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Data from: Two dimensions of demographic differentiation of species in a mountain grassland community: an experimental test
1. There is remarkable variation in life histories of coexisting plant species. These 'alternative designs' for the given set of environmental conditions are likely to play a role in species niche differences and thus may underlie species coexistence, although there is no clear demonstration of it. Currently available data on within-community differentiation concern primarily easy and measurable traits that are not fully informative of life history variation. Their relevance for functional differentiation of species and species coexistence is far from clear. 2. Here we examined differentiation of coexisting species in demographic parameters and how it determines species' response to neighbors. We determined these parameters for a set of 21 co-occurring species by fitting a process-based model to a long-term (30 yrs) data series of shoot counts. We examined the functional relevance of these parameters using a field experiment. We further asked with which functional traits they are correlated. 3. Species were differentiated along two largely independent axes: (i) slow vs. fast, separating species according to instantaneous growth rate, competitive response and intraspecific density dependence; and (ii) dispersal vs. local dynamics, which separated species with strong dispersal (by seeds or vegetative) from species that tended to stay in the occupied spot. While the slow-fast axis was associated with commonly used leaf and seed traits, the dispersal axis was best predicted by lateral spreading distance. 4. Each of these two axes predicted different components of species' responses to neighbor competition: the slow-fast axis was a good predictor of the short-term response, whereas dispersal axis was a good predictor of the long-term response. 5. Synthesis. Demographic differentiation of coexisting species resembles to an important degree demographic differentiation known from large-scale comparisons. This differentiation is functionally meaningful also at the fine scale; its role in species' responses to competition implies it is involved in species niche differentiation and coexistence. While seed and leaf traits are important correlates of demographic differentiation, a hitherto underappreciated trait, viz. lateral spreading distance, is an important predictor of the dispersal axis at the fine-scale and should be more widely used.
On following pages: 250. Greater Small-toothed Rat (Macruromys major); 251. De Vis's Woolly Rat (Mallomys aroaensis); 252. Alpine Woolly Rat (Mallomys gunung); 253. Subalpine Woolly Rat (Mallomys istapantap); 254. Rothschild's Woolly Rat (Mallomys rothschildi); 255. Highland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Mammelomys lanosus); 256. Lowland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Mammelomys rattoides); 257. Short-tailed Talaud Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys caurinus); 258. Long-tailed Talaud Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys talaudium); 259. Dusky Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys aerosus); 260. Manusela Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys fraterculus); 261. Seram Long-tailed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys fulgens); 262. ObiIsland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys obiensis); 263. Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys pavel)); 264. Rossel Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys arcium); 265. Bannister''s Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys bannisteri); 266. Fawn-footed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys cervinipes); 267. Yamdena Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys cooperae); 268. Dollman's Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys dollmani); 269. Snow Mountains Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomysfrigicola); 270. Riama Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys howi); 271. White-bellied Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys leucogaster); 272. Papua Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys lutillus); 273. Manus Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys matambuai); 274. Black-tailed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys rufescens); 275. Bougainville Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys bougainville); 276. Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys burton); 277. Cape York Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys capensis). in Muridae
On following pages: 250. Greater Small-toothed Rat (Macruromys major); 251. De Vis's Woolly Rat (Mallomys aroaensis); 252. Alpine Woolly Rat (Mallomys gunung); 253. Subalpine Woolly Rat (Mallomys istapantap); 254. Rothschild's Woolly Rat (Mallomys rothschildi); 255. Highland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Mammelomys lanosus); 256. Lowland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Mammelomys rattoides); 257. Short-tailed Talaud Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys caurinus); 258. Long-tailed Talaud Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys talaudium); 259. Dusky Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys aerosus); 260. Manusela Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys fraterculus); 261. Seram Long-tailed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys fulgens); 262. ObiIsland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys obiensis); 263. Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys pavel)); 264. Rossel Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys arcium); 265. Bannister''s Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys bannisteri); 266. Fawn-footed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys cervinipes); 267. Yamdena Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys cooperae); 268. Dollman's Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys dollmani); 269. Snow Mountains Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomysfrigicola); 270. Riama Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys howi); 271. White-bellied Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys leucogaster); 272. Papua Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys lutillus); 273. Manus Island Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys matambuai); 274. Black-tailed Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys rufescens); 275. Bougainville Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys bougainville); 276. Grassland Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys burton); 277. Cape York Mosaic-tailed Rat (Melomys capensis).
