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211 results for “mutualists”
Mutualistic coevolution and community diversity favor persistence in metacommunities under environmental changes
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Data from: Managing friends and foes: Sanctioning mutualists in mixed‐infection nodules trades off with defense against antagonists
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Data from: Facilitation and biodiversity jointly drive mutualistic networks
<p>1. Facilitation by nurse plants increases understorey diversity and supports ecological communities. In turn, biodiversity shapes ecological networks and enhances ecosystem functioning. However, whether and how facilitation and increased biodiversity jointly influence community structure and ecosystem functioning remains unclear.</p> <p>2. We performed a field experiment disentangling the relative contribution of nurse plants and increasing understorey plant diversity in driving pollination interactions. Both the presence of nurse shrubs as well as increased understorey plant diversity increased pollinator diversity and visitation rates. While nurse and understorey diversity effects on pollinator visitation rates did not interact, the effects of increasing understorey plant diversity on pollinator diversity were stronger in the absence than in the presence of shrubs, meaning that nurse shrubs attenuated the effects of high understorey diversity and buffered the effects of low understorey diversity.</p> <p>3. We also found positive complementarity effects among understorey species as well as complementarity between nurse plants and understorey species at high diversity. Results also indicate negative selection effects, suggesting that species with generally few pollinators benefit the most in the polyculture, while a species (possibly the nurse plant) with generally lots of pollinators does not. The corresponding changes in pollination networks with the experimental treatments were due to both changes in the frequency of visits and turnover in pollinator community composition.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis</i> Plant–plant facilitative systems, where a nurse plant increases understorey plant diversity, are common in stressful environments. Here, we show that these facilitative systems positively influence mutualistic interactions with pollinators via both direct nurse effects and indirect positive effects of increasing plant diversity. Conserving and supporting nurse plant systems is crucial not only for maintaining plant diversity but also for supporting ecosystem functions and services.</p>
Data from: Genetic variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in an invasive legume
Mutualists may play an important role in invasion success. The ability to take advantage of novel mutualists or survive and reproduce despite a lack of mutualists may facilitate invasion by those individuals with such traits. Here, we used two greenhouse studies to examine how soil microbial communities in general and mutualistic rhizobia in particular affect the performance of a legume species (Medicago polymorpha) that has invaded five continents. We performed two plant growth experiments with Medicago polymorpha, inoculating them with soil slurries in one experiment or rhizobial cultures in another experiment. For both experiments, we compared the growth of Medicago in competition with conspecific or heterospecific plants and examined variation among plant genotypes collected from the native and introduced ranges. We found that all genotypes experienced similar increases in biomass and formed more nodules that house rhizobia bacteria when inoculated with soil from a previously invaded site, compared to uninoculated plants or plants inoculated with soil from uninvaded and low invasion sites. In a second experiment, plants inoculated with rhizobia generally produced more biomass, had greater tolerance to interspecific competition, and had greater effects on competitor biomass than uninoculated plants. However, plant genotypes collected from the native range benefited more from rhizobia and were less tolerant of competition relative to genotypes collected from the introduced range. In the introduced range, compatible mutualists may not be readily available but competition is intense, causing Medicago to evolve to benefit less from interactions with rhizobia mutualists, while simultaneously becoming more tolerant of competition.
Data from: Mutualists stabilize coexistence of congeneric legumes
Coexistence requires that stabilizing niche differences, which cause species to limit themselves more than others, outweigh relative fitness differences that cause competitive exclusion. Interactions with shared mutualists, which can differentially affect host fitness and change in magnitude with host frequency, can satisfy these conditions for coexistence, yet empirical tests of mutualist effects on relative fitness and stabilizing niche differences are largely lacking within the framework of coexistence theory. Here, we show that N-fixing rhizobial mutualists mediate coexistence in four naturally co-occurring, congeneric legume (Trifolium) species. Using experimental greenhouse communities, we quantified relative fitness and stabilizing niche differences for each species in the presence of rhizobia originating from conspecific or congeneric hosts. Rhizobia stabilized coexistence by increasing self-limitation of Trifolium species grown with conspecific rhizobia, thus allowing congeners to increase when rare. Greenhouse-measured invasion growth rates predicted natural, unmanipulated coexistence dynamics of Trifolium species over two years in our field sites. Our results demonstrate that interactions with shared mutualists can stabilize coexistence of closely related species.
