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Fig. 3 in New finds of Olenekian, Early Triassic, trematosaurid amphibians and prolocophonid reptiles from Poland
Fig. 3. Comparison of the parasphenoid of Trematosauridae gen. et sp. indet. with specimens from Germany and Russia. A. Trematosaurus brauni Burmeister, 1849, Merkel's Quarry, Germany,?late Olenekian, MSB G 366 in ventral view (modified from Schoch 2019: fig. 7B). B. Trematosauridae gen. et sp. indet., Stryczowice, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, early Olenekian{?}, ZPAL V. 78/3 in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B1) views. C. Inflectosaurus amplus Shishkin, 1960, Bolshoe Bogdo locality, late Olenekian, PIN 953/100 in dorsal view (modified from Shishkin 1968: fig. 2c).
Fig. 5 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 5. SEM images of microsampled soft tissues of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 (BES SC 1000), Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian.. A. Collagen fibres packed in parallel bundles from the leading edge of the dorsal fin. B. Close-up of a single fibre showing very fine striations, interpreted as collagen fibrils. C. A pair of collagen fibres from the base of the caudal fin, still covered by a patch of multi-layered scaleless skin. D. Close-up of the skin layers seen in C. Asterisks indicate locations of the back-scattered electron element microanalysis performed on dorsal fin fibres (E), caudal fin fibres (F), and caudal fin skin (G). The peaks illustrate the relative abundance of each element, with higher intensities indicating greater abundance. Note the enrichment of calcium and phosphorous in the fossilised soft tissue, with some variation in secondary minerals.
Fig. 1 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 1. General location and geological map of the Monte San Giorgio area. The asterisk indicates the position of the Sasso Caldo site.
Fig. 8 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 8. Reconstruction of the skeleton and body outline of mixosaurid ichthyosaurMixosaurus cornalianus with the dorsal fin and the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin, as preserved in BES SC 1000 (A) compared to the body outline of the small tail shark Carcharinus porosus (B), which average length is similar to that of Mixosaurus.
Fig. 4. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 4. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 (BES SC 1000), Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian. A. General view of the specimen showing the position of the dorsal fin (black arrow) and of the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin (white arrow). B. Explanatory drawing showing the position of the dorsal fin (dark grey), skin remains (grey), and neural spines (light grey). C. Close up of the shaft of the dorsal fin showing parallel fibres. D. Dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. E, F. Close ups of the areas of the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin where other fibres and skin remains are exposed.
Fig. 3. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 3. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886, Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian. A. BES SC 1000. B. BES SC 1001.
Fig. 7 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 7. Stomach contents of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 (A, B, BES SC 1000; C, D, BES SC 1001), Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian. A. Cephalopod hooklets (arrowed). B. Enigmatic (neoselachian?) vertebral centrum (arrowed) embedded in the dark material of the decayed stomach. C. Isolated actinistian scale (arrowed). D. Semi-articulated actinopterygian scales (arrowed) embedded in the stomach area. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 10. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Ypresian continental communities of Seymour Island. A large Cariamiform hunting a medium-sized ungulate and staring at Notiolofos regueroi (Mammalia: Sparnotheriodontidae), a couple of marsupials on a tree, Antarctoboenus carlinii (Aves, Falconiformes) flying on the sky, and a flightless Ratites in the back.
FIGURE 7 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 7. Ungual phalanx of representatives of the most relevant groups compared with the Antarctic specimens described in this study. A, Antarctic fossil MLP-PV 13-XI-28-546; B, Chunga incerta (Cariamiformes); C, Vultur gryphus (Cathartiformes); D, Caracara plancus (Falconiformes); E, Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Accipitriformes); F, Ninox novaeseelandiae (Strigiformes); G, Casuarius casuarius (Casuariformes); H, Dromaius novaehollandiae (Struthioniformes); I, Rhea americana (Rheiformes); J, Tinamus solitarius (Tinamiformes); K, Penelope obscura and L, Crax fasciolata (Galliformes); M, Otis tarda (Otidiformes); N, Chauna torquata (Anseriformes); O, Macronectes giganteus (Procellariiformes); P, Anthropornis grandis (giant Antartic Sphenisciformes); and Q, Pygoscelis antarctica (modern Sphenisciformes). Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 4. Fossil cariamiforms examined here. Ungual phalanx of the second right digit MLP-PV 13-XI-28-546 (A, C, E, G) in lateral (A), dorsal (C), medial (E), and proximal (G) views, and ungual phalanx of second digit MLP-PV 14-I- 10-199 (B, D, F) in lateral or medial (B, F) and dorsal (D) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 3. Linear and angular measurements taken on the schematic ungual phalanges in A-B lateral, and C, proximal views. Abbreviations: BH, basal height; HAF, maximum height of the articular facet; ICA, inner curvature angle; LFT, flexor tubercle length; OCA, outer curvature angle; TL, total length; and WAF, maximum width of articular facet.
