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Fig 1 in Morphometrical characterization of the Atlantic mudskipper species (Periophthalmus barbarus) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes; Gobiiae) from Abonema in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Fig 1: Morphometric and meristic measurements of Mudskipper and their abbreviations.

Fig 3 in Morphometrical characterization of the Atlantic mudskipper species (Periophthalmus barbarus) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes; Gobiiae) from Abonema in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Fig 3: Principal component plot 1 of the measurements.

Table 2 in Morphometrical characterization of the Atlantic mudskipper species (Periophthalmus barbarus) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes; Gobiiae) from Abonema in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

<p><b>Table 2:</b> Minimum, maximum, means and standard deviation of Morphometrical measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Character</b></th><th><b>Minimum</b></th><th><b>Maximum Mean</b></th><th><b>Standard deviation</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>SL/TL</th><td>0.39</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><th>HL/TL</th><td>0.13</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><th>HW/HL</th><td>0.17</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><th>HD/HL</th><td>0.20</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.12</td></tr><tr><th>SNL/HL</th><td>0.03</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><th>ED/HL</th><td>0.01</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><th>PDL/TL</th><td>0.07</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><th>BD/TL</th><td>0.06</td><td>1.03</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><th>D1L/TL</th><td>0.03</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><th>D2L/TL</th><td>0.09</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th>PFL/TL</th><td>0.06</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><th>AFL/TL</th><td>0.01</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><th>CFL/TL</th><td>0.07</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th>CPL/TL</th><td>0.09</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.03</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 3 in Morphometrical characterization of the Atlantic mudskipper species (Periophthalmus barbarus) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes; Gobiiae) from Abonema in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

<p><b>Table 3:</b> The linear measurements, Eigenvalue and the percentage variance.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>PC</b></th><th><b>Eigenvalue</b></th><th><b>% variance</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>0.0402861</td><td>55.892</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>0.00907681</td><td>12.593</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>0.00525164</td><td>7.286</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>0.0044251</td><td>6.1393</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>0.00371241</td><td>5.1505</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>0.00292212</td><td>4.0541</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>0.00193359</td><td>2.6826</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>0.000979485</td><td>1.3589</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>0.000803069</td><td>1.1142</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>0.000724781</td><td>1.0055</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>0.000611192</td><td>0.84796</td></tr><tr><th>12</th><td>0.000581671</td><td>0.807</td></tr><tr><th>13</th><td>0.000536577</td><td>0.74444</td></tr><tr><th>14</th><td>0.000233605</td><td>0.3241</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1 in Morphometrical characterization of the Atlantic mudskipper species (Periophthalmus barbarus) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes; Gobiiae) from Abonema in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

<p><b>Table 1:</b> Range (cm), mean and standard deviation of morphometric characters of <i>Periophthalmus barbarus</i> (n=100).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Character</b></th><th><b>Minimum Maximum (cm) (cm)</b></th><th><b>Mean (cm)</b></th><th><b>Standard deviation</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>TL</th><td>9.28</td><td>14.86</td><td>11.41</td><td>1.15</td></tr><tr><th>SL</th><td>3.9</td><td>12.19</td><td>9.48</td><td>1.11</td></tr><tr><th>HL</th><td>1.47</td><td>7.5</td><td>3.01</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><th>HW</th><td>0.39</td><td>2.29</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.31</td></tr><tr><th>HD</th><td>0.91</td><td>2.66</td><td>1.74</td><td>0.34</td></tr><tr><th>SNL</th><td>0.1</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.31</td></tr><tr><th>PDL</th><td>0.71</td><td>4.64</td><td>3.29</td><td>0.53</td></tr><tr><th>ED</th><td>0.03</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th>BD</th><td>0.57</td><td>11.58</td><td>1.59</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><th>D1L</th><td>0.36</td><td>2.8</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.50</td></tr><tr><th>D2L</th><td>1.08</td><td>3.13</td><td>1.90</td><td>0.38</td></tr><tr><th>PFL</th><td>0.57</td><td>3.35</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.68</td></tr><tr><th>AFL</th><td>0.13</td><td>1.83</td><td>1.03</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><th>CFL</th><td>0.7</td><td>3.1</td><td>1.80</td><td>0.45</td></tr><tr><th>CPL</th><td>0.84</td><td>2.83</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.41</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

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The origin of blinking in both mudskippers and tetrapods is linked to life on land

<p>Blinking, the transient occlusion of the eye by one or more membranes, serves several functions including wetting, protecting, and cleaning the eye. This behavior is seen in nearly all living tetrapods and absent in other extant sarcopterygian lineages, suggesting that it might have arisen during the water-to-land transition. Unfortunately, our understanding of the origin of blinking has been limited by a lack of known anatomical correlates of the behavior in the fossil record and a paucity of comparative functional studies. To understand how and why blinking originates, we leverage mudskippers (Oxudercinae), a clade of amphibious fishes that have convergently evolved blinking. Using micro-computed tomography and histology, we analyzed two mudskipper species, <em>Periophthalmus</em> <em>barbarus</em> and <em>Periophthalmodon</em> <em>septemradiatus</em>, and compared them to the fully aquatic round goby, <em>Neogobius</em> <em>melanostomus</em>. Study of gross anatomy and epithelial microstructure shows that mudskippers have not evolved novel musculature or glands to blink. Behavioral analyses show the blinks of mudskippers are functionally convergent with those of tetrapods: <em>P. barbarus</em> blinks more often under high evaporation conditions to wet the eye, a blink reflex protects the eye from physical insult, and a single blink can fully clean the cornea of particulates. Thus, eye retraction in concert with a passive occlusal membrane can achieve functions associated with life on land. Osteological correlates of eye retraction are present in the earliest limbed vertebrates, suggesting blinking capability. In both mudskippers and tetrapods, therefore, the origin of this multifunctional innovation is likely explained by selection for increasingly terrestrial lifestyles.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2019View details →

Figure 3 in Linking a gap, First record of dusky-gilled mudskipper Periophthalmus variabilis Eggert, 1935 (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in southern Sumatra, Indonesia

Figure 3. Periophthalmus variabilis, Sugihan estuary, southern Sumatra (© M. Iqbal).

