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271 results for “nitrous oxide”
Machine learning reveals dynamic controls of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from diverse long-term cropping systems
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Data from: Long-term nitrous oxide fluxes in annual and perennial agricultural and unmanaged ecosystems in the upper Midwest USA
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Data from: Differential pulse sensitivity of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions to temperature, carbon, and nitrogen following wetting of desert soils
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Analysis of nitrous oxide reductase diversity from wastewater: a SINTAX database
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Carbon-sink potential of continuous alfalfa agriculture lowered by short-term nitrous oxide emission events
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Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from a Central Iowa crop field and accompanying soil edaphic and climatic variables.
To quantify the magnitude of soil nitrous oxide flux and the drivers of nitrous oxide emissions in a representative central Iowa corn-soybean agricultural system, we measured greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CO2) from 2017 to 2019 (primarily using custom automated chambers) along with soil chemical and physical parameters across a topographic gradient in a typically managed agricultural field near Ames, Iowa, USA. More details can be found in the associated manuscript, Lawrence et al. (2021).
Laboratory measurements of nitrous oxide production rates in agricultural soils from Lancaster, PA, estuarine sediments from the Scheldt Estuary Belgium/Netherlands, and estuarine soils from the Delaware River NJ under gradients of physicochemical perturbation
A set of experiments was performed to test 1) how various physicochemical perturbations (salinity, zinc, temperature, soil moisture, and pH) influenced denitrification and nitrous oxide production on short timescales (<1 day) in agricultural soils from Lancaster, PA, USA, 2) how variation in a single parameter (salinity) influenced rates of denitrification and nitrous oxide production in sediments that experience a range in that parameter (tidal freshwater, oligohaline, and mesohaline estuarine sediments from the Scheldt River estuary Belgium/Netherlands) on short timescales (< 1 day), and 3) how denitrification and nitrous oxide production along with key functional gene expression in tidal freshwater estuarine soils from the Delaware River, NJ, USA responded to a long-term (6 month) change in a single parameter (salinity) in a press experiment with subsequent short-term (< 1 day) pulses. In the final long-term experiment, nitrite reductase (nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene expression were also measured at three timepoints (days 7, 35, and 110).
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Soil-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane on snow removal plots
Soil atmosphere fluxes of the trace gases; carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) have been measured at several locations at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) including 1) the “freeze” study reference plots that provide contrast between stands dominated (80%) by sugar maple versus yellow birch and low and high elevation areas, 2) the Bear Brook Watershed where trace gas sampling is coordinated with long-term monitoring of microbial biomass and activity and 3) watershed 1 where trace gas sampling locations were co-located with long-term microbial biomass and activity monitoring sites that are located near a subset of the lysimeter sites established for the calcium addition study on this watershed. This dataset contains the Freeze study data. Watershed 1 and Bear Brook trace gas data can be found in: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=116. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. These data have been published in: Groffman, P. M., Hardy, J. P., Driscoll, C. T., & Fahey, T. J. (2006). Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest. Global Change Biology, 12, 1748–1760.
Soil nitrous oxide and methane data for South slope of Niwot Ridge, 1992.
To determine the effect of increased nitrogen availability on fluxes of N2O and CH4 from alpine soils, we measured fluxes of these gases from fertilized and unfertilized soils in two alpine plant communities differing in net primary productivity, soil organic matter quality, and moisture. Five fertilized and 5 unfertilized plots within each community type were sampled. In the dry meadow community, the addition of nitrogen resulted in a 22-fold increase in N2O emission, while in the wet meadow, we observed a 45-fold increase in N2O emission rates. Methane uptake in the dry meadow community was reduced 52% by fertilization. However, net CH4 production occurred in all of the wet meadow plots and emission rates were not significantly affected by fertilization. Net nitrification rates were higher in dry meadow fertilized plots than in non-fertilized plots throughout the growing season. Net mineralization rates in fertilized dry meadow plots were higher than those in non-fertilized plots during the latter half of the growing season. Carbon to nitrogen ratios and amounts of total soil organic nitrogen in both the wet and dry meadow were not significantly affected by fertilization.