Data from "Bending the course of evolution: how mutualistic interactions affect macroevolutionary dynamics of diversification in mimetic Ithomiini butterflies"
<p>Data and codes for the analyses from Chazot et al. "Bending the course of evolution: how mutualistic interactions affect macroevolutionary dynamics of diversification in mimetic Ithomiini butterflies". Check README for more information about the files. </p>
Obligate mutualistic cooperation limits evolvability
<p>Cooperative mutualisms are widespread and play fundamental roles in many ecosystems. Given that these interactions are often obligate, the Darwinian fitness of the participating individuals is not only determined by the information encoded in their own genomes, but also the traits and capabilities of their corresponding interaction partners. Thus, a major outstanding question is how obligate cooperative mutualisms affect the ability of organisms to adapt evolutionarily to changing environmental conditions. Here we address this issue using a mutualistic cooperation between two auxotrophic genotypes of Escherichia coli that reciprocally exchanged costly amino acids. Amino acid-supplemented monocultures and unsupplemented cocultures were exposed to stepwise increasing concentrations of different antibiotics. This selection experiment reveals that metabolically interdependent bacteria are generally less able to adapt to environmental stress than autonomously growing strains. Moreover, obligate cooperative mutualists frequently regain metabolic autonomy, resulting in a collapse of the mutualistic interaction. </p>
Obligate mutualistic cooperation limits evolvability
<p>Cooperative mutualisms are widespread and play fundamental roles in many ecosystems. Given that these interactions are often obligate, the Darwinian fitness of the participating individuals is not only determined by the information encoded in their own genomes, but also the traits and capabilities of their corresponding interaction partners. Thus, a major outstanding question is how obligate cooperative mutualisms affect the ability of organisms to adapt evolutionarily to changing environmental conditions. Here we address this issue using a mutualistic cooperation between two auxotrophic genotypes of Escherichia coli that reciprocally exchanged costly amino acids. Amino acid-supplemented monocultures and unsupplemented cocultures were exposed to stepwise increasing concentrations of different antibiotics. This selection experiment reveals that metabolically interdependent bacteria are generally less able to adapt to environmental stress than autonomously growing strains. Moreover, obligate cooperative mutualists frequently regain metabolic autonomy, resulting in a collapse of the mutualistic interaction. </p>
Data from: Nutritional challenges of feeding a mutualist: testing for a nutrient-toxin tradeoff in fungus-farming leafcutter ants
<p>The biochemical heterogeneity of food items often yields tradeoffs as each bite of food tends to contain some nutrients in surplus and others in deficit, as well as other less palatable or even toxic compounds. These multidimensional nutritional challenges are likely compounded when foraged foods are used to provision others (<i>e.g</i>. offspring or symbionts) with different physiological needs and tolerances. We explored these challenges in free-ranging colonies of leafcutter ants that navigate a diverse tropical forest to collect plant fragments they use to provision a co-evolved fungal cultivar. We tested the prediction that leafcutter farmers face provisioning tradeoffs between the nutritional quality and concentration of toxic tannins in foraged plant fragments. Chemical analyses of plant fragments sampled from the mandibles of Panamanian <i>Atta colombica </i>leafcutter ants provided little support for a nutrient-tannin foraging tradeoff. First, colonies foraged for plant fragments ranging widely in tannin concentration. Second, high tannin levels did not appear to restrict colonies from selecting plant fragments with blends of protein and carbohydrates that maximized cultivar performance when measured with <i>in vitro </i>experiments. We also tested whether tannins expand the realized nutritional niche selected by leafcutter ants into high-protein dimensions since: 1) tannins can bind proteins and reduce their accessibility during digestion, and 2) <i>in vitro</i> experiments have shown that excess protein provisioning reduces cultivar performance. Contrary to this hypothesis, the most protein-rich plant fragments did not have highest tannin levels. More generally, the approach developed here can be used to test how multidimensional interactions between nutrients and toxins shape the costs and benefits of providing care to offspring or symbionts.</p>
A patch-dynamic metacommunity perspective on the persistence of mutualistic and antagonistic bipartite networks