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The origin of blinking in both mudskippers and tetrapods is linked to life on land

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publicMar 2023View details →

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Anatomical insights into fish terrestrial locomotion: a study of barred mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) fins based on μCT 3D reconstructions

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publicApr 2024View details →

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Data from: Ecomorphological adaptation in three mudskippers (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Gobiidae) from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

We hypothesise that the body shapes of three mudskipper species (Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Periophthalmus waltoni, and Scartelaos tenuis) are ecomorphological adaptations to different epi- and infaunal habitats. We investigated: (i) the association between burrow density and selected ecological variables; (ii) the phylogenetic relationships among these species, based on two mtDNA and one nDNA markers; (iii) their geometric morphometrics and ancestral shape reconstructions, based on two-dimensional landmark configurations; and (iv) their body surface-to-volume ratios (SAV), based on a geometric model. Boleophthalmus dussumieri and S. tenuis are more closely related, and more elongated than P. waltoni; the body of S. tenuis also has a higher SAV, and its elongated shape appears to be a divergent trait. P. waltoni is found in a wide range of conditions, including vegetated habitats; B. dussumieri is associated with low-energy conditions and fine unvegetated deposits; and S. tenuis is associated with high-energy conditions and coarser, non-cohesive sediments. These results suggest that body elongation in Scartelaos species is a divergent locomotory adaptation to marine habitats characterised by semi-liquid and less cohesive sediments. The more compact body shape of Periophthalmus species is hypothesised to have evolved from a gobionelline ancestor, and is proposed to be a preadaptation to subaerial locomotion in semi-terrestrial habitats.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Figure 14. Apocryptes nexipinnis Cantor, 1849 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 14. Apocryptes nexipinnis Cantor, 1849, syntypes, BMNH1860.3.19.568-69 (2), dried, filleted and stuffed with cotton wool. Anterior is to the left. Top: the larger of the two syntypes, approximately 67.8 mm SL. Middle: the same specimen as the top, rotated on the horizontal axis. Bottom: the smaller of the two syntypes, approximately 65 mm SL.

Figure 13 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 13. Distribution map of Oxuderces dentatus (solid circles) and Oxuderces nexipinnis (solid triangles). Each symbol represents one catalogued museum lot. Distributional limits are approximated by a solid line.

Figure 8 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 8. Line drawings of the hyoid bar in (A) Oxuderces nexipinnis (USNM 279359), (B) Apocryptodon wirzi (USNM 287292) and (C) Gnatholepis sp. (USNM 287166). The anterior ceratohyal posterior to insertion of the fourth branchiostegal ray is elongate and notched (arrow) in O. nexipinnis, elongate and not notched (arrow) in A. wirzi, and not elongate and not notched in Gnatholepis sp. Branchiostegal rays 3–5 are distinctly thinner in A and B. Bone is stippled, cartilage is represented by open circles. Only the proximal portion of the five branchiostegal rays is drawn.

Figure 10 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 10. Line drawings of the last precaudal and the first two caudal vertebrae and associated elements of the anal fin in (A) Oxuderces dentatus (USNM 86954) and (B) Oxuderces nexipinnis (USNM 279359). In O. dentatus, the hemal spine extends to a point at about mid-length of the first anal-fin pterygiophore; in O. nexipinnis the hemal spine terminates closer to the proximal tip of the first anal-fin pterygiophore. Bone is stippled; cartilage is represented by open circles.

Figure 5 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 5. Enlargement of the histological sections of Figure 4 through the mid-dorsal region of (A) Oxuderces nexipinnis (USNM 427099) and (B) Apocryptodon wirzi (USNM 432509). Bone is bright red, cartilage light blue, muscle and connective tissue dark blue to purple.

Figure 2 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 2. Oxuderces nexipinnis (Cantor, 1849), ZRC 53919, 53.2 mm SL, West Bengal, India. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 9 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 9. Line drawings of several anterior vertebrae and associated elements of the first dorsal fin in (A) Oxuderces nexipinnis (USNM 279359) and (B) Gnatholepis sp. (USNM 287166). The neural spine of the fourth vertebra (arrow) is broad and spatulate and directed posteriorly in O. nexipinnis and relatively thin and pointed and directed dorsally in Gnatholepis. Bone is stippled, cartilage is represented by open circles.

Figure 6 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 6. Dermal invagination or pouch (arrow) at point of attachment of the pelvic-fin base in Oxuderces nexipinnis (ZRC 53919, 53.2 mm SL). Anterior is to the right.

Figure 1 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 1. Illustration of the holotype of Oxuderces dentatus Eydoux & Souleyet (1848: pl. 8, fig. 3) from the original description. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries.

Figure 3 in Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849)

Figure 3. Dorsal view of the head including interorbital region of (A) Oxuderces dentatus (ZRC 53939) and (B) Oxuderces nexipinnis (ZRC 53919). Arrow points to interorbital trough or groove. A sensory pore C sits in the anterior portion of the trough. C, Apocryptodon wirzi (AMS I23993.007), there is a single sensory pore D, and no trough; D, Apocryptodon glyphisodon (USNM 99874), there is a paired sensory pore E and no trough. Scale bar = 3 mm.