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118 results for “ocean warming”
Data and Analyses supporting "Human-caused ocean warming has intensified recent hurricanes"
<p>Notebooks and data from "Human-caused ocean warming has intensified recent hurricanes", in press at <em>Environmetal Research: Climate</em>.</p> <p>A pre-print of the paper can be found at <a href="https://essopenarchive.org/users/667788/articles/1232538-human-caused-ocean-warming-has-intensified-recent-hurricanes">https://essopenarchive.org/users/667788/articles/1232538-human-caused-ocean-warming-has-intensified-recent-hurricanes</a></p> <p>Included are study analysis notebooks, figure plotting notebooks supportiung the paper publication, and data file outputs forming the computation foundation of paper results.</p> <p>Please email <a href="mailto:dgilford@climatecentral.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dgilford@climatecentral.org</a> with any questions or feedback.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Funding for this work was provided by the Bezos Earth Fund, The Schmidt Family Foun</em><em>dation, and the CO2 Foundation.</em></p>
Data for: Increasing hypoxia on global coral reefs under ocean warming
<p><span class="s1">Ocean deoxygenation is predicted to threaten marine ecosystems globally. However, current and future oxygen concentrations and the occurrence of hypoxic events on coral reefs remain underexplored. Here, using autonomous sensor data to explore oxygen variability and hypoxia exposure at 32 representative reef sites, we reveal that hypoxia is already pervasive on many reefs. 84% of reefs experienced weak to moderate (≤153 to ≤92 μmol O<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>) hypoxia and 13% experienced severe (≤61 μmol O<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>) hypoxia. Under different climate change scenarios based on 4 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), we show that projected ocean warming and deoxygenation will increase the duration, intensity, and severity of hypoxia, with more than 94% and 31% of reefs experiencing weak to moderate and severe hypoxia, respectively, by 2100 under SSP5-8.5. This projected oxygen loss could have negative consequences for coral reef taxa due to the key role of oxygen in organism functioning and fitness.</span></p>
Data for: Increasing hypoxia on global coral reefs under ocean warming
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The greater role of Southern Ocean warming compared to Arctic Ocean warming in shifting future tropical rainfall patterns
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Data from: Shifting seagrass-oyster interactions alter species response to ocean warming and acidification
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Future seasonal changes in habitat for Arctic whales during predicted ocean warming
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Data from: Diversity in thermal affinity among key piscivores buffers impacts of ocean warming on predator-prey interactions
Asymmetries in responses to climate change have the potential to alter important predator-prey interactions, in part by altering the location and size of spatial refugia for prey. We evaluated the effect of ocean warming on interactions between four important piscivores and four of their prey in the U.S. Northeast Shelf by examining species overlap under historical conditions (1968-2014) and with a doubling in CO2. Because both predator and prey shift their distributions in response to changing ocean conditions, the net impact of warming or cooling on predator-prey interactions was not determined a priori from the range extent of either predator or prey alone. For Atlantic cod, an historically dominant piscivore in the region, we found that both historical and future warming led to a decline in the proportion of prey species' range it occupied and caused a potential reduction in its ability to exert top-down control on these prey. In contrast, the potential for overlap of spiny dogfish with prey species was enhanced by warming, expanding their importance as predators in this system. In sum, the decline in the ecological role for cod that began with overfishing in this ecosystem will likely be exacerbated by warming, but this loss may be counteracted by the rise in dominance of other piscivores with contrasting thermal preferences. Functional diversity in thermal affinity within the piscivore guild may therefore buffer against the impact of warming on marine ecosystems, suggesting a novel mechanism by which diversity confers resilience.
