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80 results for “nutrient limitation”
Soil nutrient dissimilarity and litter nutrient limitation as major drivers of home field advantage in riparian tropical forests
<p><span>Decomposition is a key process driving carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems worldwide. The home field advantage effect (HFA) has been found to accelerate decomposition rates when litter originates from "home" when compared to other ("away") sites. It is still poorly known how HFA plays out in tropical, riparian forests, particularly in forests under restoration. We carried out three independent reciprocal litter transplant experiments to test how litter quality, soil nutrient concentrations and successional stage (age) influenced HFA in tropical riparian forests. These experimental areas formed a wide gradient of soil and litter nutrients, which we used to evaluate the more general hypothesis that HFA varies with dissimilarity in soil nutrients and litter quality. We found that HFA increased with soil nutrient dissimilarity, suggesting that litter translocation uncouples relationships between decomposers and litter characteristics; and with litter N:P, indicating P limitation in this system. We also found negative HFA effects at a site under restoration that presented low decomposer ability, suggesting that forest restoration does not necessarily recover decomposer communities and nutrient cycling. Within each of the independent experiments, the occurrence of HFA effects was limited and their magnitude was not related to forest age, nor soil and litter quality. Our results imply that HFA effects in tropical ecosystems are influenced by litter nutrient limitation and soil nutrient dissimilarity between home and away sites, but to further disentangle major HFA drivers in tropical areas, a gradient of dissimilarity between litter and soil properties must be implemented in future experimental designs.</span></p>
Widespread controls of leaf nutrient resorption by nutrient limitation and stoichiometry
<p>Leaf nutrient resorption is a key process in nutrient cycles, but fundamental knowledge regarding its control mechanisms remains limited. Among the three proposed basic control mechanisms on leaf nutrient resorption, namely nutrient concentration control, nutrient limitation control, and stoichiometry control, only the first has been demonstrated to exist globally, while the latter two have not been systematically evaluated.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a global data synthesis to explore nutrient limitation and stoichiometry control on leaf resorption of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, based on 3,395 data points from 109 peer-reviewed studies. </p> <p>Results showed that the nutrient limitation control existed globally, but was only applicable for the resorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The stoichiometry control existed globally for carbon and all studied nutrients, and coexisted with nutrient limitation control. Conifers' resorption relied primarily on stoichiometry control rather than nutrient limitation control. Nutrient limitation control was stronger in evergreen angiosperms than in deciduous angiosperms.</p> <p>Our findings support the ubiquity of both nutrient limitation and stoichiometry in controlling leaf resorption for multiple nutrients, such that these controls should be considered in Earth system models to better predict biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.</p>
Effects of nutrient limitation on the synthesis of N-rich phytoplankton toxins: a meta-analysis
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Widespread controls of leaf nutrient resorption by nutrient limitation and stoichiometry
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Data from: Dispersal and nutrient limitations of decomposition above the forest floor: evidence from experimental manipulations of epiphytes and macronutrients
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Evidence of local adaptation in a freshwater diatom indicates higher sensitivity to nutrient limitation as water temperature rises
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Data from: Phytoplankton functional composition determines limitation by nutrients and grazers across a lake productivity gradient
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Nutrients, isolation and lack of grazing limit plant diversity in restored wetlands
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Native soil microbes buffer savanna trees against nutrient limitation but are drought sensitive
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Global patterns of nutrient limitation in soil microorganisms
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Effects of episodic nutrients enrichments on P-limited planktonic communities: Lake Redon ENEX 2013 experiment
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Differential nutrient limitation and tree height control leaf physiology, supporting niche partitioning in tropical dipterocarp forests
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Soil nutrient dissimilarity and litter nutrient limitation as major drivers of home field advantage in riparian tropical forests
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Processes at the soil-root interface determine the different responses of nutrient limitation and metal toxicity in forbs and grasses to nitrogen enrichment
