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Figure 10 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 10. Distributions of Oniscomorpha and Glomerida in North America/the Western Hemisphere. Star, site of the non-spinose fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA..

Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7) Distributions of the Superorder Limacomorpha and the order Glomeridesmida, at present excluding the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The arrow denotes the new record from Fiji (Appendix). 8) Distribution of the Superorder Oniscomorpha. Star, site of the non-spinose Carboniferous fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA. 9) Distribution of the Order Glomerida, parameters as in Fig. 1, 6.

Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5)Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Chilognatha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It is essentially identical to that of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha (Fig. 14), the only difference being imperceptibly greater eastward expansion for Chilognatha on the southern coast of Western Australia. At present, this is the only place in the world where the Infraclass Pentazonia (Fig. 6) influences the overall distribution of a higher diplopod taxon. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 6) Distribution of the Infraclass Pentazonia, which presently excludes the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The question mark represents the unconfirmed Oniscomorpha (Sphaerotheriida) record from Papua New Guinea (Attems 1943), and the arrow denotes the new Limacomorpha/Glomeridesmida locality in Fiji (Appendix). Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA.

Figure 1 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 1. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Diplopoda showing locations of significant fossils. The solid line in southern South America shows the extent of diplopod samplings and known occurrences, but we project the organisms for uninvestigated areas south of the southernmost records, in Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile, and Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina, the unsubstantiated record of the polyxenid from the last (Mauriès 1998), Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903), being indicated by the question mark. Except for records from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Chordeumatida) (left arrow), the Hawaiian Islands (Cambalidea), and the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands (Polyxenida) (right arrow), oceanic islands and archipelagos harboring ostensibly indigenous forms are grouped with the continent with apparent faunal affinity; the Cape Verde Islands are combined with both Africa and Europe because of dual affinities, Spirostreptidea and Glomerida/ Julida, respectively. Only a few records and samples, especially of Chilognatha, are available from the dotted areas in Africa and North America; no extant records and samples are available from those in Eurasia and South America. The southeast Asian area encircled by triangles is the only place where all 16 orders occur indigenously. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil in Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).

Figure 3 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 3. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Penicillata and Order Polyxenida. The arrow denotes the record from the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands; the upright question mark (?) denotes the unsubstantiated record of Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903) from Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina (Mauriès 1998); and the inverted question mark (¿) indicates uncertain occurrence on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Other parameters as in Fig. 1. Too few records exist from Canada to project a northern boundary in North America, and the isolated record from central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) is too distant to be combined with an area where records cluster. No records are available from the dotted areas in India and North America, and the only one from that in Africa is Chilexenus schultzei (Attems, 1909) from Botswana (Hamer 1998).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2003View details →

Fig. 1 in The German Myriapod Literature Project (GerMyLit)

Fig. 1. Example of a search over two databases, provided by the programme Reference Manager®. The result buttons on the right side of the search window show how the records are narrowed.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: Four myriapod relatives – but who are sisters? No end to debates on relationships among the four major myriapod subgroups

Background: Phylogenetic relationships among the myriapod subgroups Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda are still not robustly resolved. The first phylogenomic study covering all subgroups resolved phylogenetic relationships congruently to morphological evidence but is in conflict with most previously published phylogenetic trees based on diverse molecular data. Outgroup choice and long-branch attraction effects were stated as possible explanations for these incongruencies. In this study, we addressed these issues by extending the myriapod and outgroup taxon sampling using transcriptome data. Results: We generated new transcriptome data of 42 panarthropod species, including all four myriapod subgroups and additional outgroup taxa. Our taxon sampling was complemented by published transcriptome and genome data resulting in a supermatrix covering 59 species. We compiled two data sets, the first with a full coverage of genes per species (292 single-copy protein-coding genes), the second with a less stringent coverage (988 genes). We inferred phylogenetic relationships among myriapods using different data types, tree inference, and quartet computation approaches. Our results unambiguously support monophyletic Mandibulata and Myriapoda. Our analyses clearly showed that there is strong signal for a single unrooted topology, but a sensitivity of the position of the internal root on the choice of outgroups. However, we observe strong evidence for a clade Pauropoda+Symphyla, as well as for a clade Chilopoda+Diplopoda. Conclusions: Our best quartet topology is incongruent with current morphological phylogenies which were supported in another phylogenomic study. AU tests and quartet mapping reject the quartet topology congruent to trees inferred with morphological characters. Moreover, quartet mapping shows that confounding signal present in the data set is sufficient to explain the weak signal for the quartet topology derived from morphological characters. Although outgroup choice affects results, our study could narrow possible trees to derivatives of a single quartet topology. For highly disputed relationships, we propose to apply a series of tests (AU and quartet mapping), since results of such tests allow to narrow down possible relationships and to rule out confounding signal.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: A new Devonian euthycarcinoid evidences the use of different respiratory strategies during the marine-to-terrestrial transition in the myriapod lineage