Sediment profiles of dissolved oxygen and nitrous oxide along with temperature and sediment water content, Rowley River, Rowley, MA
Environmental pulses, or sudden, marked changes to the conditions within an ecosystem, can be important drivers of resource availability in many systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of tidal pulsing on the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas, from a marine intertidal mudflat on the north shore of Massachusetts, USA. We found these tidal flat sediments to be a sink of N2O at low tide with an average uptake rate of ??6.7 6 2 lmol??m??2??h??1. Further, this N2O sink increased the longer sediments were tidally exposed. These field measurements, in conjunction with laboratory nutrient additions, revealed that this flux appears to be driven primarily by sediment denitrification. Additionally, N2O uptake was most responsive to dissolved inorganic nitrogen with phosphorus (DINþDIP) addition, suggesting that the N2O consumption process may be P limited. Furthermore, nutrient addition experiments suggest that dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) releases N2O at the highest levels of nitrate fertilization. Our findings indicate that tidal flats are important sinks of N2O, potentially capable of offsetting the release of this potent greenhouse gas by other, nearby ecosystems.
Data from: Changes in potential nitrous oxide efflux during grassland restoration
Nitrous oxide efflux from soil is an important ecological process in terms of global climate impacts, stratospheric chemistry, and soil fertility. The effects of grassland restoration on nitrous oxide (N2O) efflux in formerly cultivated agricultural soils are not well known. Restoration changes the storage and availability of soil C and N, with potential consequences for N2O efflux. We examined changes in potential N2O efflux across a 35-year chronosequence of grassland restorations, using lab incubations at moisture levels that maximized N2O emissions, to quantify the relationship between N2O efflux and soil properties known to change predictably during grassland restoration. We found that restoring cultivated agricultural land to grassland rapidly decreased N2O efflux from soils, though native prairie had a potential N2O efflux higher than the agricultural land. The oldest restoration had N2O efflux 50 times lower than native prairie. Changes in N2O efflux were more strongly correlated with N mineralization than C mineralization, according to multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that grassland restoration could mitigate nitrous oxide emissions for decades.
Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas and cultivated soils are the most important anthropogenic source. N2O production and consumption are known to occur at depths below the A or Ap horizon but their magnitude in situ is largely unknown. At a site in SW Michigan USA we measured N2O concentrations at different soil depths and used diffusivity models to examine the importance of depth-specific production and consumption. We also tested the influence of crop and management practices on subsurface N2O production in 1) till vs. no-till, 2) a nitrogen fertilizer gradient, and 3) perennial crops including successional vegetation. N2O concentrations below 20 cm exceeded atmospheric concentrations by up to 900 times, and profile concentrations increased markedly with depth except immediately after fertilization when production was intense in the surface horizon, and in winter, when surface emissions were blocked by ice. Diffusivity analysis showed that N2O production at depth was especially important in annual crops, accounting for over 50% of total N2O production when crops were fertilized at recommended rates. At nitrogen fertilizer rates exceeding crop need, subsurface N2O production contributed 25-35% of total surface emissions. Dry conditions deepened the maximum depth of N2O production. Tillage did not. In systems with perennial vegetation, subsurface N2O production contributed <20% to total surface emissions. Results suggest that the fraction of total N2O produced in subsurface horizons can be substantial in annual crops, is low under perennial vegetation, appears to be largely controlled by subsurface nitrogen and moisture, and is insensitive to tillage.