<p>The structure of interactions between species within a community plays a key role in maintaining biodiversity. Previous studies have found that the effects of these structures might substantially differ depending on interaction type, for example, a highly connected and nested architecture stabilizes mutualistic communities, while the stability of antagonistic communities is enhanced in modular and weakly connected structures. Here we show that, when network dynamics are modelled using a patch-dynamic metacommunity framework, the qualitative differences between antagonistic and mutualistic systems disappear, with nestedness and modularity interacting to promote metacommunity persistence. However, the interactive effects are significantly weaker in antagonistic metacommunities. Our model also predicts an increase in connectance, nestedness and modularity over time in both types of interaction, except in antagonistic networks where nestedness declines. At steady state, we find a strong negative correlation between nestedness and modularity in both mutualistic and antagonistic metacommunities. These predictions are consistent with the structural trends found in a large dataset of real-world antagonistic and mutualistic communities.</p>
Habitat loss shapes the structure and species roles in mutualistic seed dispersal networks
<p>This dataset has the variables used in the paper "Habitat loss shapes the structure and species roles in tropical seed dispersal networks" as well as the script to perform the analysis.</p>
Data from: Stochasticity leads to coexistence of generalists and specialists in assembling mutualistic communities
<p>Previous models for assembling ecological networks did not include stochasticity at the level of population dynamics (e.g., demographic noise, environmental noise) and focused mainly on food webs. Here, we present a model for the assembly of mutualistic bipartite networks, such as plant-pollinator networks, and examine the influence of demographic noise on the trajectory of species and strategy diversity, i.e., the range of present strategies from specialism to generalism. We find that assembled communities show at intermediate assembly stages a maximum of species diversity and of average generalization. Our model thus provides a mechanism for non-linear, hump-shaped diversity trajectories at intermediate succession, consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Long-term coexistence of specialists and generalists emerges only in the presence of demographic noise and is due to a persistent species turnover. These findings highlight the importance of stochasticity for maintaining long-term diversity.</p>
Defensive mutualists affect outcross pollen transfer and male fitness in their host plant
<p>Ant guards can increase plant fitness by deterring herbivores, but they may also reduce it by interfering with pollination. While ant impacts on herbivory have been well-studied, much less is known about their impacts on pollinators and associated consequences for plant pollination, particularly pollen transfer dynamics and outcrossing/selfing rates. We used field experiments to quantify the effect of ant guards on pollinator community composition, frequency and duration of flower visits, and cascading effects on outcrossing pollen transfer and pollen exports in Turnera velutina (Passifloraceae). Although ant patrolling did not affect pollinator community composition or visitation frequency, it decreased flower visit duration and the time pollinators spent foraging inside flowers. Such behavioural changes resulted in reduced pollen deposition on stigmas, decreased pollen exports (a proxy for male fitness) and significantly doubled outcross pollen transfer. This study contributes to our understanding of how nonpollinator mutualists can shape plant reproductive processes. We discuss the downstream effects that variation in biotic defences, such as rewards for guarding ants, can have on plant pollen transfer patterns and fitness. In conclusion, guarding ants influence pollen transfer patterns in Turnera velutina, increasing outcrossing in a self-compatible species at the cost of male fitness. We show how non-pollinators, such as defensive ant mutualists, can shape plant reproductive traits and discuss the consequences these interactions may have for plant mating systems.</p>
Data from: A first draft of the core fungal microbiome of Schedonorus arundinaceus with and without its fungal mutualist Epichloë coenophiala
<p>Tall fescue (<em>Schedonorus arundinaceus</em>) is a cool-season grass that is commonly infected with the fungal endophyte <em>Epichloë</em> <em>coenophiala</em>. Although the relationship between tall fescue and <em>E</em>. <em>coenophiala</em> is well-studied, less is known about its broader fungal communities. We used next-generation sequencing of the ITS2 region to describe the complete foliar fungal microbiomes in a set of field-grown tall fescue plants over two years, and whether these fungal communities were affected by the presence of <em>Epichloë</em>. We used the Georgia 5 cultivar of tall fescue, grown in the field for six years prior to sampling. Plants were either uninfected with <em>E</em>. <em>coenophiala</em>, or they were infected with one of two <em>E</em>. <em>coenophiala</em> strains: the common toxic strain or the AR542 strain (sold commercially as MaxQ). We observed 3,487 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) across all plants and identified 43 ASVs that may make up a potential core microbiome. Fungal communities did not differ strongly between <em>Epichloë</em> treatments but did show a great deal of variation between the two years. Plant fitness also changed over time but was not influenced by <em>E</em>. <em>coenophiala</em> infection.</p>
Downscaling mutualistic networks from species to individuals reveals consistent interaction niches and roles within plant populations.
