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131 results for “northern Andes”
Patterns in the genetic structure of 49 lowland rain forest tree species co-distributed on opposite sides of the Northern Andes
<p>The Andes are a major dispersal barrier for lowland rain forest plants and animals, yet hundreds of lowland tree species are distributed on both sides of the Northern Andes, raising questions about how the Andes influenced their biogeographic histories and population genetic structure. To explore these questions, we generated standardized datasets of thousands of SNPs from paired populations of 49 tree species co-distributed in rain forest tree communities located in Panama and Amazonian Ecuador and calculated genetic diversity (<em>π</em>) and absolute genetic divergence (<em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>) within and between populations, respectively. We predicted (1) higher genetic diversity in the ancestral source region (east or west of the Andes) for each taxon, and (2) correlation of genetic statistics with species attributes, including elevational range and life-history strategy. We found that genetic diversity was higher in putative ancestral source regions, possibly reflecting founder events during colonization. We found little support for a relationship between genetic divergence and species attributes except that species with higher elevational range limits exhibited higher <em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>, implying older divergence times. One possible explanation for this pattern is that dispersal through mountain passes declined in importance relative to dispersal via alternative lowland routes as the Andes experienced uplift. We found no difference in mean genetic diversity between populations in Central America and the Amazon. Overall, our results suggest that dispersal across the Andes has left enduring signatures in the genetic structure of widespread rain forest trees. We outline additional hypotheses to be tested with species-specific case studies.</p>
Data from: Mixed Signals from the Stable Isotope Composition of Precipitation and Plant Waxes in the Northern Tropical Andes
<p>These files are the supplementary information for Pérez‐Angel, L. C., Sepúlveda, J., Montes, C., Smith, J. J., Molnar, P., González-Arango, C., Snell, K., Dildar, N., Mixed Signals from the Stable Isotope Composition of Precipitation and Plant Waxes in the Northern Tropical Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (In Revision). </p> <p> </p> <p>This work was funded by the National Science Foundation NSF | GEO | Division of Earth Sciences (EAR): 1929199</p>
Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low
<p>Genetic divergence among isolated populations is not always reflected in phenotypic differentiation. We investigated the genetic and phenotypic differentiation in <em>Diglossa cyanea</em> (Thraupidae; Masked Flowerpiercer), a widely distributed species in the tropical Andes. We found strong evidence for two main lineages separated by the Marañón River valley in the Northern Peruvian Low (NPL). These two lineages show a deep sequence divergence in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; ~6.7% uncorrected <em>p</em>-distance, n = 122), spectral frequency and song structure (with exclusive final whistles in southern populations, n = 88), and wing length (the northern populations are smaller, n = 364). The two divergent <em>D. cyanea</em> mitochondrial lineages were not sister to each other, suggesting a possible paraphyly with respect to <em>D. caerulescens</em> (Bluish Flowerpiercer) that remains to be tested with nuclear genomic data. No genetic variation, size difference or song structure was observed within the extensive range of the southern group (from the NPL to central Bolivia) or within all sampled northern populations (from the NPL to Venezuela). These vocal differences appear to have consequences for song discrimination, and species recognition, according to a previously published playback experiment study. We propose that the southern taxon be elevated to species rank as <em>D. melanopis</em>, a monotypic species (with the proposed name Whistling Masked-Flowerpiercer). In turn, we provide a redefinition of <em>D. cyanea</em> (Warbling Masked-Flowerpiercer), which is now restricted to the northern half of the tropical Andes as a polytypic species with three subspecies (<em>tovarensis</em>, <em>obscura</em>, and <em>cyanea</em>). Based on our results, the subspecies <em>dispar </em>should be treated as a junior synonym of <em>cyanea</em>. Our study highlights the need to continue amassing complementary datasets from field observations, experiments, and collection-based assessments to better characterize the evolutionary history, biogeography, bioacoustics, and taxonomy of Neotropical montane birds.</p>
Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low
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Patterns in the genetic structure of 49 lowland rain forest tree species co-distributed on opposite sides of the Northern Andes
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The fate of páramo plant assemblages in the sky islands of the northern Andes - Appendix S1. Vegetation and occurrence data used in this study
<p><strong>Aims:</strong> Assessing climate change impacts on biodiversity is a main scientific challenge, especially in the tropics, therefore, we predicted the future of plant species and communities on the unique páramo sky islands. We implemented the <i>Spatially Explicit Species Assemblage Modelling</i> framework, by i) calculating species' maximum dispersal distance, ii) modelling species distributions at present up to 2100, iii) assembling models into communities. Finally, we assessed the vulnerability of sky islands based on richness and composition changes.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Ecuadorian super-páramo (>4200 m)</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using species trait data, the maximum dispersal distance of 435 species was calculated. Species distribution models (SDM) were fitted to obtain current and future distribution predictions based on dispersal and bioclimatic factors. The final assemblages for present and 2100 were achieved by stacking all probabilistic SDMs and applying the probability ranking rule. The vulnerability of each sky island was evaluated by quantifying richness and composition changes.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Maximum dispersal distances ranged between 0.008-6027 m/year, and across all scenarios, 70% of models showed a net loss in species distribution while 9% of all species were predicted to undergo extinction by 2100. Local richness was estimated to decrease by 56.63% on average, and composition changes in each sky island suggested a mean loss of 64.74% of their original species pool against a 12.97% gain. Finally, 5% of the sky island floras reconverted from high-elevation to low-elevation species. These numbers were usually more important for high-elevation species and the mountains Pichincha, Ilinizas and Antisana.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our study is methodologically pioneer and provides novel insight on the future of páramo biodiversity. Significant losses in species distribution and changes in community richness and composition suggest drastic impacts and call for further study considering additional factors, such as land-use. Finally, we recommend focusing monitoring and conservation strategies on the northern sky islands in priority.</p>
Data from: New host and lineage diversity of avian haemosporidia in the Northern Andes
The northern Andes, with their steep elevational and climate gradients, are home to an exceptional diversity of flora and fauna, particularly rich in avian species that have adapted to divergent ecological conditions. With this diversity comes the opportunity for parasites to exploit a wide breadth of avian hosts. However, little research has focused on examining the patterns of prevalence and lineage diversity of avian parasites in the Andes. Here, we screened a total of 428 birds from 19 species (representing nine families) and identified 133 infections of avian haemosporidia (31%), including lineages of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon. We document a higher prevalence of haemosporidia at higher elevations and lower temperatures, as well as an overall high diversity of lineages in the northern Andes, including the first sequences of haemosporidians reported in hummingbirds (31 sequences found in 11 species within the family Trochilidae). Double infections were distinguished using PHASE, which enables the separation of distinct parasite lineages. Results suggest that the ecological heterogeneity of the northern Andes that has given rise to a rich diversity of avian hosts may also be particularly conducive to parasite diversification and specialization.