Data from: Legacy effects of land use on soil nitrous oxide emissions in annual crop and perennial grassland ecosystems
Land use conversions into and out of agriculture may influence soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes for many years. We tested the legacy effects of land use on cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for five years following conversion of 22 year-old Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and conventionally tilled agricultural fields (AGR) to continuous no-till corn, switchgrass, and restored prairie. An unconverted CRP field served as a reference. We assessed the labile soil C pool of the upper 10 cm in 2009 (the conversion year) and in 2014 using short-term soil incubations. We also measured in situ soil N2O fluxes biweekly from 2009 through 2014 using static chambers except when soils were frozen. The labile C pool was ~2-fold higher in soils previously in CRP than in those formerly in tilled cropland. Five-year cumulative soil N2O emissions were ~3-fold higher in the corn system on former CRP than on former cropland despite similar fertilization rates (~184 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The lower cumulative emissions from corn on former cropland were similar to emissions from switchgrass that was fertilized less (~57 kg N ha-1 yr-1), regardless of former land use, and lowest emissions were observed from the unfertilized restored prairie and reference systems. Findings support the hypothesis that soil labile carbon levels modulate the response of soil N2O emissions to nitrogen inputs, with soils higher in labile carbon but otherwise similar – in this case reflecting land use history – responding more strongly to added nitrogen.
Data from: Leaf-cutter ants engineer large nitrous oxide hot spots in tropical forests
Though tropical forest ecosystems are among the largest natural sources of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), the spatial distribution of emissions across landscapes is often poorly resolved. Leaf-cutter ants (LCA, Atta and Acromyrmex, Myrmicinae) are dominant herbivores throughout Central and South America and influence multiple aspects of forest structure and function. In particular, their foraging creates spatial heterogeneity by concentrating large quantities of organic matter (including nitrogen, N) from the surrounding canopy into their colonies, and ultimately, into colony refuse dumps. Here, we demonstrate that refuse piles created by LCA species Atta colombica in tropical rainforests of Costa Rica provide ideal conditions for extremely high rates of N2O production (high microbial biomass, potential denitrification enzyme activity, N content, and anoxia), and may represent an unappreciated source of heterogeneity in tropical forest N2O emissions. Average instantaneous refuse pile N2O fluxes surpassed background emissions by more than three orders of magnitude (in some cases exceeding 80,000 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1) and generating fluxes comparable to or greater than those produced by engineered systems such as wastewater treatment tanks. Refuse-concentrating Atta species are ubiquitous in tropical forests, pastures and production ecosystems, and increase density strongly in response to disturbance. As such, LCA colonies may represent an unrecognised greenhouse gas point source throughout the Neotropics.
Data from: Initial nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane costs of converting conservation reserve program grassland to row crops under no-till vs. conventional tillage
Around 4.4 million ha of land in USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts will expire between 2013 and 2018 and some will likely return to crop production. No-till (NT) management offers the potential to reduce the global warming costs of CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O emissions during CRP conversion, but to date there have been no CRP conversion tillage comparisons. In 2009, we converted portions of three 9-21 ha CRP fields in Michigan to conventional tillage (CT) or NT soybean production and reserved a fourth field for reference. Both CO2 and N2 O fluxes increased following herbicide application in all converted fields, but in the CT treatment substantial and immediate N2 O and CO2 fluxes occurred after tillage. For the initial 201-day conversion period, average daily N2 O fluxes (g N2 O-N ha-1 d-1 ) were significantly different in the order: CT (47.5 ± 6.31, n = 6) ≫ NT (16.7 ± 2.45, n = 6) ≫ reference (2.51 ± 0.73, n = 4). Similarly, soil CO2 fluxes in CT were 1.2 times those in NT and 3.1 times those in the unconverted CRP reference field. All treatments were minor sinks for CH4 (-0.69 ± 0.42 to -1.86 ± 0.37 g CH4 -C ha-1 d-1 ) with no significant differences among treatments. The positive global warming impact (GWI) of converted soybean fields under both CT (11.5 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) and NT (2.87 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) was in contrast to the negative GWI of the unconverted reference field (-3.5 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) with on-going greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. N2 O contributed 39.3% and 55.0% of the GWI under CT and NT systems with the remainder contributed by CO2 (60.7% and 45.0%, respectively). Including foregone mitigation, we conclude that NT management can reduce GHG costs by ~60% compared to CT during initial CRP conversion.