<p>Repository containing dataset and code for the manuscript entitled <em>Downscaling mutualistic networks from species to individuals reveals consistent interaction niches and roles within plant populations</em>.</p> <p>For this study, we compiled 46 empirical individual-based networks on plant-animal seed dispersal mutualism, encompassing 1037 plant individuals across 29 species from various regions. We compare the structure of individual-based networks to that of species-based networks and by extending the niche concept to interaction assemblages, we explore levels of individual plant specialization. We examine how individual variation influences network structure and how plant individuals "explore" the interaction niche of the population.</p> <p>Please refer to <strong>makefile.R</strong> for project outline, explanation and codes used, and to the <strong>README</strong> in networks folder for data structure and compilation.</p>
The global structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks
<p># Global-Cleaning-Networks</p> <p>The data sets available here are parts of the following article:</p> <p>Quimbayo JP, Cantor M, Dias MS, Grutter AS, Gingins S, Becker JHA, Floeter SR. (2018) The global structure of marine cleaning mutualism networks. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12780.</p> <p><br> Description</p> <p>We combined field and literature data to test if recurrent patterns in mutualistic networks—nestedness,<br> modularity—describe the distributions of marine cleaning interactions. Nested network structures suggest <br> some cleaner species interact with many clients while the others clean fewer, predictable subsets of these clients; <br> modular network structures suggest cleaners and clients interact with defined, densely-connected subsets of species. </p> <p>All datasets are binary matrices indicating cleaning interaction between cleaner species (columns) <br> and client species (rows) in 28 marine habitats across of 11 marine biogeographical provinces defined for reef fish fauna.<br> These were the Caribbean, the Southwestern, Central, North and Eastern Atlantic, the Western Indian,<br> the Central Indo-Pacific and the Southwestern, Central, Northeastern and Tropical Eastern Pacific.</p> <p>Each element of these matrices equal 1 when the cleaner species i interacts with the client species j, <br> and 0 otherwise. A cleaning event is defined as the observation of a cleaner removing ectoparasites, <br> diseased tissue, and/or mucus from the body surface, gills or buccal cavity of the clients.</p> <p>Data are provided in the form of comma separated values files (csv), one for each of the 28 localities.<br> Please refer to Table S1 in the electronic supplementary material of this article for further details</p> <p><br> If you use any dataset please cite the article above and the original reference for the data <br> set as described below.</p> <p>CARIBBEAN PROVINCE</p> <p>File: Barbados.cvs<br> Reference: Whiteman EA, Côté IM. 2002 <br> Cleaning activity of two Caribbean cleaning gobies: intra- and interspecific comparisons. <br> J. Fish Biol. 60, 1443–1458. (doi:10.1006/jfbi.2002.1947)</p> <p>File: Bonaire.cvs<br> Reference: Wicksten MK. 1998 <br> Behavior of cleaners and their client fishes at Bonaire Netherlands Antilles. <br> J. Nat. Hist. 32, 13–30. </p> <p>File: Curacao.cvs<br> Reference: Titus, B.M., Vondriska, C. & Daly, M. 2017 & This study<br> Comparative behavioural observations demonstrate the “cleaner” shrimp <em>Periclimenes </em><em>yucatanicus</em> engages in true <br> symbiotic cleaning interactions. <br> Royal Society Open Science, 4, 170078.</p> <p>File: Tobago.cvs<br> Reference: Dunkley, K., Cable J. & Perkins S.E. 2018 & This study <br> The selective cleaning behavior of juvenile blue-headed wrasse (<em>Thalassoma bifasciatum</em>) in the Caribbean. <br> Behavioural Processes. 147: 5–12.</p> <p>File: StCroix.cvs<br> Reference: Johnson WS, Ruben P. 1988 <br> Cleaning behavior of <em>Bodiunus </em><em>rufus</em><em>, Thalassomu </em><em>bifasciatum</em><em>, Gobiosoma </em><em>evelynae</em><em>, and Periclimenes </em><em>pedersoni</em> along a depth gradient at Salt River Submarine Canyon, St . Croix. Environ. Biol. Fishes 23, 225–232.