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264 results for “odor”
Depolarization block in olfactory sensory neurons expands the dimensionality of odor encoding
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Experience-dependent plasticity modulates ongoing activity in the antennal lobe and enhances odor representations
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Does the tail show when the nose knows? AI-enhanced analysis of tail kinematics outperforms human experts at predicting when detection dogs find their target odor
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Control of odor sensation by light and cryptochrome in the Drosophila antenna
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Data for: Chronic exposure to odors at naturally occurring concentrations triggers limited plasticity in early stages of Drosophila olfactory processing
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Data from: <em>Vespula pensylvanica</em> locate odor sources across diverse natural wind conditions
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Recurrent circuitry is required to stabilize piriform cortex odor representations across brain states
<p>Pattern completion, or the ability to retrieve stable neural activity patterns from noisy or partial cues, is a fundamental feature of memory. Theoretical studies indicate that recurrently connected auto-associative or discrete attractor networks can perform this process. Although pattern completion and attractor dynamics have been observed in various recurrent neural circuits, the role recurrent circuitry plays in implementing these processes remains unclear. In recordings from head-fixed mice, we found that odor responses in olfactory bulb degrade under ketamine/ xylazine anesthesia, while responses immediately downstream, in piriform cortex, remain robust. Recurrent connections are required to stabilize cortical odor representations across states. Moreover, piriform odor representations exhibit attractor dynamics, both within and across trials, and these are also abolished when recurrent circuitry is eliminated. Here, we present converging evidence that recurrently-connected piriform populations stabilize sensory representations in response to degraded inputs, consistent with an auto-associative function for piriform cortex supported by recurrent circuitry.</p>
Data presented in: Walking Drosophila navigate complex plumes using stochastic decisions biased by the timing of odor encounters
<p>How insects navigate complex odor plumes, where the location and timing of odor packets are uncertain, remains unclear. Here, we imaged complex odor plumes simultaneously with freely-walking flies, quantifying how behavior is shaped by encounters with individual odor packets. We found that navigation was stochastic, and did not rely on the continuous modulation of speed or orientation. Instead, flies turned stochastically with stereotyped saccades, whose direction was biased upwind by the timing of prior odor encounters, while the magnitude and rate of saccades remained constant. Further, flies used the timing of odor encounters to modulate the transition rates between walks and stops. In more regular environments, flies continuously modulate speed and orientation, even though encounters can still occur randomly due to animal motion. We find that in less predictable environments, where encounters are random in both space and time, walking flies instead navigate with random walks biased by encounter timing.</p>
Hemipteran defensive odors trigger predictable color biases in jumping spider predators
<p>Multimodal warning displays often pair one signal modality (odor) with a second modality (color) to avoid predation. Experiments with bird predators suggest these signal components interact synergistically, with aversive odors triggering otherwise hidden aversions to particular prey colors. In a recent study, this phenomenon was found in a jumping spider (<em>Habronattus trimaculatus</em>), with the defensive odor from a coreid bug (<em>Acanthocephala femorata</em>) triggering an aversion to red. Here, we explore how generalizable this phenomenon is by giving <em>H. trimaculatus</em> the choice between red or black prey in the presence or absence of defensive odors secreted from (1) eastern leaf-footed bugs (<em>Leptoglossus phyllopus</em>, Hemiptera), (2) grass stinkbugs (<em>Mormidea pama</em>, Hemiptera), (3) Asian ladybird beetles (<em>Harmonia axyridis</em>, Coleoptera), and (4) eastern lubber grasshoppers (<em>Romalea microptera</em>, Orthoptera). As expected, in the presence of the hemipteran odors, spiders were less likely to attack red prey (compared to no odor). Unexpectedly, the beetle and grasshopper odors did not bias spiders away from red. Our results with the hemipteran odors were unique to red; follow-up experiments indicated that these odors did not affect biases for/against green prey. We discuss our findings in the context of generalized predator foraging behavior and the functions of multimodal warning displays. </p>
A comparison between mouse, in silico, and robot odor plume navigation reveals advantages of mouse odor-tracking
