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Fig. 14 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 14. Examples of states of bone preservation of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. Several tibiae originally labelled with low Ig numbers showing multiple breaks perpendicular to their long axis. B. Isolated shaft of the left femur GPIT/RE/3446 in medial view with its proximal and distal ends broken off but with excellent preservation of the bone surface and of the delicate 4th trochanter. C. The right ilium GPIT/RE/6544 with the usual broken off preacetabular process and net-like surface cracks on the otherwise well-preserved lateral bone surface. D. Dorsal vertebra GPIT/RE/5462 of a juvenile individual in anterior view with plastic deformation of the left diapophysis. The deformation of this side is visible in two additional, potentially associated dorsal vertebrae. E. Unlabeled right humerus from the SMNS collections with well-preserved articular ends but with a distorted and compressed midshaft. F. Excellent preservation of the right calcaneum GPIT/RE/5808 in lateral view. G. The left jugal MB.R.1333 in lateral view with numerous diagenetic cracks which were resealed in situ by calcite. H. Right quadrate MB.R.3478 in lateral view with its cotylar head and upper part of the anterolateral wing broken off and slightly displaced forward whereas the surface of the bone and its delicate processes are generally well preserved. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 1. Location of the Ig/WJ-locality. A. Position of the Tendaguru locality in Tanzania, redrawn from Google Maps and on the basis of locality information of Aberhan et al. (2002). B. Geological map of the Tendaguru area with main stratigraphic units, the position of quarry Jg/WJ is marked with an asterisk, and some other important quarries from the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) are labelled with their respective letters. Roads are marked by dashed lines. Data are from Janensch (1925b), Heinrich 1999b), and Aberhan et al. (2002). The names of stratigraphic units are from Bussert et al. (2009).
Fig. 3 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 3. Original, unopened bamboo corsets containing bones of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, which are housed in the collection of fossil reptiles at the MfN. A. Stored as a stack. B. Bamboo corset in lateral view. C. Showing the labelling on the front side. The bamboo corsets are labelled with the quarry numbers and field numbers as assigned to single fossil blocks. Reference to specimens is not possible, because most of them are unprepared sediment blocks. D. CT slice exposing cross-section through bamboo corset Ig 88, bones are in white whereas lighter materials such as clay, cushioning with grass, and bamboo sticks are displaying around.
Fig. 8 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 8. Tentative reconstruction of the spatial relationships of the four bonebeds of the Ig/WJ-quarry according to the available descriptions and dates of Werner Janensch and Hans Reck. The actual shape and absolute sizes of the bonebeds are schematic and speculative. Top (A) and profile (B) views are in relation to the cardinal points. Note that the actual stratigraphic level of BB-1 in relation to BB-2 is uncertain (double headed arrow). The dotted ellipses show the approximate position of the large, possibly sauropod, bones found in September 1912 within the otherwise bone-free layer in between BB-3 and BB-4 including a scapula and a cervical vertebra. BB, bonebed. See Fig. 7 for comparison.
FIGURE 8 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 8. Strict consensus tree of the first phylogenetic analysis performed by us using the matrix of Madzia et al. (2018), showing the relationships of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus within Ornithischia and Ornithopoda. Notably, the phylogenetic relationships within Rhabdodontidae as shown herein differ from those reconstructed based on our thorough morphological comparisons (i.e., a particularly close relationship between Transylvanosaurus and Rhabdodon). Due to the scarcity of relevant braincase characters in the original dataset and the poor resolution of Rhabdodontidae, we regard the hypothesis derived from the morphological comparisons as more likely.
FIGURE 7 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 7. Strict consensus tree of the first phylogenetic analysis performed by us using the matrix of Dieudonné et al. (2021), showing the relationships of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus within Ornithischia and Ornithopoda.
FIGURE 2 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 2. The type locality of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. at the Barbat River Valley section, near Pui, eastern Hateg Basin. A, General overview of the riverbed outcropping condition of the uppermost Cretaceous continental 'Pui Beds' along the Barbat River, south of Pui; in the background, flat-lying coarse cobbly-sandy Quaternary deposits covering the reddish uppermost Cretaceous rocks. B, Details of the superposed greenish coarser-grained channel deposits and red fine-grained floodplain sediments with well-developed whitish pedogenic calcrete horizons, characteristic of the 'Pui Beds.' C, View of the 'Pui Beds' looking southward, with the type locality and bed (a red silty mudstone) of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. exposed in the middle ground; the type specimen, LPB (FGGUB) R.2070, was discovered near the left edge of the photograph (white arrow). D, Partial posterior cranium of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 (exposed paired frontals, above, and partly buried basicranium, below) in the moment of its discovery, July 2007; chisel for scale. E, Specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 completely exposed during excavation. F, Block containing specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 after completed excavation and before plaster jacketing.
FIGURE 6 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 6. Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., holotype frontals, FGGUB (LPB) R.2070. A, photo and B, drawing of the frontals in dorsal view. C, photo and D, drawing of the frontals in ventral view. Note that the ventral side of the left frontal is damaged and thus does not preserve the impressions of the orbital roof and the olfactory bulb. Abbreviations: cer, impression of the cerebrum; nps, confluent nasal-prefrontal suture; olf, impression of the olfactory bulb; orb, orbital roof; pas, parietal suture; pos, postorbital suture; sph, sutural contact with the sphenethmoid plate; tfc, transverse frontal crest.