FIGURE 6 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 6. Biplot of the Principal Component Analyses (PCA). A, Analysis without normalization of data; B, Analysis with variables converted into indexes. Abbreviations: BH, basal height; HAF, maximum height of the articular facet; ICA, inner curvature angle; LFT, flexor tubercle length; OCA, outer curvature angle; TL, total length; and WAF, maximum width of articular facet.
FIGURE 2 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 2. Anatomical terms used for descriptions and comparisons (after Baumel et al., 1993) in A, dorsal; B, lateral; and C, proximal views. Abbreviations: ap. phal., apex phalanx; corp. phal., corpus phalangis; cot. art., cotyla articularis (articular or proximal face); cot. art. lat., cotyla articularis lateralis; cot. art. med., cotyla articularis medialis; sulc. neur., sulcus neurovascularis (neurovascular sulcus); tuberc. ext., tuberculum extensorium (extensor tubercle); tuberc. flex., tuberculum flexorium (flexor tubercle).
FIGURE 5 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 5. Morphological differences between the ungual phalanges of each digit (I, II, II, and IV) of Cariama cristata (A-D) and Psilopterus colzecus (E) in A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, plantar; D and E, proximal (articular) views (not scaled).
FIGURE 1 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 1. Geological map of the Seymour Island showing the fossiliferous sites where MLP-PV 13-XI-28-546 and MLP-PV 14-I-10-199 were found (A) and the corresponding stratigraphy of the locality IAA 2/13 (B), in the James Ross Basin (C), West Antarctica (D). Modified from Montes et al. (2019).
FIGURE 9 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 9. Three-dimensional reconstructions (not scaled) of different ungual phalanges. The dotted lines indicate the transversal cut areas shown below each phalanx. The arrowheads mark the path of the neurovascular sulcus and/or neurovascular canal along the phalanx. A, Patagornis marshi (MLP-PV 20-85, digit III); B, Patagornis marshi (MLP-PV 20-86, digit III); C, Psilopterus colzecus (MLP-PV 76-VI-12-2, digit II); D, Brontornis burmeisteri (MLP-PV 20-570, digit III); E, Phorusrhacos longissimus (MLP-PV 67-VIII-28-1, digit II); F, Andrewsornis abbotti MLP-PV 59-II-26-83 (digit II).
FIGURE 8 in Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island
FIGURE 8. Antarctic ungual phalanx compared with different Phorusrhacidae species in lateral view. A, MLP-PV 13- XI-28-546; B, Phorusrhacos longissimus (AMNH 9497 taken from Sinclair and Farr 1932 and mirrored); C, Procariama simplex MACN 8275; D, Phorusrhacus (MLP-PV 20-572); E, Paraphysornis brasiliensis; F, Patagornis marshi MLP-PV 20-184; G, Procariama simplex MACN 8225; H, Devincenzia pozzi MACN Pv 6681; I, Titanis walleri (calcotype UF 10417); J, Psilopterinae indet. MLP-PV 90-III-5-56; K, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi MACN Pv 5944; L, Patagornis marshi MLP-PV 20-164; M, Psilopterus colzecus MLP-PV 76-VI-12-2; N, Psilopterinae indet. MPEF-PV 12256; O, MMP s/n Phorusrhacidae (re-drawn from Cenizo et al., 2012). Scales bar: 10 mm (except for C, G, M, and N where the scale represents 20 mm).
FIGURE 27 in New findings of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis in Siberia
FIGURE 27. Indexes of the lower deciduous teeth of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis and Coelodonta antiquitatis from Siberian, European, and Chinese regions.
FIGURE 31 in New findings of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis in Siberia
FIGURE 31. Indexes of the lower permanent teeth of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis and Coelodonta antiquitatis from Siberian, European, and Chinese regions.
FIGURE 23 in New findings of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis in Siberia
FIGURE 23. Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis; Chumysh River at Kytmanovo (Kytmanovo District, Altay Territory, southeast Western Siberia). The left Mt II, NSMLL-101. 1, dorsal view. 2, lateral view. 3, plantar view. 4, proximal view. The left Mt IV, NSMLL-105. 5, dorsal view. 6, medial view. 7, plantar view. 8, proximal view. Scale bar ruled in centimeters.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.