Data and scripts to reproduce figures from "Ocean warming threatens the viability of 60% of Antarctic ice shelves"
<p>This is the formatted data related to the paper "Ocean warming threatens the viability of 60% of Antarctic ice shelves".</p> <p>Main data used to produce the main figures:<br>> bayesian_weights_davison_varying_combined_2300_withoutGISS.nc: Bayesian weights used in the computation of weighted likelihoods and averages considering all simulations going to 2300 - used in the main study<br>> all_fluxes_br_withoutGISS.nc: all fluxes forming the ice-shelf mass balance propagated across the different dimensions of uncertainty (CMIP models, basal melt parameterisations, bed plasticities)<br>> hydrofracturing_limits_new.nc: File containing the percentiles of reaching the hydrofracturing criterion</p> <p>Files needed to compute the weights:<br>> area_isf_greene22.nc: ice-shelf area used in Davison et al. 23 (from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05037-w">Greene et al. 2022</a>)<br>> varying_conditions_davison23.nc: Ice-shelf mass budget fluxes from 1997 on from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi0186">Davison et al. 2023</a><br>> steadystate_davison23.nc: Ice-shelf mass budget fluxes from the steady state from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi0186">Davison et al. 2023</a></p> <p>Geometric information:<br>> gridarea_ISMIP6_AIS_4000m_grid.nc: File containing area of grid cells<br>> Mask_Iceshelf_4km_IMBIE_withNisf.nc: Mask used to define the location of the different ice shelves, based on <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/15863352">Caillet et al. 2025 </a><br>> BedMachine_4km_slope_info_bedrock_draft_latlon_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for neural network parameterisation, inferred using the <a href="https://github.com/ClimateClara/multimelt">multimelt package</a><br>> BedMachinev2_4km_isf_masks_and_info_and_distance_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for different computations, inferred using the <a href="https://github.com/ClimateClara/multimelt">multimelt package</a><br>> ano_choice_NEMOorISMIP_withoutGISS.nc: file recording which T and S profiles should be taken, either ISMIP climatology or NEMO hindcast, depending on their difference to the reference mass balance</p> <p>Data for analysis only until 2100:<br>> bayesian_weights_davison_varying_combined_withoutGISS.nc: Bayesian weights used in the computation of weighted likelihoods and averages considering all simulations going to 2100 (see Extended Data Fig. 5)</p> <p>Additional files needed for the additional analysis on other plausible geometries: <br>> ElmerIce_4km_2100isf_masks_and_info_and_distance_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for different computations for the 2100 ice-sheet geometry<br>> ElmerIce_4km_2100_slope_info_bedrock_draft_latlon_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for neural network parameterisation for the 2100 ice-sheet geometry<br>> ElmerIce_4km_2150isf_masks_and_info_and_distance_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for different computations for the 2150 ice-sheet geometry<br>> ElmerIce_4km_2150_slope_info_bedrock_draft_latlon_oneFRIS.nc: Geometric information needed for neural network parameterisation for the 2150 ice-sheet geometry<br>> all_fluxes_br_withoutGISS_ElmerIcegeo2100.nc: all fluxes forming the ice-shelf mass balance propagated across the different dimensions of uncertainty (CMIP models, basal melt parameterisations, bed plasticities) for the 2100 ice-sheet geometry<br>> all_fluxes_br_withoutGISS_ElmerIcegeo2150.nc: all fluxes forming the ice-shelf mass balance propagated across the different dimensions of uncertainty (CMIP models, basal melt parameterisations, bed plasticities) for the 2150 ice-sheet geometry<br><br>The scripts are explained in the associated README in scripts_paper_iceshelf_viability.zip. You can also find them here: https://github.com/ClimateClara/scripts_paper_iceshelf_viability<br><br>Here is a summary of the README:</p> <p>- Figure 2 and 3 were done with /notebooks_for_figures/timeseries_nb_viable_isf_withoutGISS_withhydrofrac_calving0.ipynb and /notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba_withoutGISS_calving0.ipynb<br>- Figure 4 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba_withoutGISS_calving0.ipynb<br>- Figure 5 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/timeseries_nb_viable_isf_withoutGISS_withhydrofrac_calving0.ipynb and notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba_onlyhydrofrac.ipynb</p> <p>- Extended Data Figures 1 to 4 were done with /notebooks_for_figures/plot_mass_fluxes.ipynb<br>- Extended Data Figure 5 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/timeseries_nb_viable_isf_withoutGISS_withhydrofrac_calving0.ipynb<br>- Extended Data Figure 6 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/timeseries_nb_viable_isf_withoutGISS_withhydrofrac.ipynb and /notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba.ipynb<br>- Extended Data Figure 7 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba.ipynb<br>- Extended Data