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100 results for “nitrogen availability”
Ground beetle trophic interactions alter available nitrogen in forest soil
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Nitrogen availability determines ecosystem productivity in response to climate warming
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Interactive effects of hemlock mortality and nitrogen availability on nutrient pools and fluxes in the southern Appalachian mountains from 2009 to 2011
The impacts of exotic insects and pathogens on forest ecosystems are increasingly recognized, yet the factors influencing the magnitude of effects remain poorly understood. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) exerts strong control on nitrogen (N) dynamics, and its loss due to infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is expected to affect nutrient dynamics in impacted stands. We evaluated the potential for variation in N availability to influence the magnitude of effects of hemlock decline on N and P dynamics in mixed hardwood stands. We measured N and P pools and fluxes at three elevations (low, mid, high) subjected to increasing atmospheric N deposition where hemlock was declining or absent (as reference) in western North Carolina. Specifically, this study was conducted at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, a USDA Forest Service experimental forest in the southern Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina, USA from October 2009 to February 2011.
Data from: Livestock overgrazing disrupts the positive associations between soil biodiversity and nitrogen availability
Livestock overgrazing influences both microbial communities and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the role of overgrazing in regulating the relationship between soil biodiversity and nitrogen availability remains largely unexplored. We performed long-term grazing exclusion experiments across eight sites along precipitation gradient covering three major types of grassland in northern China to compare the linkage between soil microbial diversity and N availability in overgrazed versus non-grazed conditions. We found a positive association between fungal diversity and soil available N in non-grazed grasslands. However, the positive association was absent in overgrazed environments. Bacterial diversity is not related to soil available N in either non-grazed or overgrazed grasslands. Moreover, in bacterial community, we found a positive link between the relative abundance of Actinobacteria with soil available N in non-grazed, but not overgrazed, grasslands. Instead we found the links between relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria with soil available N in overgrazed grasslands, but not non-grazed, grasslands. Our work provides evidence that the relationships between microbial diversity and ecosystem functions are context-dependent, and so microbial community diversity is likely not the major driver of soil N mineralization in overgrazed grasslands. Our study suggests that high intensity anthropogenic activities in grasslands restrains the capacity of diverse soil microbial communities to sustain ecosystem function, and more broadly the capacity of entire ecosystems to maintain important ecosystem processes such as plant production. Our study also indicates that the fundamental microbial communities associated with N availability change with differing land management strategies (e.g. livestock grazing).
Experimental raw data sets associated with certified reference material BAM-P116 (titanium dioxide) for comparison of nitrogen and argon sorption, available in the universal adsorption information format (AIF)
<p>These data sets serve as models for calculating the specific surface area (BET method) using gas sorption in accordance with ISO 9277.<br>The present measurements were carried out with nitrogen at 77 Kelvin and argon at 87 Kelvin.<br>It is recommended to use the following requirements for the molecular cross-sectional area:<br>Nitrogen: 0.1620 nm²<br>Argon: 0.1420 nm²</p> <p>Expected specific surface area for nitrogen (BET): 305 to 345 m²/g<br>Expected specific surface area for argon (BET): 300 to 310 m²/g</p> <p>Titanium dioxides certified with nitrogen sorption and additionally measured with argon for research purposes were used as sample material.<br>The resulting data sets are intended to serve as comparative data for own measurements and show the differences in sorption behaviour and evaluations between nitrogen and argon.<br>These data are stored in the universal AIF format (adsorption information format), which allows flexible use of the data.</p>
Nitrogen and phosphorus availability alter tree-grass competition intensity in savannas
<p>Plant essential macronutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) can limit savanna tree growth and are important determinants of savanna vegetation dynamics, along with rainfall, fire, and herbivory. How nitrogen and phosphorus shape tree-grass competition and their coexistence remain unclear, hindering our ability to predict how savannas may respond to altered nutrient cycling.</p> <p>Here, we evaluate (1) if trees and grasses respond differently to N vs. P availability, or (2) if grasses are more competitive in low nutrient environments while trees are more competitive in high nutrient environments. To do this, we grew saplings of 6 tree and 1 grass species from Kruger National Park, South Africa, for 16 weeks under fully factorial nutrient and competition treatments (with/without competitors, low/high rate of N supply, and low/high rate of P supply) under a watering regime designed to mimic wet season rainfall in a mesic savanna.