</p> <p>SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC</p> <p>File: Abrolhos.cvs<br> Reference: Sazima C. 2002 <br> Atividade de limpeza de duas espécies sintópicas de peixes limpadores e <br> diversidade de seus clientes em Abrolhos, Bahia. </p> <p>File: Noronha.cvs<br> Reference: Francini-Filho RB, Sazima I. 2007 & This study<br> A comparative study of cleaning activity of two reef fishes at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Tropical West Atlantic. <br> Environ. Biol. Fishes 83, 213–220. (doi:10.1007/s10641-007-9322-6)</p> <p>File: Rocas.cvs<br> Reference: Quimbayo JP, Nunes LT, Ozekoski R, Floeter SR, Morais RA, Fontoura L, Bonaldo RM, Ferreira CEL, Sazima I. 2017<br> Cleaning interactions at the only atoll in the South Atlantic. <br> Environ. Biol. Fishes 100, 865–875. (doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0612-3)</p> <p>File: SantaCatarina.cvs<br> Reference:Quimbayo, J.P., Schlickmann, O.C., Floeter, S.R. & Sazima I 2018. <br> Cleaning interactions at the southern limit of tropical reef fishes in the Western Atlantic. <br> Environmental Biology of Fishes. doi: 10.1007/s10641-018-0768-5.</p> <p>File: StPaulsRocks.cvs<br> Reference: This study; Quimbayo JP, Cantor M, Dias MS, Grutter AS, Gingins S, Becker JHA, Floeter SR.<br> The global structure of marine cleaning mutualism</p> <p>File: Trindade.cvs<br> Reference: This study; Quimbayo JP, Cantor M, Dias MS, Grutter AS, Gingins S, Becker JHA, Floeter SR.<br> The global structure of marine cleaning mutualism</p> <p>CENTRAL ATLANTIC</p> <p>File: Ascension.cvs<br> Reference: Morais RA, Brown J, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Quimbayo JP, Rocha LA, Sazima I. 2017 <br> Mob rulers and part-time cleaners: two reef fish associations at the isolated Ascension Island. <br> J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom 97, 799–811. (doi:10.1017/S0025315416001041).</p> <p>NORTH ATLANTIC</p> <p>File: Banyuls.cvs <br> Reference: Zander CD, Sötje I. 2002 <br> Seasonal and geographical differences in cleaner fish activity in the Mediterranean Sea. <br> Helgol. Mar. Reser 55, 232–241. (doi:10.1007/s101520100084)</p> <p>File: Azores.cvs<br> Reference: Narvaez P, Furtado M, Neto A, Moniz I, Azevedo J, Soares M. 2015 <br> Temperate facultative cleaner wrasses selectively remove ectoparasites from their client-fish in the Azores. <br> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 540, 217–226. (doi:10.3354/meps11522)</p> <p>EASTERN ATLANTIC</p> <p>File: Canarias.cvs<br> Reference: Van Tassell JL, Brito A, Bortone SA. 1994 <br> Cleaning Behavior among marine fishes and invertebrates in the Canary Islands. <br> Cybium 18, 117–127. </p> <p>File: CapeVerde.cvs<br> Reference: Quimbayo JP, Floeter SR, Noguchi R, Rangel CA, Gasparini JL, Sampaio CLS, Ferreira CEL, Rocha LA. 2012<br> Cleaning mutualism in Santa Luzia (Cape Verde Archipelago) and São Tomé Islands, Tropical Eastern Atlantic. Mar. <br> Biodivers. Rec. 5, e118. (doi:10.1017/S175526721200108X)</p> <p>File: Principe.cvs<br> Reference: This study; Quimbayo JP, Cantor M, Dias MS, Grutter AS, Gingins S, Becker JHA, Floeter SR.<br> The global structure of marine cleaning mutualism</p> <p><br> File: SaoTome.cvs<br> Reference: Quimbayo JP, Floeter SR, Noguchi R, Rangel CA, Gasparini JL, Sampaio CLS, Ferreira CEL, Rocha LA. 2012<br> Cleaning mutualism in Santa Luzia (Cape Verde Archipelago) and São Tomé Islands, Tropical Eastern Atlantic. <br> Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 5, e118. (doi:10.1017/S175526721200108X)</p> <p>WESTERN INDIAN<br> File: RedSea.cvs<br> Reference: Barbu, L., Guinand, C., Bergmüller, R., Alvarez, N. & Bshary, R. 2011 & This study<br> Cleaning wrasse species vary with respect to dependency on the mutualism and behavioural adaptations in interactions. <br> Animal Behaviour, 82, 1067–1074.</p> <p>CENTRAL INDO-PACIFIC</p> <p>File: KimbeBay.cvs<br> Reference 1: Becker, J.H.A. 2006 <br> Interactions between cleaner shrimp and their client fishes on coral reefs. <br> Ph.D. thesis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 154 pp. </p> <p>Reference 2: Grutter A.S. & Feeney W.E. 2016 <br> Equivalent cleaning in a juvenile facultative and obligate cleaning wrasse: an insight into the evolution of cleaning in labrids? <br> Coral Reefs. 35: 991–997. doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1460-x</p> <p>File: LizardIsland.cvs<br> Reference 1: Becker, J.H.A. & Grutter, A.S. 2004 <br> Cleaner shrimp do clean. <br> Coral Reefs, 23, 515–520.