Data from: Pennellia yalaensis (Brassicaceae: Halimolobeae), a new species from the Andes of Northern Argentina
Pennellia yalaensis, a new species of Brassicaceae from Jujuy Province in Argentina, is described and illustrated, and its phylogenetic relationships with nearest relatives are discussed. This novelty is morphologically related to P. boliviensis and P. brachycarpa, which also grow in Central Andes of Argentina. However, P. yalaensis clearly differs from both species by the plant height, inflorescence type, and petal length. In addition, trichomes of the basal leaves distinguish the new species from P. boliviensis, and fruit length and number of ovules/seed from P. brachycarpa. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F regions, confirmed these affinities.
FIGURE 4 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru
FIGURE 4. Penaincisalia ismaeli male genitalia in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views; the width of each boxed figure is 3.4 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru
FIGURE 5. Topographic maps of the northern Andes, illustrating the known geographic ranges of the five new Penaincisalia species.
FIGURE 3 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru
FIGURE 3. Penaincisalia male genitalia in lateral (A, C, F, I) and ventral (B, D, G, J) views, with lateral view of eighth tergite in E and H; all genitalia are figured at approximately the same scale, with the width of each boxed figure 3.4 mm. A, B, P. caeruleanota. C, D, E, P. juliae. F, G, H, P. andreae. I, J, P. libertada.
FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru
FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F (higher magnification view of E), P. is ma eli.
FIGURE 1 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru
FIGURE 1. Penaincisalia adults (dorsal surface on left, ventral surface on right) at x 1.6 lifesize. A, paratype ɗ P. caeruleanota, Cerro Palma, S. Ecuador (JHKW). B, paratype Ψ P. caeruleanota, km. 11 YanganaCerro Toledo rd., S. Ecuador (RCB). C, paratype ɗ P. juliae, km. 34 JimburaSan Andrés rd., S. Ecuador (JHKW). D, paratype Ψ P. juliae, La Playa, Huicungo, P. N. Río Abiseo, N. Peru (MUSM). E, holotype ɗ P. andreae, Río San Francisco, ZamoraLoja rd., S. Ecuador (USNM). F, holotype ɗ P. libertada, Cumpang, between Tayabamba and Ongón, N. Peru (MUSM). G, holotype ɗ P. i s m a e l i, km. 10 LojaZamora rd., S. Ecuador (USNM).
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru
FIGURE 5. Male paratype of Eleutherodactylus stictoboubonus in life, MHNSM 24447, male, 20 mm SVL. Photo by P. Venegas.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus stictoboubonus, MHNSM 24446. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head. C. Palmar view of hand. D. Plantar view of foot.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus corrugatus in life, MHNSM 28063, 26.2 mm SVL. Photo by P. Venegas.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Eleutherodactylus corrugatus, MHNSM 28063. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head. C. Palmar view of hand. D. Plantar view of foot.
FIGURES 3–12 in Six new species of Paraleia Tonnoir (Diptera, Mycetophilidae): amphinotic elements at the northern range of the Andes
FIGURES 3–12. Wings of Paraleia. 3. Paraleia bolivari sp. n., male paratype. 4. Paraleia bolivari sp. n., female paratype. 5. Paraleia fumosa sp. n., male paratype. 6. Paraleia fumosa sp. n., female paratype. 7. Paraleia denticulata sp. n., male paratype. 8. Paraleia denticulata sp. n., female paratype. 9. Paraleia tonnoiri sp. n., male holotype. 10. Paraleia nidorosa sp. n., female holotype. 11. Paraleia sharkeyi sp. n., female paratype. 12. Paraleia sp., female paratype. Scale 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Six new species of Paraleia Tonnoir (Diptera, Mycetophilidae): amphinotic elements at the northern range of the Andes
FIGURE 2. Lateral view of head, thorax and first abdominal segment. Male paratype of Paraleia bolivari sp. n. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 16 in New species of high elevation cloud forest butterflies of the genus Pedaliodes Butler from the northern Colombian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 16. Geographical distribution of new species: 1, Pedaliodes haydoni; 2, Pedaliodes philinae; 3, Pedaliodes adrianae; 4, Pedaliodes rodriguezi.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.