</p> <p>Trees and grasses foraged most aggressively for nitrogen and allocated biomass differently depending on nitrogen availability. Overall, tree growth decreased in competition with grass, even in high nutrient environments where they grew faster. Grasses were always better belowground competitors, utilizing aggressive nutrient foraging strategies, including high root phosphatase activity in response to nitrogen and large root biomass allocation.</p> <p><em>Synthesis:</em> In low nutrient environments (e.g., on nutrient-poor sandy soils), nutrients may limit tree growth. Nutrient rich environments enable tree growth, but grasses continue to compete effectively with trees. Understanding what this means for ecosystem responses to nutrient availability is not trivial, especially in the context of fire and herbivory. However, it is clear that soil nutrients likely affect tree and grass growth and competition in savannas, which suggests that future changes in nutrient cycling, such as N deposition, may have important effects on savanna vegetation.</p>
Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability
<p>Interactions between soil nitrogen (N) availability, fungal community composition, and soil organic matter (SOM) regulate soil carbon (C) dynamics in many forest ecosystems, but context dependency in these relationships has precluded general predictive theory. We found that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi with peroxidases decreased with increasing inorganic N availability across a natural inorganic N gradient in northern temperate forests, whereas ligninolytic fungal saprotrophs exhibited no response. Lignin-derived SOM and soil C were negatively correlated with ECM fungi with peroxidases and were positively correlated with inorganic N availability, suggesting decay of lignin-derived SOM by these ECM fungi reduced soil C storage. The correlations we observed link SOM decay in temperate forests to tradeoffs in tree N nutrition and ECM composition, and we propose SOM varies along a single continuum across temperate and boreal ecosystems depending upon how tree allocation to functionally distinct ECM taxa and environmental stress covary with soil N availability.</p>
Nitrogen availability and plant functional composition modify biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships
<p><span>The ability of an ecosystem to deliver multiple functions at high levels (multifunctionality) typically increases with biodiversity but there is substantial variation in the strength and direction of biodiversity effects, suggesting context-dependency. A better understanding of the drivers of this context dependency is essential to predict effects of global change on ecosystems. To determine how different factors modulate the effect of diversity on multifunctionality, we established a large grassland experiment with 216 communities, crossing a manipulation of plant species richness (1, 4, 8, 20 species) with manipulations of resources (nitrogen enrichment), plant functional composition (gradient in mean specific leaf area [SLA] to manipulate abundances of exploitative, fast-growing vs. conservative, slow-growing species), plant functional diversity (variance in SLA) and enemy abundance (foliar fungal pathogen removal). We measured ten above- and belowground functions, related to productivity, nutrient cycling and energy transfer between trophic levels, and calculated ecosystem multifunctionality. Plant species richness and functional diversity both increased multifunctionality, but their effects were context dependent. Species richness increased multifunctionality only when communities were assembled with fast growing (high SLA) species. This was because slow species were more redundant in their functional effects, whereas different fast species tended to promote different functions. Functional diversity also increased multifunctionality but this effect was dampened by nitrogen enrichment. However, unfertilised, functionally diverse communities still delivered more functions than low diversity, fertilised communities. Our study suggests that a shift towards fast-growing exploitative communities will not only alter ecosystem functioning but also the strength of biodiversity-functioning relationships, which highlights the potentially complex effects of global change on multifunctionality.</span></p>
Data from: Estimating maize harvest index and nitrogen concentrations in grain and residue using globally available data
<p class="MsoNormal">Estimates of crop nitrogen (N) uptake and offtake are critical in estimating N balances, N use efficiencies and potential losses to the environment. Calculation of crop N uptake and offtake requires estimates of crop product yield (e.g. grain or beans) and crop residue yield (e.g. straw or stover) and the N concentration of both components. Yields of crop products are often reasonably well known, but those of crop residues are not. While the harvest index (HI) can be used to interpolate the quantity of crop residue from available data on crop product yields, harvest indices are known to vary across locations, as do N concentrations of residues and crop products. The increasing availability of crop data and advanced statistical and machine learning methods present us with an opportunity to move towards more locally relevant estimates of crop harvest index and N concentrations using more readily available data. This dataset includes maize field experiment data. It is a culmination of summary statistic data collected from the literature as well as raw data requested from various researchers and organisations from around the world. These data will enable more locally relevant estimates of crop nutrient offtake, nutrient balances and nutrient use efficiency at national, regional or global levels, as part of strategies towards more sustainable nutrient management.</p>
