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36 results for “opportunity for selection”
Data from: Ecological segregation in a small mammal hybrid zone: habitat-specific mating opportunities and selection against hybrids restrict gene flow on a fine spatial scale
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Data from: High opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection under field conditions
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Data from: Resource availability, mating opportunity, and sexual selection intensity influence the expression of male alternative reproductive tactics
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Data from: Comparing measures of breeding inequality and opportunity for selection with sexual selection on a quantitative character in bighorn rams
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Dietary stress increases the total opportunity for sexual selection and modifies selection on condition-dependent traits
<p>Although it is often expected that adverse environmental conditions depress the expression of condition-dependent sexually-selected traits, the full consequences of environmental change for the action of sexual selection, in terms of the opportunity for total sexual selection and patterns of phenotypic selection, are unknown. Here we show that dietary stress in guppies, <em>Poecilia reticulata</em>, reduces the expression of several sexually-selected traits and increases the opportunity for total sexual selection (standardized variance in reproductive success) in males. Furthermore, our results show that dietary stress modulates the relative importance of precopulatory (mating success) and postcopulatory (relative fertilization success) sexual selection, and that the form of multivariate sexual selection (linear vs. nonlinear) depends on dietary regime. Overall, our results are consistent with a pattern of heightened directional selection on condition-dependent sexually-selected traits under environmental stress, and underscore the importance of sexual selection in shaping adaptation in a changing world.</p>
Data from: Variance in within-pair reproductive success influences the opportunity for selection annually and over the lifetimes of males in a multi-brooded songbird
<p>In socially monogamous species, male reproductive success consists of 'within-pair' offspring produced with their socially-paired mate(s), and 'extra-pair' offspring produced with additional females throughout the population. Both reproductive pathways offer distinct opportunities for selection in wild populations, as each is composed of separate components of mate attraction, female fecundity, and paternity allocation. Identifying key sources of variance and covariance among these components is a crucial step towards understanding the reproductive strategies that males use to maximize fitness both annually and over their lifetimes. We use 16 years of complete reproductive data from a population of black-throated blue warblers (<i>Setophaga caerulescens</i>) to partition variance in male annual and lifetime reproductive success, and thereby identify if the opportunity for selection varies over the lifetimes of individual males and what reproductive strategies likely favor maximum lifetime fitness. The majority of variance in male reproduction was attributable to within-pair success, but the specific effects of individual components of variance differed between total annual and total lifetime reproductive success. Positive overall lifetime covariance between within-pair and extra-pair components indicates that males able to maximize within-pair success, particularly with double-brooding females, likely achieve higher overall lifetime fitness via both within-pair and extra-pair reproductive pathways.</p>
Data from: Age-dependent female responses to a male ejaculate signal alter demographic opportunities for selection
A central tenet of evolutionary explanations for ageing is that the strength of selection wanes with age. However, data on age-specific expression and benefits of sexually selected traits are lacking—particularly for traits subject to sexual conflict. We addressed this by using as a model the responses of Drosophila melanogaster females of different ages to receipt of sex peptide (SP), a seminal fluid protein transferred with sperm during mating. SP can mediate sexual conflict, benefitting males while causing fitness costs in females. Virgin and mated females of all ages showed significantly reduced receptivity in response to SP. However, only young virgin females also showed increased egg laying; hence, there was a narrow demographic window of maximal responses to SP. Males gained significant 'per mating' fitness benefits only when mating with young females. The pattern completely reversed in matings with older females, where SP transfer was costly. The overall benefits of SP transfer (hence opportunity for selection) therefore reversed with female age. The data reveal a new example of demographic variation in the strength of selection, with convergence and conflicts of interest between males and ageing females occurring over different facets of responses to a sexually antagonistic trait.
Data from: Genetic versus census estimators of the opportunity for sexual selection in the wild
The existence of a direct link between intensity of sexual selection and mating system type is widely accepted. However, the quantification of sexual selection has proven problematical. Several measures of sexual selection have been proposed, including the operational sex ratio (OSR), breeding sex ratio (BSR) and opportunity for sexual selection (Imates). For a wild population of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), we calculated OSR and BSR. We estimated Imates from census data on the spatial and temporal distribution of receptive females in rut and from a multi-generational genetic pedigree. OSR and BSR indicated weak sexual selection on males, but census and pedigree Imates suggested stronger sexual selection on males than on females. OSR and BSR correlated with census but not pedigree estimates of Imates, and census Imates did not correlate with pedigree estimates. This suggests that the behavioral mating system, as deduced from the spatial and temporal distribution of females, does not predict the genetic mating system of pronghorn. The differences we observed between estimators were primarily due to female mate sampling and choice, and the sex ratio. For most species, behavioral data is not perfectly accurate, and therefore will be an insufficient alternative to using multi-generational pedigrees to quantify sexual selection.
Floral traits influence the opportunity for selection among male gametophytes: independent and combined effects of style length and petal area
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Dietary stress increases the total opportunity for sexual selection and modifies selection on condition-dependent traits
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Data from: Female control over multiple matings increases the opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection
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Data from: Age-dependent female responses to a male ejaculate signal alter demographic opportunities for selection
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Data from: The opportunity for balancing selection in experimental populations of Caenorhabditis elegans
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Data from: Genetic versus census estimators of the opportunity for sexual selection in the wild
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Data from: Variance in within-pair reproductive success influences the opportunity for selection annually and over the lifetimes of males in a multi-brooded songbird
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Data from: Thermal constraints on microhabitat selection and mating opportunities
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