</p> <p>Reference 2: Grutter, A.S. & Poulin, R. 1998 <br> Intraspecific and interspecific relationships between host size and the abundance of parasitic larval gnathiid isopods<br> on coral reef fishes. <br> Marine Ecology Progress Series, 164, 263–271.</p> <p>SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC</p> <p>File: AlthorpeIsland.cvs<br> Reference: Shepherd, S.A., Teale, J. & Muirhead, D. 2005<br> Cleaning symbiosis among inshore fishes at Althorpe Island, South Australia and elsewhere. <br> Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 129, 193–201.</p> <p>File: NewZealand.cvs<br> Reference: Ayling, A. M. & Grace, R. V. 1971<br> Cleaning symbiosis among New Zealand fishes. <br> New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 5, 205–218.</p> <p>NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC</p> <p>File: LaJolla.cvs<br> Reference: Hobson, E.S. 1971<br> Cleaning symbiosis among California inshore fishes. <br> Fishery Bulletin, 69, 491–523.</p> <p>TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC</p> <p>File: Galápagos.cvs<br> Reference: This study; Quimbayo JP, Cantor M, Dias MS, Grutter AS, Gingins S, Becker JHA, Floeter SR.<br> The global structure of marine cleaning mutualism</p> <p>File: Gorgona.cvs<br> Reference 1: Rodríguez-Moreno M. 2005<br> Interacciones y patrones diarios de actividad de limpieza en peces de un arrecife coralino de la Isla Gorgona. <br> Departamento de Biologia, BSc thesis, Universidad del Valle, Cali-Colombia.</p> <p>Reference 2: Quimbayo, J.P., & Zapata, F.A. 2018 <br> Cleaning interactions by gobies on a Tropical Eastern Pacific coral reef. <br> Journal of Fish Biology. doi:10.1111/jfb.13573.</p> <p>File: Malpelo.cvs<br> Quimbayo, J.P., Dias, M.S., Schlickmann, O.C. & Mendes, T.C. 2017 <br> Fish cleaning interactions on a remote island from the Tropical Eastern Pacific.<br> Marine Biodiversity, 47, 603–608.</p> <p><br> All R codes for reproducing analyses are available from the authors on request. </p> <p>Any additional queries should be directed to the corresponding author <br> Juan P. Quimbayo (quimbayo.j.p@gmail.com)</p> <p>The release of this data does not exempt those who reuse the data from <br> following community norms for scholarly communication, in particular from citation<br> of this paper and the original data authors as detailed above.</p>
Individual-based networks reveal the highly skewed interactions of a frugivore mutualist with individual plants in a diverse community
<p>While plant-animal interactions occur fundamentally at the individual level, the bulk of research examining the mechanisms that drive interaction patterns has focused on the species or population level. In seed-dispersal mutualisms between frugivores and plants, little is known about the role of space and individual-level variation among plants in structuring patterns of frugivore foraging and, thus, seed dispersal in a plant community. Here we use an animal perspective to examine how space and variation between individual plants affect movement and visitation by frugivores foraging on individual fruiting plants. To do this, we used a spatially explicit network approach informed by observations of the movement and foraging of a frugivorous lemur species (Eulemur rubriventer) amongst individual plants in a diverse plant community in Madagascar. The resulting hierarchical networks, in which a few individual plants received the bulk of the interactions, demonstrated how a generalist frugivore species could act as an individual-plant specialist within a plant community. The few individual plants that dominated interactions with the lemurs shaped the modular spatial structure of frugivory interactions in the community and facilitated visitation to near neighbors. This interaction structure was primarily driven by extrinsic factors, as lemur movements among plants were significantly influenced by the individual plant's spatial position and the species richness of fruiting plants in its immediate neighborhood. Individual plants in central spatial locations, with a rich fruiting neighborhood and large fruit crops, received the most visits. The observed drastic inequality in the interactions of a generalist frugivore within a highly diverse plant community highlights the importance of considering individual-level variation for essential ecosystem processes, such as seed dispersal.</p>