<ol> <li>Nutrient limitation and metal toxicity have been implicated in changes of grassland communities by nitrogen (N) deposition. Belowground processes, especially those at the soil-root interface, play important roles in determining variation in nutrient concentrations in plants. However, few studies have specifically focused on the roles of these processes in mineral-element acquisition in grassland plants in response to N enrichment.</li> <li>Here we investigated the contributions of belowground processes at the soil-root interface to the differential acquisition of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) by forbs and grasses of a temperate steppe in response to N addition by combining field and glasshouse experiments.</li> <li>Nitrogen addition increased the concentrations of both leaf P ([P]) and Mn ([Mn]) and decreased leaf [Ca] of forbs, while it had little effects on leaf concentrations of these elements in grasses. Nitrogen addition led to a higher activity of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere of forb, and greater release of protons and carboxylates from forb roots than grass roots, contributing to the differential [P], [Ca] and [Mn] in leaves of forbs and grasses. Applying oxalate to soil to simulate the release of carboxylates by N enrichment enhanced [P] and [Mn], and decreased [Ca] in the soil solution. However, addition of hydrogen-ion increased [P], [Mn] and [Ca] in the soil solution. Lime addition mitigated the N addition-induced soil acidification, while it did not abolish the stimulatory effect of short-term N addition on leaf [P] and [Mn] of forbs. Therefore, we conclude that differences in the ecophysiological processes at the soil-root interface account for changes in leaf [P], [Ca] and [Mn] under short-term N addition, and that soil acidification aggravates the responses of these elements, especially [Ca] and [Mn], to long-term N enrichment.</li> <li><span>Synthesis: Our results highlight the contribution of belowground processes, especially those at the soil-root interface, to variation in plant element concentrations between dominant forbs and grasses in the temperate steppe. These findings greatly enhance our mechanistic understanding of the effects of N deposition on grassland communities.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Nitrogen transformations differentially affect nutrient-limited primary production in lakes of varying trophic state
The concept of lakes "evolving" phosphorus (P) limitation has persisted in limnology despite limited direct evidence. Here, we developed a simple model to broadly characterize nitrogen (N) surpluses and deficits relative to P in lakes, and compared the magnitude of this imbalance to estimates of N gains and losses through biological N transformations. The model suggested that approximately half of oligotrophic lakes in the US had a stoichiometric N deficit, but almost 90% of the most productive lakes had a similar N deficit. Although reactive N appeared to accumulate in the most oligotrophic lakes, net denitrification perpetuated the N deficit in more productive lakes. Productive lakes tended to export reactive N via biological N transformations regardless of their N deficit. The lack of N accumulation through N fixation has important implications for our understanding of lake biogeochemistry, ecology, and eutrophication management.
Data from: Nutrient limitation in tropical secondary forests following different management practices
Secondary forests now make up more than half of all tropical forests, and constraints on their biomass accumulation will influence the strength of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink in the coming decades. However the variance in secondary tropical forest biomass for a given stand age and climate is high and our understanding of why is limited. We constructed a model of terrestrial C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling to examine the influence of disturbance and management practices on nutrient limitation and biomass recovery in secondary tropical forests. The model predicted that N limited the rate of forest recovery in the first few decades following harvest, but that this limitation switched to P approximately 30-40 years after abandonment, consistent with field data on N and P cycling from secondary tropical forest chronosequences. Simulated biomass recovery agreed well with field data of biomass accumulation following harvest (R2=0.80). Model results showed that if all biomass remained on site following a severe disturbance such as blowdown, regrowth approached pre-disturbance biomass in 80-90 years, and recovery was faster following smaller disturbances such as selective logging. Field data from regrowth on abandoned pastures were consistent with simulated losses of nutrients in soil organic matter, particularly P. Following any forest disturbance that involved the removal of nutrients (i.e., except blowdown), forest regrowth produced reduced biomass relative to the initial state as a result of nutrient loss through harvest, leaching and/or sequestration by secondary minerals. Differences in nutrient availability accounted for 49-94% of the variance in secondary forest biomass C at a given stand age. Management lessons from this study are the importance of strategies that help retain nutrients on site, recognizing the role of coarse woody debris in immobilization and subsequent release of nutrients, and the potential for nutrient additions to enhance biomass growth and recovery in secondary tropical forests.