Figure 8 was done with /notebooks_for_figures/timeseries_nb_viable_isf_withoutGISS_withhydrofrac_ElmerIcegeometries.ipynb and /notebooks_for_figures/2D_subplots_viability_proba_withoutGISS_ElmerIcegeometries.ipynb<br>- Extended Data Figures 10 to 12 were done with /notebooks_for_figures/histo_weights_new.ipynb</p> <p>In the folder 'notebooks_for_datapreparation', you will find a few scripts to prepare the data. These are not as detailed and not meant to be run out of the box but permit to give insight into the practical application of the methods described in the paper. For potential inspiration of similar work :)<br>For the hydrofracturing calculations we refer to `Jourdain et al. 2025 <https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1641-2025>`_ and the associated scripts: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13756240 and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15003864.</p>
Stronger oceanic CO2 sink in eddy-resolving simulations of global warming: simulations outputs
<p>This repository contains 1) the air-sea CO2 flux and the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) distribution in idealized simulations run at different resolutions 2) the terms of the DIC budget for each simulation integrated temporally on the all simulation and integrated spatially on different boxes of the domain. These data are used in the article "Stronger oceanic CO$_2$ sink in eddy-resolving simulations of global warming" published in Geophysical Research Letters for producing Figs. 2, 3, 4. Refer to this paper for details about the data.</p>
Data from: Combining mesocosms with models to unravel the effects of global warming and ocean acidification on a temperate marine ecosystem
<p><span>Ocean warming and species exploitation have already caused large-scale reorganization of biological communities across the world. Accurate projections of future biodiversity change require a comprehensive understanding of how entire communities respond to global change. We combined a time-dynamic integrated food web modelling approach (Ecosim) with previous data from community-level mesocosm experiments to determine the independent and combined effects of ocean warming and acidification, and fisheries exploitation, on a well-managed temperate coastal ecosystem. The mesocosm parameters enabled important physiological and behavioural responses to climate stressors to be projected for trophic levels ranging from primary producers to top predators, including sharks. Through model simulations, we show that under sustainable rates of exploitation, near-future warming or ocean acidification in isolation could benefit species biomass at higher trophic levels (e.g., mammals, birds, and demersal finfish) in their current climate ranges, with the exception of small pelagic fish. However, under warming and acidification combined biomass-increases at higher trophic levels will be lower or absent, whilst in the longer term reduced productivity of prey species is unlikely to support the increased biomass at the top of the food web. We also show that increases in exploitation will suppress any positive effects of human-driven climate change, causing individual species biomass to decrease at higher trophic levels. Nevertheless, total future potential biomass of some fisheries species in temperate areas might remain high, particularly under acidification, because unharvested opportunistic species will likely benefit from decreased competition and show an increase in biomass. Ecological indicators of species composition such as the Shannon diversity index declined under all climate change scenarios, suggesting a trade-off between biomass gain and functional diversity. By coupling parameters from multi-level mesocosm food web experiments with dynamic food web models, we were able to simulate the generative mechanisms that drive complex responses of temperate marine ecosystems to global change. This approach, which blends theory with experimental data, provides new prospects for forecasting climate-driven biodiversity change and its effects on ecosystem processes.</span></p>
GFDL AM2.1 Model Output -Changes in Monsoon Meteorological Elements Due to the Warming of the Tropical Indian Ocean
<p>Changes in Climatological Mean Stream Function, Eddy Flux, Wind Field, Moisture Flux, and Precipitation from May to September Due to the Warming of the Indian Ocean</p>
CESM2 Mechanically Decoupled (MD) for "Summer westerly wind intensification weakens Southern Ocean seasonal cycle under global warming" - submitted to Geophysical Research Letters
<p>CESM2 Experiment names:</p> <ul> <li>MD = mechanically decoupled model (referred to as MD in paper)</li> <li>FC = fully coupled model (referred to as FC in paper)</li> </ul> <p>Decoding file names:</p> <ul> <li>ensmean refers to ensemble mean</li> <li>trend refers to linear trend over 1950-2014</li> </ul> <p>Variables:</p> <ul> <li>SST = sea surface temperature</li> <li>HMXL = mixed layer depth</li> <li>WSPDSRFAV = horizontal total wind speed average at the surface</li> </ul>
MDM data for "Wind driven ocean circulation changes can amplify future cooling of the North Atlantic warming hole" - submitted to Journal of Climate
