increased importance of plant derived chemical compounds.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.