Data from: Soil nutrients and dispersal limitation shape compositional variation in secondary tropical forests across multiple scales
1. Soil resource partitioning and dispersal limitation have been shown to shape the tree community structure of mature tropical forests, but are poorly studied in the context of forest succession. We examined the relative contributions of both ecological processes to the variation in the species composition of young tropical secondary forests at different spatial scales, and if the relative importance of these two ecological processes changed during succession. At the species level, we examined if the association between species abundances and soil fertility differed between early and late successional species and/or changed over the course of succession. 2. We used vegetation and soil data from 47 secondary forest sites with two plots each in a tropical agricultural landscape. A distance-based redundancy analysis and variation partition were employed to examine the relative importance of spatial distance (proxy for dispersal limitation) and heterogeneity in soil nutrients (proxy for soil nutrient partitioning) at the landscape scale, and a linear regression to test their effects at the local scale. We examined interspecific variation in species' responses to successional age and soil nutrients with a joint species distribution model. 3. Dispersal limitation and soil niche partitioning drove considerable variation in the composition of plant communities at local and landscape scales. The relative contribution of these two ecological processes changed with scale (local versus landscape), topography (lower slope versus upper slope plots). At the species level, significant abundance-soil fertility associations were mostly positive. Most species became less responsive to soil nutrients over the first few decades of tropical forest succession, probably because light became the main limiting resource in older forests. 4. Synthesis. Our key finding is that spatial heterogeneity in soil resources and spatial distance jointly drive compositional variation within and across early successional forests. Our results highlight that a network of forest fragments enhances the resilience of ecological processes and the potential of secondary forests to restore and preserve biodiversity in human-modified landscapes. To advance our understanding of ecological succession, we need to move beyond single-factor and local-scale studies and examine the effects of multiple variables on succession at multiple spatial scales.
Data from: Tracing coco de mer's reproductive history: pollen and nutrient limitation reduce fecundity
Habitat degradation can reduce or even prevent the reproduction of previously abundant plant species. To develop appropriate management strategies, we need to understand the reasons for reduced recruitment in degraded ecosystems. The dioecious coco de mer palm (Lodoicea maldivica) produces by far the largest seeds of any plant. It is a keystone species in an ancient palm forest that occurs only on two small islands in the Seychelles, yet contemporary rates of seed production are low, especially in fragmented populations. We developed a method to infer the recent reproductive history of female trees from morphological evidence present on their inflorescences. We then investigated the effects of habitat disturbance and soil nutrient conditions on flower and fruit production. The 57 female trees in our sample showed a 19.5-fold variation in flower production among individuals over a seven-year period. Only 77.2% of trees bore developing fruits (or had recently shed fruits), with the number per tree ranging from zero to 43. Flower production was positively correlated with concentrations of available soil nitrogen and potassium, and did not differ significantly between closed and degraded habitat. Fruiting success was positively correlated with pollen availability, as measured by numbers and distance of neighbouring male trees. Fruit-set was lower in degraded habitat than in closed forest, while the proportion of abnormal fruits that failed to develop was higher in degraded habitat. Seed size recorded for a large sample of seeds varied widely, with fresh weights ranging from 1 to 18 kg. Shortages of both nutrients and pollen appear to limit seed production of Lodoicea in its natural habitat, with these factors affecting different stages of the reproductive process. Flower production varies widely amongst trees, while seed production is especially low in degraded habitat. The size of seeds is also very variable. We discuss the implications of these findings for managing this ecologically and economically important species.