Nitrogen and water availability control plant carbon storage with warming
<p>Plants may slow global warming through enhanced growth, because increased levels of photosynthesis stimulate the land carbon (C) sink. However, how climate warming affects plant C storage globally and key drivers that determining the response of plant C storage to climate warming remains unclear, causing uncertainty in climate projections. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis, compiling 393 observations from 99 warming studies to examine the global patterns of plant C storage responses to climate warming and explore the key drivers. Warming significantly increased total biomass (+8.4%), aboveground biomass (+12.6%) and belowground biomass (+10.1%). The effect of experimental warming on plant biomass was best explained by the availability of soil nitrogen (N) and water. Across the entire dataset, warming-induced changes in total, aboveground and belowground biomass all positively correlated with soil C:N ratio, an indicator of soil N availability. In addition, warming stimulated plant biomass more strongly in humid than in dry ecosystems, and warming tended to decrease root:shoot ratios at high soil C:N ratios. Together, these results suggest dual controls of warming effects on plant C storage; warming increases plant growth in ecosystems where N is limiting plant growth, but it reduces plant growth where water availability is limiting plant growth. Together, these findings suggested that warming effects on plant C storage largely depend on soil N and water status, which should be considered into Earth system models to improve the future prediction of C-climate change feedbacks. </p>
Data for 'Nitrogen Availability and Summer Drought, but not N:P Imbalance, Drive Carbon Use Efficiency of a Mediterranean Tree-Grass Ecosystem
<p>These are flux, meteorology, phenological transition dates and a NDVI timeseries for the Majadas del Tietar 'MANIP' experimental site between 2014 and 2020. </p> <p>These data were used for the manuscript:</p> <p>Nair et al. <span>Nitrogen Availability and Summer Drought, but not N:P Imbalance, Drive Carbon Use Efficiency of a Mediterranean Tree-Grass Ecosystem submitted to Global Change Biology. <br></span></p> <p><span>In this repository we provide partially processed data to reproduce the analysis in our manuscript.<br>Raw images and half-hourly flux data are available at the following locations:</span></p> <p><span>Phenocam Imagery: the Phenocam network (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/, sites - CT: eslma, NT: eslma1, NPT: eslma2).<br></span><span>Flux and meteo: the European Flux Database (https://www.europe-fluxdata.eu/, sites - CT: ES-LMa, NT: ES-LM1, NPT: ES-LM2). <br></span><span>Satellite NDVI: Sentinel-2A and 2B data available at https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/.</span></p>
Experimental raw data sets associated with certified reference material BAM-P115 (titanium dioxide) for comparison of nitrogen and argon sorption, available in the universal adsorption information format (AIF)
<p>These data sets serve as models for calculating the specific surface area (BET method) using gas sorption in accordance with ISO 9277.<br>The present measurements were carried out with nitrogen at 77 Kelvin and argon at 87 Kelvin.<br>It is recommended to use the following requirements for the molecular cross-sectional area:<br>Nitrogen: 0.1620 nm²<br>Argon: 0.1420 nm²</p> <p>Expected specific surface area for nitrogen (BET): 140 to 154 m²/g<br>Expected specific surface area for argon (BET): 129 to 135 m²/g</p> <p>Titanium dioxides certified with nitrogen sorption and additionally measured with argon for research purposes were used as sample material.<br>The resulting data sets are intended to serve as comparative data for own measurements and show the differences in sorption behaviour and evaluations between nitrogen and argon.<br>These data are stored in the universal AIF format (adsorption information format), which allows flexible use of the data.</p>
Experimental raw data sets associated with certified reference material BAM-P114 (titanium dioxide) for comparison of nitrogen and argon sorption, available in the universal adsorption information format (AIF)
<p>These data sets serve as models for calculating the specific surface area (BET method) using gas sorption in accordance with ISO 9277.<br>The present measurements were carried out with nitrogen at 77 Kelvin and argon at 87 Kelvin.<br>It is recommended to use the following requirements for the molecular cross-sectional area:<br>Nitrogen: 0.1620 nm²<br>Argon: 0.1420 nm²</p> <p>Expected specific surface area for nitrogen (BET): 24 to 25 m²/g<br>Expected specific surface area for argon (BET): 20 m²/g</p> <p>Titanium dioxides certified with nitrogen sorption and additionally measured with argon for research purposes were used as sample material.<br>The resulting data sets are intended to serve as comparative data for own measurements and show the differences in sorption behaviour and evaluations between nitrogen and argon.<br>These data are stored in the universal AIF format (adsorption information format), which allows flexible use of the data.</p>
Unlocking higher methane yields and digestate nitrogen availability in soil through thermal treatment of feedstocks in a two-step anaerobic digestion- Dataset
<p>This is a data set for the article "<span>Unlocking higher methane yields and digestate nitrogen availability in soil through thermal treatment of feedstocks in a two-step anaerobic digestion", published in Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture journal.</span></p>
Data from: Centennial-scale reductions in nitrogen availability in temperate forests of the United States