data for Newbury et al Short term fitness effects of bipartite interactions shape network structure of mutualistic and antagonistic communities
<p>speciescountdata.csv contains colony couts and plasmid detection from the main experiment.</p> <p>evonet.csv conatins colony counts of bacteria with and without plasmid pkjk5 from commuities where donors were o/ p ancestral/evolved. </p> <p>AOPV.csv contains optical density data for species a,o,p and v. column 1 is time in hours. Then columns alternate between a, o, p, s, v, a+,o+,p+,s+,v+,s+,v+ (where + denotes plasmid carriage) until column 49. After which the same patten continues, but these were grown with tetracycline. s did not grow at all in the 96-well plate this data was taken from. This is likely due to experimental error, so an additional well plate was used just for s (S.scv).</p> <p>S.csv contains optical density data for species s. column 1 is time in hours. then there are 6 colulmns of s and 6 columns of s+ until column 49. After this the same pattern continues but bacteria were grown with tetracycline.</p>
melian009/Mispark: Preliminary analysis mutualistic networks in space, rarefaction, sierra size and sampling individuals, species, and traits
<p>Mutualistic networks in space, morphological traits and colors, or how to put all together to understand rare and common species in rapidly changing landscapes</p>
Interactions between protea plants and their animal mutualists and antagonists are structured more by energetic than morphological trait matching
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Traits mediate mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals, and should thus be useful for predicting trophic species interactions. Studies to date have examined the importance of morphological trait matching for plant-animal interactions, but have rarely explored the extent to which these interactions are shaped by matching between energetic provisions of plants and energetic demands of animals.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We tested whether energetic and/or morphological trait matching shapes interactions between <em>Protea</em> plant species and their interacting animal mutualists and antagonists in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We recorded interactions between 22 <em>Protea</em> species, pollinating insects, and vertebrates as well as seed predators (endophagous insect larvae in protea cones) at 21 study sites. To relate species interactions to matching trait pairs, we measured key morphological traits (shape and size of flower heads and seed cones, and mouth part length as well as body length) and quantified the animals' energetic demands (metabolic rate) together with the plants' energetic provisions (nectar sugar amount, seed-to-cone mass ratio). We calculated log ratios of both energetic and morphological traits between animals and plants as predictor variables for the number of observed interactions between <em>Protea</em> species and their animal interaction partners.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>For both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, we found significant effects of morphological and energetic trait ratios on the interactions between plants and animals. Trait ratios accounted for 11% to 22% of the variation in species interactions. Consistent with energetic trait matching, we found a hump-shaped relationship between interaction frequency and log ratios of energetic traits of animals and plants, indicating that interactions were most frequent at intermediate log ratios between energetic demand and provision. Effects of morphological trait ratios on interactions were statistically supported in most cases but were variable in the magnitude and shape of the predicted relationships. </span></p> <p><span>Across animal taxa and interaction types, energetic traits had more consistent effects on interactions between plants and animals than morphological traits. This suggests that energy can function as an important interaction currency and facilitate the understanding and prediction of trophic species interactions.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.