Data from: An assessment of carbon and nutrient limitations in the formation of the southern Andes treeline
Although the principal mechanism determining tree line formation appears to be carbon (C)-sink limitations due to low temperatures, few studies have assessed the complementary role of reduced soil nutrient availability with elevation. We tested the hypothesis that nutrient (especially nitrogen, N) limitations at tree line may directly (via C-source) or indirectly (via C-sink) reduce the growth of a winter deciduous tree line species. If a shortage of soil N with elevation is involved in tree line formation, it should occur in two alternative ways: (i) through sink limitations because N is required for tissue formation, which would indirectly limit C investments (N decreases and C reserves increase with elevation), and (ii) through C limitations because this would lead directly to a reduction of photoassimilates (N and C reserves decrease with elevation). In testing our hypothesis, we analysed tree growth rates (basal area increment), twig non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and N concentrations, leaf N, phosphorus (P), N:P ratio concentrations, and soil nutrient levels (NO3−, NH4+, Olsen–P) in four disparate climate and soil Nothofagus pumilio tree lines spanning 18 degrees of latitude in the southern Andes of Chile. We found a significant decrease in tree growth with elevation. Twig NSC concentrations pooled across locations also decreased significantly with elevation (starch constituted most of the NSC and was highly responsible for the negative trend), although this trend was mostly driven by the northernmost locations. Contrary to soil N availability, leaf N and P concentrations increased significantly with elevation. Twig N concentrations, soil P and leaf N:P ratios did not change with elevation. Synthesis. The elevational decrease in NSC concentrations supports C-source limitation in N. pumilio trees at tree line elevation. In the light of this, we assert that the current global explanation for tree line formation (C-sink-limitation driven by low temperatures) must be revisited. Given that leaf N and P concentrations increased and twig N concentrations did not change with elevation, nutrient limitation is not likely to be involved in the C-limitations and could not therefore be an explanation for tree line formation.
Data from: Simulated caribou browsing limits the effect of nutrient addition on the growth of Betula glandulosa, an expanding shrub species in Eastern Canada
1.Warmer summer temperatures and enhanced soil fertility increase shrub growth in tundra ecosystems, and these factors have likely contributed to shrub expansion at the circumpolar scale over the last decades. Conversely, large herbivores have the potential to counteract the positive impacts of climate change on shrub growth. Indeed, by stripping the leaves, herbivores have the potential to control the growth of shrub species and, consequently, limit their expansion. 2.To disentangle the impacts of climate change and herbivory on Betula glandulosa Michx., we conducted a 5-yr factorial experiment near Deception Bay, Nunavik, Canada, in which we simulated warmer temperatures, increased nitrogen availability and three caribou browsing intensities during the growing season. At the end of the experiment, we harvested the aboveground biomass of B. glandulosa and conducted dendrochronological analyses on stems. 3.Fertilized plots under ambient temperature had 34% greater shrub biomass than plots assigned to the combined treatment of nitrogen addition and warmer temperatures. Browsing intensity had no effect on final biomass. Nitrogen addition increased radial growth (18-33%; 3 years out of 5). Overall, browsing had a cumulative negative impact on B. glandulosa radial growth during the 5-yr experiment. While browsing had no effect in the first year of the experiment, moderate browsing (leaves stripped on 25% of available shoots) decreased radial growth by 27% at year 2, 32% at year 4 and 27% at year 5. Heavy browsing (leaves stripped on 75% of available shoots annually) decreased radial growth by approximately 27% at year 2, 37% at year 3, 50% at year 4 and 48% at year 5. We did not observe significant interactions between browsing, temperature and nitrogen availability. 4.Synthesis. Our results clearly showed that caribou browsing may limit the growth of B. glandulosa, and thus can potentially limit its expansion. Herbivory should thus be considered when predicting tundra vegetation changes in the Arctic, at least in areas with high herbivore densities.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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