Interactions between endophagous flowerhead herbivores and Asteraceae in five localities of rocky outcrop grasslands in the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil)
<p><span>This dataset includes 1131 interactions recorded in five localities of rocky outcrop grasslands in the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais. These interactions form a network with 198 plant species in 15 tribes of the Asteraceae, and 99 herbivore species belonging to four families of Diptera and Lepidoptera, all of which have flowerhead-feeding larvae that were reared from samples of their host plants.</span></p>
Cations make a difference: Soil nutrient patches and fine-scale root abundance of individual species in a mountain grassland
<p><span>1. Root densities in the field vary at the centimetre scale, but we have no information </span><span>on </span><span>whether this variation is linked to variation in nutrient concentrations and availability. Roots of many species are able to proliferate in nutrient-rich patches in controlled conditions in culture, but because data on nutrient concentrations and, in particular, on their temporal stability in the field are scarce, we do not know to what extent root distribution in the soil bears traces of such a response.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here</span><span>,</span><span> we linked </span><span>centimetre</span><span>-scale measurements of soil nutrient concentrations over a period of 6 weeks with estimation of root biomass and its species composition at the same points to determine whether there is any association between the two. In addition to phosphorus, nitrate and ammonium, we determined</span><span> the</span><span> concentrations of metal cations (magnesium, calcium and potassium). We used qPCR to determine</span><span> the</span><span> quantities of individual species in the root biomass samples.</span></p> <p><span>3. We found that calcium and magnesium (and to a lesser degree phosphorus and potassium) showed fine-scale patchiness that was stable over the duration of the study (6 weeks) and </span><span>was</span><span> consistent over all these elements. Nutrient patches were associated with high root biomass and </span><span>the </span><span>occurrence of roots of several species. Such patches are formed primarily by elements with known low mobility in soil (cations, phosphorus). In contrast, nitrogen ions showed overwhelmingly high temporal variation with no relationship between root density and nitrogen concentration.</span></p> <p><span>4. Soil nutrient concentrations thus constitute a multidimensional signal. Some elements strongly </span><span>vary</span><span> in time, while some are much more stable and thus form stable patches that permit root response over periods of weeks or months. Among them, calcium and magnesium play an important role in forming soil heterogeneity at a scale comparable to the scale at which fine root densities also vary. As these cations affect a number of plant functions, their association with higher root densities confirms their role in growth dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems.</span></p>
Fig. 4 in Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains
Fig. 4. Chain-length distribution of the very-long-chain (VLC) aliphatic compounds of leaf cuticular waxes of each of the six plant species with two different strategies of foliar water uptake. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Bars stand for the contribution of a single chain-length to the total of VLC aliphatic wax load. Dark and grey bars represent plants with fast and slow FWU strategies, respectively. ACL: average-chain-length of the aliphatic wax fraction.
Fig. 5 in Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains
Fig. 5. NMDS plot of leaf cuticular wax composition of each of the six plant species and (A) leaf water uptake speed (parameter k) and (B) maximum leaf water absorption (parameter Cmax).
Fig. 3 in Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains
Fig. 3. Gas chromatographic analysis of cuticular waxes of the six plant species with two different strategies of foliar water uptake (FWU). Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences among plant species (P ≤ 0.05, One-Way ANOVA). Note that the x-axis scale is modified after the break.
Fig. 2 in Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains
Fig. 2. Leaf surfaces of the three plant species with fast foliar water uptake strategy under scanning electron microscopy. (A–C) Leandra australis (B) adaxial and (C) abaxial surfaces. (D–F) Byrsonima variabilis (E) adaxial and (F) abaxial surfaces. (G–I) Ocotea pulchella (H) adaxial and (I) abaxial surfaces. St: stomata; T: trichomes. Bars = 10 μm.
Fig. 1 in Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains
Fig. 1. Leaf surfaces of the three plant species with slow foliar water uptake strategy under scanning electron microscopy. (A–C) Pleroma heteromallum (B) adaxial and (C) abaxial surfaces. (D–F) Trembleya laniflora (E) adaxial and (F) abaxial surfaces. (G–I) Senna reniformis (H) adaxial and (I) abaxial surfaces. Em: emergence; St: stomata; T: trichomes; GT: glandular trichomes. Bars = 10 μm.