Myriapods were, together with arachnids, the earliest animals to occupy terrestrial ecosystems, by at least the Silurian. The origin of myriapods and their land colonization have long remained puzzling until euthycarcinoids, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods considered amphibious, were shown to be stem group myriapods, extending the lineage to the Cambrian and evidencing a marine-to-terrestrial transition. Although possible respiratory structures comparable to the air-breathing tracheal system of myriapods are visible in several euthycarcinoids, little is known about the mechanism by which they respired. Here we describe a new euthycarcinoid from Upper Devonian alluvio-lagoonal deposits of Belgium. Synchrotron-based elemental x-ray analyses were used to extract all available information from the only known specimen. Sulfur x-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping and spectroscopy unveil sulphate evaporation stains, spread over the entire slab, suggestive of a very shallow-water to terrestrial environment prior to burial consistent with an amphibious lifestyle. Trace metal XRF mapping reveals a pair of ventral spherical cavities or chambers on the second post-abdominal segment that do not compare to any known feature in aquatic arthropods, but might well play a part in air-breathing. Our data provide additional support for amphibious lifestyle in euthycarcinoids and show that different respiratory strategies were used during the marine-to-terrestrial transition in the myriapod lineage.

Figure 43 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 43. Distribution of Chordeumatida in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Figure 21 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 21. Distribution of Polyzoniida in Europe and the Middle East.

Figure 18 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 18. Distribution of Platydesmida in North America/the Western Hemisphere.

Figure 17 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 17. Distribution of the Order Platydesmida.

Figure 26 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class

Figure 26. Distribution of the Order Julida.

publicOct 2020View details →

Data from: A new Devonian euthycarcinoid evidences the use of different respiratory strategies during the marine-to-terrestrial transition in the myriapod lineage

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Data from: Four myriapod relatives – but who are sisters? No end to debates on relationships among the four major myriapod subgroups

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dryad32/100

Data from: A new dimension in documenting new species: high-detail imaging for myriapod taxonomy and first 3D cybertype of a new millipede species (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae)

We review the state-of-the-art approaches currently applied in myriapod taxonomy, and we describe, for the first time, a new species of millipede (Ommatoiulus avatar n. sp., family Julidae) using high-resolution X-ray microtomography (microCT) as a substantive adjunct to traditional morphological examination. We present 3D models of the holotype and paratype specimens and discuss the potential of this non-destructive technique in documenting new species of millipedes and other organisms. The microCT data have been uploaded to an open repository (Dryad) to serve as the first actual millipede cybertypes to be published.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 3–8 in New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods

FIGURES 3–8. Bulgarosoma superficiei, male from Yarema, Vitosha Mt.: (3) leg 5; (4) leg-pair 6; (5) anterior gonopods, caudal view; (6) anterior gonopods, lateral view; (7) distal part of the right half of the anterior gonopods, caudal view; (8) posterior gonopods, caudal view. Abbreviations: a: angiocoxite (= coxal process), ap: anterior unciform process, c: colpoxite, la: lateral arm, mp: mesal clavate process, po: coxal pore, pp: posterior process of lateral arm, sc: syncolpoxite.

FIGURE 10 in New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods

FIGURE 10. Distribution map of the millipede species (Diplopoda) new to the Bulgarian fauna, and of those recorded from new localities. Black symbols referring to literature data, red symbols referring to present data: triangle pointing up—Polydesmus collaris, triangle pointing left: Polydesmus inconstans, triangle pointing down—Polydesmus jawlowskii, triangle pointing right—Polydesmus mediterraneus mediterraneus, square—Polydesmus rodopensis, pentagon—Polydesmus schaessburgensis, cross—Strongylosoma jaqueti, star—Bulgarosoma superficiei, circle—Dorypetalum bulgaricum, ring—Proteroiulus fuscus (the new record requires confirmation), drop pointing right—Cibiniulus phlepsii, drop pointing up—Leptoiulus sarajevensis, drop pointing down—Brachyiulus bagnalli, drop pointing left—Megaphyllum glossulifer.

FIGURE 2. Head and rings I in New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods

FIGURE 2. Head and rings I–VII of Polydesmus schaessburgensis (adult male) with partly visible gonopods (Photo: Boyan Zlatkov).

FIGURE 9 in New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods

FIGURE 9. Distribution map of the centipede species (Chilopoda) new to the Bulgarian fauna, and of those recorded from new localities. Black symbols referring to literature data, red symbols referring to present data: square—Lithobius melanops, triangle—Cryptops rucneri, circle—Dignathodon microcephalus.