<p>Localization of odors is essential to animal survival, and thus animals are adept at odor-navigation. In natural conditions animals encounter odor sources in which odor is carried by air flow varying in complexity. We sought to identify potential minimalist strategies that can effectively be used for odor-based navigation and asses their performance in an increasingly chaotic environment. To do so, we compared mouse, <i>in silico</i> model, and Arduino-based robot odor-localization behavior in a standardized odor landscape. Mouse performance remains robust in the presence of increased complexity, showing a shift in strategy towards faster movement with increased environmental complexity. Implementing simple binaral and temporal models of tropotaxis and klinotaxis, an <i>in silico</i> model and Arduino robot, in the same environment as the mice, are equally successful in locating the odor source within a plume of low complexity. However, performance of these algorithms significantly drops when the chaotic nature of the plume is increased. Additionally, both algorithm-driven systems show more successful performance when using a strictly binaral model at a larger sensor separation distance and more successful performance when using a temporal and binaral model when using a smaller sensor separation distance. This suggests that with an increasingly chaotic odor environment, mice rely on complex strategies that allow for robust odor localization that cannot be resolved by minimal algorithms that display robust performance at low levels of complexity. Thus, highlighting that an animal's ability to modulate behavior with environmental complexity is beneficial for odor localization.</p>
Data from: Predatory lizards perceive plant-derived volatile odorants
Many lizards are olfactory foragers and prey upon herbivorous arthropods, yet their responses to common herbivore‐associated plant volatiles remain unknown. As such, their role in mediating plant indirect defenses also remains largely obscured. In this paper, we use a cotton‐swab odor presentation assay to ask whether lizards respond to two arthropod‐associated plant‐derived volatile compounds: 2‐(E)‐hexenal and hexanoic acid. We studied the response of two lizard species, Sceloporus virgatusand Aspidoscelis exsanguis, because they differ substantially in their foraging behavior. We found that the actively foraging A. exsanguisresponded strongly to hexanoic acid, whereas the ambush foraging S. virgatus responded to 2‐(E)‐hexenal—an herbivore‐associated plant volatile involved in indirect defense against herbivores. These findings indicate that S. virgatus may contribute to plant indirect defense and that a species' response to specific odorants is linked with foraging mode. Future studies can elucidate how lizards use various compounds to locate prey and how these responses impact plant‐herbivore interactions.
Data from: Odor source distance is predictable from time-histories of odor statistics for large scale outdoor plumes
<p>Odor plumes in turbulent environments are intermittent and sparse. Lab-scaled experiments suggest that information about the source distance may be encoded in odor signal statistics, yet it is unclear whether useful and continuous distance estimates can be made under real-world flow conditions. Here we analyze odor signals from outdoor experiments with a sensor moving across large spatial scales in desert and forest environments to show that odor signal statistics can yield useful estimates of distance. We show that achieving accurate estimates of distance requires integrating statistics from 5-10 seconds, with a high temporal encoding of the olfactory signal of at least 20 Hz. By combining distance estimates from a linear model with wind-relative motion dynamics, we achieved source distance estimates in a 60x60 m<sup>2</sup> search area with median errors of 3-8 meters, a distance at which point odor sources are often within visual range for animals such as mosquitoes.</p>
Behavioral discrimination and olfactory bulb encoding of odor plume intermittency
<p>In order to survive, animals often need to navigate a complex odor landscape where odors can exist in airborne plumes. Several odor plume properties change with distance from the odor source, providing potential navigational cues to searching animals. Here, we focus on odor intermittency, a temporal odor plume property that measures the fraction of time odor is present at a given point within the plume and decreases with increasing distance from the odor source. We sought to determine if mice are capable of using changes in intermittency to locate an odor source. To do so, we trained mice on an intermittency discrimination task. We establish that mice can discriminate odor plume samples of low and high intermittency and that the neural responses in the olfactory bulb can account for task performance and support intermittency encoding. Modulation of sniffing, a behavioral parameter that is highly dynamic during odor-guided navigation, affects both behavioral outcomes on the intermittency discrimination task as well as neural representation of intermittency. Together, this work demonstrates that intermittency is an odor plume property that can inform olfactory search and more broadly supports the notion that mammalian odor-based navigation can be guided by temporal odor plume properties.</p>
Data for: Neural correlates of individual odor preference in Drosophila
<p>Data associated with: Neural correlates of individual odor preference in Drosophila</p> <p>Abstract: Behavior varies even among genetically identical animals raised in the same environment1–10. However, little is known about the circuit or anatomical underpinnings of this individuality11,12. Drosophila olfaction is an ideal system for discovering the origins of behavioral individuality among genetically identical individuals. The fly olfactory circuit is well-characterized13–16,17–19 and stereotyped15, yet stable idiosyncrasies in odor preference4, neural coding4, and neural wiring20,21 are present and may be relevant to behavior. Using paired behavior and two-photon imaging measurements, we show that individual odor preferences in odor-vs-air and odor-vs-odor assays are predicted by idiosyncratic calcium dynamics in Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) and Projection Neurons (PNs), respectively. This suggests that circuit variation at the sensory periphery determines individual odor preferences. Furthermore, paired behavior and immunohistochemistry measurements reveal that variation in ORN presynaptic density also predicts odor-vs-odor preference. This point in the olfactory circuit appears to be a locus of individuality where microscale variation gives rise to idiosyncratic behavior. To unify these results, we constructed a leaky-integrate-and-fire model of 3,062 neurons in the antennal lobe. In these simulations, stochastic fluctuations at the glomerular level, like those observed in our ORN immunohistochemistry, produce variation in PN calcium responses with the same structure as we observed experimentally, the very structure that predicts idiosyncratic behavior. Thus, our results demonstrate how minute physiological and structural variations in a neural circuit may produce individual behavior, even when genetics and environment are held constant.</p>