Data from: Disentangling the processes driving plant assemblages in mountain grasslands across spatial scales and environmental gradients
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Data from: Land use in mountain grasslands alters drought response and recovery of carbon allocation and plant-microbial interactions
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Cations make a difference: Soil nutrient patches and fine-scale root abundance of individual species in a mountain grassland
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Data from: Two dimensions of demographic differentiation of species in a mountain grassland community: an experimental test
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Using proxies of microbial community‐weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands
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The effect of plant invasion on soil microbial carbon-use efficiency in semiarid grasslands of the Rocky Mountain West
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Interactions between endophagous flowerhead herbivores and Asteraceae in five localities of rocky outcrop grasslands in the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil)
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Extreme droughts in oligotrophic mountain grasslands cause substantial species abundance changes and amplify community filtering
<p>Questions<br> Mountain grasslands can be strongly affected by extreme droughts such as those related to climate change. What are the impacts of extreme droughts on community composition, diversity, Ellenberg indicator scores and species groups in oligotrophic montane Nardus grasslands, and what are the associated mechanisms of vegetation change?<br> Location<br> Rhön Mountains, Germany<br> Methods<br> In three consecutive years, we investigated the effects of yearly droughts (April-August) in an experimental setup with rainout shelters. Due to the coincidence of ambient extreme dry conditions in those years and our artificial rainfall reduction, we evaluated the contribution to community change of ambient drought conditions and the treatments. We analysed community composition changes by applying redundancy analysis to species differences in comparison with the pre-treatment year, and used mixed-effects models to test for changes in community-weighted means of Ellenberg indicator scores, sociological, and functional groups.<br> Results<br> We found significant changes in species abundances and community structures in response to drought. Evenness increased, but species richness remained rather stable over time. Ellenberg indicator scores for temperature and nitrogen increased, while the score for moisture decreased. Simultaneously, dominant species declined and subdominants increased. Changes occurred with a time lag and were largely driven by the high ambient drought level and less by the artificial treatments.<br> Conclusions<br> Our results show that drought-related community composition changes in Nardus grasslands occur across community structures, characteristic species, and species groups. The post-drought recovery of the community is shaped by community filters, which particularly allow subdominants to take advantage of newly available niches in the matrix, even if they lack strong drought tolerance. Our findings indicate a certain resilience of the community to climate-change-related droughts, which suggests that the observed changes should not lead to an accelerated short-term decline of these grasslands, but that this cannot be excluded in the long term.<br> </p>
Data from: Biodiversity explain maximum variation in productivity under experimental warming, nitrogen addition and grazing in mountain grasslands
Anthropogenic global warming, nitrogen addition and over-grazing alter plant communities and threaten plant biodiversity, potentially impacting community productivity, especially in sensitive mountain grassland ecosystems. However, it still remains unknown whether the relationship between plant biodiversity and community productivity varies across different anthropogenic influences, and especially how changes in multiple biodiversity facets drive these impacts on productivity. Here we measured different facets of biodiversity including functional and phylogenetic richness and evenness in mountain grasslands along an environmental gradient of elevation in Yulong mountain of Yunnan Lijiang, China. We combined biodiversity metrics in a series of linear mixed-effect models to determine the most parsimonious predictors for productivity, which was estimated by aboveground biomass in community. We examined how biodiversity-productivity relationships were affected by experimental warming, nitrogen addition and livestock grazing. Species richness, phylogenetic diversity and single functional traits (leaf nitrogen content, mg/g), represented the most parsimonious combination in these scenarios, supporting a consensus that single biodiversity metrics alone cannot fully explain ecosystem function. The biodiversity-productivity relationships were positive and strong, but the effects of treatment on biodiversity-productivity relationship were negligible. Our findings indicate that the strong biodiversity-productivity relationships are consistent in various anthropogenic drivers of environmental change.
Data from: Vertical root distribution of individual species in a mountain grassland community: does it respond to neighbours?
1.Vertical differentiation in root placement is one of the potential mechanisms of plant niche differentiation. It can be due to the remarkable plasticity of roots in response to nutrients and neighbours, but most data on it come from pot or garden experiments. The roles of vertical differentiation and of plasticity in it in the field are thus not well known. 2.We examined species-specific root vertical distribution in a montane grassland using quantitative Real-Time PCR. We asked whether individual species differ in their rooting depths, whether such differences are associated with aboveground functional traits (such as height or specific leaf area), and whether they respond to the presence of a competitor. This response was assessed by comparison of species-specific vertical profiles between control plots and plots where the dominant species, Festuca rubra, had been removed. 3.Vertical profiles of individual species varied considerably, from species with most root biomass concentrated in the uppermost (<2 cm) soil layer, through species with uniform vertical distribution, to a species with roots predominantly below 8 cm (Nardus stricta). Species at the fast end of the plant economy spectrum were more likely to place their roots in the uppermost layers. Grassland species thus exploit different parts of the belowground resources in spite of their short stature, minor differences in height aboveground and shallow soil. 4.While belowground and aboveground biomasses of most species were higher in the removal plots, species rooting patterns did not change in response to the removal. The interspecific differences in vertical profiles were thus due to species' innate differences, not to plastic responses to the presence of the dominant species. 5.Synthesis. The findings imply that vertical root differentiation in the field is strong and can contribute to niche differentiation. However, the role of root plasticity in natural systems may be considerably weaker than in artificial systems with few species and strong nutrient gradients. This absence of the plastic response in the field is likely to be due to a fairly homogeneous distribution of nutrients in the soil and to the predominantly symmetric nature of belowground competition.
Data from: Vertical root distribution of individual species in a mountain grassland community: does it respond to neighbours?
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