Forests cover 30% of the terrestrial Earth surface and are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Humans have doubled the amount of global reactive nitrogen (N), increasing deposition of N onto forests worldwide. However, other global changes—especially climate change and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations—are increasing demand for N, the element limiting primary productivity in temperate forests, which could be reducing N availability. To determine the long-term, integrated effects of global changes on forest N cycling, we measured stable N isotopes in wood, a proxy for N supply relative to demand, on large spatial and temporal scales across the continental U.S.A. Here, we show that forest N availability has generally declined across much of the U.S. since at least 1850 C.E. with cool, wet forests demonstrating the greatest declines. Across sites, recent trajectories of N availability were independent of recent atmospheric N deposition rates, implying a minor role for modern N deposition on the trajectory of N status of North American forests. Our results demonstrate that current trends of global changes are likely to be consistent with forest oligotrophication into the foreseeable future, further constraining forest C fixation and potentially storage.
Mycorrhizal effects on decomposition and soil CO2 flux depend on changes in nitrogen availability during forest succession
<p>Mycorrhizal fungi play a central role in plant nutrition and nutrient cycling, yet our understanding on their effects on free-living microbes, soil carbon (C) decomposition and soil CO2 fluxes remains limited.</p> <p>Here we used trenches lined with mesh screens of varying sizes to isolate mycorrhizal hyphal effects on soil C dynamics in subtropical successional forests.</p> <p>We found that the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae suppressed soil CO2 fluxes by 17% in early-successional forests, but enhanced CO2 losses by 20% and 32% in mid- and late-successional forests, respectively. The inhibitory effects of mycorrhizal fungi on soil CO2 fluxes in the young stands were associated with changes in soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial activities, suggesting that competition between mycorrhizae and saprotrophs for N likely suppressed soil C decomposition. In the mid- and late-successional stands, mycorrhizal enhancement of CO2 release from soil likely resulted from both hyphal respiration and mycorrhizal-induced acceleration of organic matter decay.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our results highlight the sensitivity of mycorrhizal fungi-saprotroph interactions to shifts in nutrient availability and demand, with important consequences for soil carbon dynamics particularly in ecosystems with low nutrient conditions. Incorporating such interactions into models should improve the simulations of forest biogeochemical cycles under global change.</p>
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability driven by secondary succession in temperate forests shape soil fungal communities and function
<p><span>Soil fungal community plays an important role in forest ecosystems, and forest secondary succession is a crucial driver of soil fungal community. However, the driving factors of fungal community and function during temperate forest succession and their potential impact on succession processes are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the soil fungal community in three temperate forest secondary successional stages (shrublands, coniferous forests, and deciduous broadleaf forests) using high-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with functional prediction via the FUNGuild database. We found that fungal community richness, α-diversity, and evenness decreased significantly during the succession process. Soil available phosphorus and nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen decreased significantly after initial succession occurred, and redundancy analysis showed that both were significant predictors of soil fungal community structure. Among functional groups, fungal saprotrophs as well as pathotrophs represented by plant pathogens were significantly enriched in the early-successional stage, while fungal symbiotrophs represented by ectomycorrhiza were significantly increased in the late-successional stage. The abundance of both saprotroph and pathotroph fungal guilds was positively correlated with soil nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were negatively correlated with nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content and positively correlated with ammonium</span> <span>nitrogen content.</span> <span>These results indicated that the dynamics of fungal community and function reflected the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability caused by the secondary succession of temperate forests. The fungal plant pathogen accumulated in the early-successional stage and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated in the late-successional stage may have a potential role in promoting forest succession. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the response of soil fungal communities to the secondary forest succession process and highlight the importance of fungal communities during temperate forest succession.</span></p>
Mycorrhizal effects on decomposition and soil CO2 flux depend on changes in nitrogen availability during forest succession
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Nitrogen and phosphorus availability alter tree-grass competition intensity in savannas
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Nitrogen availability and plant functional composition modify biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships
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