<p>Data files for MDM simulation used in Journal of Climate submission, "Wind driven ocean circulation changes can amplify future cooling of the North Atlantic warming hole"</p>
Data from: Ocean warming undermines the recovery resilience of New England kelp forests following a fishery-induced trophic cascade
<p>Ecological theory predicts that kelp forests structured by trophic cascades should experience a recovery and persistence of their foundation species when herbivores become rare. Yet, climate change may be altering the outcomes of top-down forcing in kelp forests, especially those located in regions that have rapidly warmed in recent decades, such as the Gulf of Maine. Here, using data collected annually from 30+ sites spanning >350 km of coastline, we explored the dynamics of Maine's kelp forests in the ~20 years after a fishery-induced elimination of sea urchin herbivores. Although forests (dominated by <em>Saccharina latissima</em> and <em>Laminaria digitata</em>) had broadly returned to Maine in the late 20th century, we found that forests in northeast Maine have since experienced slow but significant declines in kelp, and forest persistence in the northeast was juxtaposed by a rapid, widespread collapse in the southwest. Forests collapsed in the southwest apparently because ocean warming has – directly and indirectly – made this area inhospitable to kelp. Indeed, when modeling drivers of change using causal techniques from econometrics, we discovered that unusually high summer water temperatures the year prior, unusually high spring water temperatures, and high sea urchin densities each negatively impacted kelp abundance. Furthermore, the relative power and absolute impact of these drivers varied geographically. Our findings reveal that ocean warming is redefining the outcomes of top-down forcing in this system, whereby herbivore removal no longer predictably leads to a sustained dominance of kelp – the ecosystem's foundation – but instead has led to a waning dominance (northeast) or the rise of a novel phase state defined by "turf" algae (southwest). Such findings indicate that limiting climate change and managing for low herbivore abundances will be essential for preventing further loss of the vast forests that still exist in northeastern Maine. They also more broadly highlight that climate change is "rewriting the rules" of nature, and thus that ecological theory and practice must be revised to account for shifting species and processes.</p>
Reevaluating the Little Ice Age: Novel insights from oceanic and terrestrial records on unexpected warm winters
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Picophytoplankton lineages display clear niche partitioning but overall positive response to future ocean warming
<p>This repository contains data used in the Flombaum et al. (2019) Nature Geoscience paper entitled "<strong>Picophytoplankton lineages display clear niche partitioning but overall positive response to future ocean warming" </strong>for sensitivity tests.</p> <p>npp_91x180.mat is a 2D net primary production data from satellite ( SeaWiFS).</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/ea47715e-18fe-42d4-8d36-848824829b53/omega2_ad1e-05_ai1000.mat">omega2_ad1e-05_ai1000.mat</a> contains advection and diffusion transport operator.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/ea47715e-18fe-42d4-8d36-848824829b53/po4obs_91x180x24.mat">po4obs_91x180x24.mat</a> is 3D dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentrations obtained from WOA2013 and interpolated into the inverse model gird (91x180x24);</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/ea47715e-18fe-42d4-8d36-848824829b53/xhat_91x180_control.mat">xhat_91x180_control.mat</a> is optimal phosphorus model parameters; It has four parameters: <em>b - </em><em>Marine curve exponent; kappa_d - dissolved organic phosphorus remineralization rate constant; alpha and beta: parameters used to scale satellite NPP to model organic phosphorus production.</em></p>
Data from: Amelioration of ocean acidification and warming effects through physiological buffering of a macroalgae
<p>Concurrent anthropogenic global climate change and ocean acidification is expected to have a negative impact on calcifying marine organisms. While knowledge of biological responses of organisms to oceanic stress has emerged from single species experiments, these do not capture ecologically relevant scenarios where the potential for multi-organism physiological interactions is assessed. Marine algae provide an interesting case study, as their photosynthetic activity elevates pH in the surrounding microenvironment, potentially buffering more acidic conditions for associated epiphytes. We present findings that indicate increased tolerance of an important epiphytic foraminifera, <em>Marginopora vertebralis</em>, to the effects of increased temperature (±3 °C) and pCO<sub>2</sub> (~1000 µatm) when associated with its common algal host, <em>Laurencia intricata</em>. Specimens of <em>M. vertebralis </em>were incubated for 15 days in flow-through aquaria