Data from: Nitrous oxide emissions during establishment of eight alternative cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems in the North Central United States
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils are a key sustainability metric of cropping systems. During crop establishment, disruptive land-use change is known to be a critical, but under reported period, for determining GHG emissions. We measured soil N2O emissions and potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from a three-year establishment-phase bioenergy cropping systems experiment replicated in southcentral Wisconsin (ARL) and southwestern Michigan (KBS). Cropping systems treatments were annual monocultures (continuous corn, corn–soybean–canola rotation), perennial monocultures (switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar), and perennial polycultures (native grass mixture, early successional community, and restored prairie) all grown using best management practices specific to the system. Cumulative three-year N2O emissions from annuals were 142% higher than from perennials, with fertilized perennials 190% higher than unfertilized perennials. Emissions ranged from 3.1 to 19.1 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for the annuals with continuous corn > corn–soybean–canola rotation and 1.1 to 6.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for perennials. Nitrous oxide peak fluxes typically were associated with precipitation events that closely followed fertilization. Bayesian modeling of N2O fluxes based on measured environmental factors explained 33% of variability across all systems. Models trained on single systems performed well in most monocultures (e.g., R2 = 0.52 for poplar) but notably worse in polycultures (e.g., R2 = 0.17 for early successional, R2 = 0.06 for restored prairie), indicating that simulation models that include N2O emissions should be parameterized specific to particular plant communities. Our results indicate that perennial bioenergy crops in their establishment phase emit less N2O than annual crops, especially when not fertilized. These findings should be considered further alongside yield and other metrics contributing to important ecosystem services.
Methane and nitrous oxide data from the North American Arctic Ocean during summer, 2015
<p>Methane, nitrous oxide, carbon isotope, and ancillary data used in "Methane and nitrous oxide distributions across the North American Arctic Ocean during summer, 2015"</p>
Global nitrous oxide emissions from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs during 1850-2019
<p>Data for paper "Increased nitrous oxide emissions from global lakes and reservoirs since the pre-industrial era", accepted at Nature Communications 2023.</p><p>Data are in ascii-format at a spatial resolution of 30 arcmin. Header for ascii-format files - ncols: 720 - nrows: 354 - xllcorner: -180 - yllcorner: -88.5 - cellsize: 0.5 - NODATA_value: -9999. The unit of the datasets is g N /yr.</p>
Sample preservation methods for nitrous oxide concentration and isotope ratio measurements in aquatic environments
<p>This is the raw data for the method paper submitted in Limnology and Oceanography: Methods titled "Sample preservation methods for nitrous oxide concentration and isotope ratio measurements in aquatic environments".</p>
Soil nitrous oxide emissions from global specialty crop systems
<p>The data were extracted from published studies. All references and data sources are listed. </p> <p>We conducted an exhaustive literature search using Google Scholar and Web of Science databases. The searched keywords were 'soil nitrous oxide emission', 'soil greenhouse gas emission', and 'soil trace gas emission' respectively combined with each specialty crop. We searched for the common specialty crops listed by USDA, including fruits, tree nuts, and vegetables (https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/scbgp/specialty-crop). The most recent search was in November 2023. For each article returned by the search, we evaluated whether it reported field observations of annual cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were excluded. This process identified 1137 observations from 114 studies. These studies covered six continents and four main climate types (Köppen climate classification). Area-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were reported as annual cumulative emissions (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were calculated by dividing area-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by fresh weight yield (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N Mg fresh yield<sup>−1</sup>). The emission factor (EF) for annual cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emission was calculated by EF (%) = (E<sub>N</sub> − E<sub>0</sub>)/N<sub>rate</sub>. The E<sub>N</sub> and E<sub>0</sub> are the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>) with and without N fertilizer, respectively. The N<sub>rate</sub> is the N fertilizer application rate (kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Soil properties and environmental factors were also listed if they were avalable. Empty cells in the datasheet indicate no data avalable for that category or variable.</p>
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