Does scent attractiveness reveal women's ovulatory timing? Evidence from signal detection analyses and endocrine predictors of odor attractiveness
<p>Odor cues associated with shifts in ovarian hormones indicate ovulatory timing in females of many nonhuman species. Although prior evidence supports women's body odors smelling more attractive on days when conception is possible, that research has left ambiguous how diagnostic of ovulatory timing odor cues are, as well as whether shifts in odor attractiveness are correlated with shifts in ovarian hormones. Here, 46 women each provided 6 overnight scent and corresponding day saliva samples spaced 5 days apart, and completed luteinizing hormone tests to determine ovulatory timing. Scent samples collected near ovulation were rated more attractive, on average, relative to samples from the same women collected on other days. Importantly, however, signal detection analyses showed that rater discrimination of fertile window timing from odor attractiveness ratings was very poor. Within-women shifts in salivary estradiol and progesterone were not significantly associated with within-women shifts in odor attractiveness. Between-women, mean estradiol was positively associated with mean odor attractiveness. Our findings suggest that raters cannot reliably detect women's ovulatory timing from their scent attractiveness. The between-women effect of estradiol raises the possibility that women's scents provide information about overall cycle fecundity, though further research is necessary to rigorously investigate this possibility.</p>
Odor of achlorophyllous plants' seeds
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Seed dispersal by ants is an important means of migration for plants. Many myrmecochorous plants have specialized appendages in their seeds called elaiosome, which provide nutritional rewards for ants, and enable effective seed dispersal. However, some non-myrmecochorous seeds without elaiosomes are also dispersed by ant species suggesting that additional mechanisms other than elaiosomes for seed dispersal by ants. The seeds of the achlorophyllous and myco-heterotrophic herbaceous plant <i>Monotropastrum humile</i> are very small without elaiosomes, we investigated whether odor of the seeds could mediate seed dispersal by ants. We performed a bioassay using seeds of <i>M. humile</i> and the ant <i>Nylanderia </i><i>flavipe</i><i>s</i> to demonstrate ant-mediated seed dispersal. We also analyzed the volatile odors emitted from <i>M. humile </i>seeds and conducted bioassays using dummy seeds coated with seed volatiles. Although elaiosomes were absent from the <i>M. humile</i> seeds, the ants carried the seeds to their nests. They also carried the dummy seeds coated with the seed volatile mixture to the nest, and left some dummy seeds inside the nest and discarded the rest of the dummy seeds outside the nest with a bias toward specific locations, which might be conducive to germination.<b> </b>We concluded that, in <i>M. humile</i> seeds, volatile odor mixtures were sufficient to induce seed carrying behavior by the ants even without elaiosomes.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p>
Odor trail tracking data from DeepLabCut preprocessed for I-MuPPET
<p>This data entry contains <strong>annotated mouse data </strong>from the<strong> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0209-y">DeepLabCut Nature Neuroscience paper</a></strong> preprocessed for <a href="https://urs-waldmann.github.io/i-muppet/"><strong>I-MuPPET</strong></a>.</p> <p>Code for I-MuPPET available at <a href="https://github.com/urs-waldmann/i-muppet/">https://github.com/urs-waldmann/i-muppet/</a>.</p>
Insect Odorant Binding Protein Dataset of Binding Affinities against Volatile Organic Compounds
<p>This is an archival version of the initial iOBPdb dataset of insect odorant binding protein binding affinities against volatile organic compounds. It contains 215 functional studies containing 381 unique OBPs from 91 insect species.</p>
Optokinetic response in D. Melanogaster reveals the nature of common repellent odorants
<p>Pre-processed data for the paper "Optokinetic response in D. Melanogaster reveals the nature of common repellent odorants" by Menti et al. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73221-1)</p>
Data from: Pilot-scale H2S and swine odor removal system using commercially available biochar
<p>This is digital research data corresponding to a published manuscript in "Pilot-scale H2S and swine odor removal system using commercially available biochar" Agronomy 2021, 11, 1611. Dataset may be assessed via the included link at the Dryad data repository.</p> <p>Although biochars made in laboratory seem to remove H<sub>2</sub>S and odorous compounds effectively, very few studies are available for commercial biochars. This study evaluated the efficacy of a commercial biochar (CBC) for removing H<sub>2</sub>S and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.