simulating current and end-of-century temperature and pH conditions. Physiological measures of growth (change in wet weight), calcification (measured change in total alkalinity in closed bottles), photochemical efficiency (<em>Fv/Fm</em>), total chlorophyll, photosynthesis (oxygen flux), and respiration, were determined. When incubated in isolation, <em>M. vertebralis </em>exhibited reduced growth in end-of-century projections of ocean acidification conditions, while calcification rates were lowest in the high-temperature, low-pH treatment. Interestingly, association with<em> L. intricata</em> ameliorated these stress effects with the growth and calcification rates of<em> M. vertebralis </em>being similar to those observed in ambient conditions. Total chlorophyll levels in <em>M. vertebralis</em> decreased when in association with <em>L. intricata</em>, while maximum photochemical efficiency increased in ambient conditions. Net production estimates remained similar between <em>M. vertebralis </em>in isolation and in association with <em>L. intricata</em>, although both production and respiration rates of<em> M. vertebralis</em> were significantly higher when associated with <em>L. intricata</em>. These results indicate that the association with <em>L. intricata</em> increases the resilience of <em>M. vertebralis</em> to stress, providing one of the first examples of physiological buffering by a marine alga that can ameliorate the negative effects of changing ocean conditions.</p>
Seamless Projections of Global Storm Surge and Ocean Waves under a Warming Climate
<p>This is dataset of global ocean waves and storm surges used in the paper "Seamless Projections of Global Storm Surge and Ocean Waves under a Warming Climate" by Shimura et al. (2022, Geophysical Research Letters).</p> <p>AnnualMaxSSH_SeamlessExperiment.nc contains the global annual maximum storm surge in the seamless experiment.</p> <p>AnnualMaxHs_SeamlessExperiment.nc contains the global annual maximum significant wave heights in the seamless experiment.</p> <p>AnnualMaxHs_TimesliceExperiment_Historical.nc contains the global annual maximum significant wave heights in the time-slice experiment (the historical climate simulations).</p> <p>AnnualMaxHs_TimesliceExperiment_ProjectedFuture.nc contains the global annual maximum significant wave heights in the time-slice experiment (the projected future climate simulations).</p>
Tolerance of coralline algae to ocean warming and marine heatwaves
<p>Ocean warming (OW) and marine heatwaves (MHWs) rapidly transform marine ecosystems, especially when they impact keystone or foundation species. Foundation species such as kelps, fucoids and corals are highly sensitive to heat stress, which threatens the future of temperate seaweed forests and tropical reefs. However, functioning and resilience of these systems also rely on the less conspicuous coralline algae, whose thermal tolerances have gone largely untested. Here, we examined the sensitivity of four temperate coralline algal morphotypes from three different species to four realistic present-day and future OW and MHW scenarios (ambient [16°C constant]; ambient+MHW [16°C baseline + a symmetric two-week heatwave with a peak intensity of 18.7°C]; future [18.7°C constant]; future+MHW [18.7°C baseline + a symmetric two-week heatwave with a peak intensity of 21.4°C]). Photo-physiology (e.g., Fv/Fm) and calcification physiology (e.g., proxies for calcifying fluid saturation state Ω CF ) were generally unaffected by the treatments, implying a high thermo-tolerance of our study species compared to other important marine foundation species. We ascribe this mainly to their photosynthetic apparatus that, unlike in other photoautotrophs, continued to function under heat stress. Experimental evidence presented here and elsewhere implies that coralline algae are likely to continue to play their crucial ecological roles in a warming ocean. Yet, such predictions are fraught with uncertainty due to the substantial gaps in our knowledge. We attempt to highlight some of these gaps and aim to present potential physiological underpinnings of their thermo-tolerance.</p>
Oxygen availability and body mass modulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming
<p>Data and analysis scripts for the following publication: Duncan et al. In press. Oxygen availability and body mass regulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming. Nature communications</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Analysis_script.R</em> is the R script to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>data.csv</em> is the physiology data to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>current_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>raw respirometry data.zip</em> is the raw respirometry data collected during the experiments for the manuscript.</p> <p><em>raw_meta_data.xlsx</em> is the meta data related to the respirometry data collected during the experiments.</p> <p><em>raw_resp_data_script.R</em> is the R script to quantify physiological metrics from experimental data.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.