FIGURE 1 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 1. Locality information for the holotype of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. A, Location of the type locality of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. south of Pui, in the eastern Hateg Basin, western Romania, alongside with that of other rhabdodontid posterior cranial remains (frontals and basicrania listed above, respectively below the horizontal line) discussed in the text; the holotype is LPB (FGGUB) R.2070, in bold (for details on specimen numbers, see text). Key: 1, uplifted pre-Alpine crystalline basement rocks bordering the Hateg Basin; 2, pre-uppermost Cretaceous sedimentary units of the Hateg Basin (mainly marine beds); 3–5, vertebrate-bearing uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) continental deposits: 3, Sînpetru Formation (spf); 4, Sînpetru Formation-correlative units ('Râul Mare Beds' in the central part of the basin, 'Pui Beds' in the eastern part); 5, Densus-Ciula Formation (dcf), with v—volcanoclastic 'lower member'; 6, Cenozoic (mainly Quaternary) sedimentary cover; 7, main fossiliferous localities with rhabdodontid posterior cranial material. B, Inset shows the position of the Hateg Basin within Romania (rectangle), as well as the approximate location of the rhabdodontid frontal MMIRS 780 in the southwestern part of the Transylvanian Basin (star).
FIGURE 4 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, <i>Transylvanosaurus platycephalus</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania
FIGURE 4. Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., holotype basicranium, FGGUB (LPB) R.2070, in anterior and posterior view. A, photo and B, drawing in anterior view. C, photo and D, drawing in posterior view. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; btu, basal tubera; exo, exoccipital; fom, foramen magnum; lsp, laterosphenoid; opi, opisthotic; pap, paroccipital process; pit, pituitary fossa; pro, prootic; prp, prootic process.
Supplementary information for: Dental microwear texture analysis reveals a likely dietary shift within Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaurs.
<p>This supplementary information includes 19 datasets and 95 sur files. Dataset 1 to 11 and 13 to 19 are in one excel file (“1. Supplementary Dataset 1-11 13-17_MS.xlsx “) and each dataset is in a separate excel sheet. Dataset 12 is a nexus file that contains a phylogenetic tree of ornithischian dinosaurs used in the analysis of this study (“2. DatasetS12 tree.nex”). Other 95 sur format files are original 3D surface files that are obtained by scanning tooth surface of ornithischian tooth fossils using a laser microscope VK-9700. Sur file can be opened by a surface roughness software MountainsMap. Surface roughness parameters obtained from these Sur files are in Supplementary dataset 1.</p> <p>Datasets 13 to 19 are results of statistical analyses that excluded data from <em>Thescelosaurs</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Below is an explanation for each dataset.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 1. Normalized dental microwear texture parameters.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 2. Results of the statistical analysis that examined effect of geological ages and enamel locations on each dental microwear texture parameter.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 3. Results of the statistical analysis that include body size as an explanatory variable.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 4. Eigen values of principal components obtained by the PCA of dental microwear texture parameters.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 5. Loading matrix of the PCA.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 6. Results of statistical analyses that examined effect of geological ages and enamel locations on PC1 and PC2.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 7. Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of PC1.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 8. Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sdr.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 9. Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sha.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 10. Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sq.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 11. Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Vvv.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 12. Phylogenetic trees used for the model fitting.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 13. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Results of the statistical analysis that examined effect of geological ages and enamel locations on each dental microwear texture parameter.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 14. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Results of statistical analyses that examined effect of geological ages and enamel locations on PC1 and PC2.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 15. Without Thescelosaurus: Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of PC1.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 16. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sdr.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 17. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sha.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 18. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Sq.</p> <p>Supplementary Dataset 19. Without <em>Thescelosaurus</em>: Bayes factors for the evolutionary model fitting of Vvv.</p>
Figure 1 in A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs
Figure 1. Reconstruction and comparison of the skull BSPG AS I 834 with the reconstruction of an older individual (modified from Janensch, 1955). The reconstruction of the juvenile skull was carried out by the combination of the frontoparietal plate, the left postorbital, the left squamosal, a combination of the left and the head of the right quadrate, the left jugal, the braincase, the right maxilla, the left laterodorsal maxillary process, and finally the right lower jaw with the left articular. Dark grey illustrates the skull openings, light grey illustrates the inner views of, e.g. the maxilla or the frontal, and the greyish pattern on the lower jaw and the braincase illustrates sediment. A, dorsal view of the skull reconstructed by Janensch (1955). B, left lateral view of the skull reconstructed by Janensch (1955). C, dorsal view of the reconstruction of BSPG AS I 834. For the unlabelled elements see the corresponding elements in (A). D, left lateral view of the reconstruction of BSPG AS I 834. For the unlabelled elements see the corresponding elements in (B). Note, for example, the difference of the mandibular articulation between (B) and (D). Furthermore, Janensch (1955) indicated the unknown quadratojugal in (B). This is omitted here. See Material and methods for a list of the abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 8 in A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs
Figure 8. Diagram resulting from the multivariate allometric analysis (MAA) of five measurements of the dentary carried out by the PAST program. The allometric coefficient is marked by the broad line imbedded in the 95% intervals. The numbers of the measurements are explained in Appendix S2.
Figure 2 in A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs
Figure 2. Stereo pairs of the skull BSPG AS I 834 and explanatory sketches. The sketches are relatively enlarged for better resolution. Dark grey illustrates sediment, light grey illustrates inner views of, e.g. the frontals or the dentaries, and hatched areas illustrate broken or corroded surfaces. The label affixes -r and -l stand for right and left of the respective element, where the distinction of each side is difficult to see. A, left lateral view. B, outline drawing of the left lateral view. C, outline drawing of the occipital view. D, occipital view. See Material and methods for a list of the abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 6 in A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs
Figure 6. Comparison of associated frontal pairs of two individuals of Dysalotosaurus, presented in articulation in dorsal view. A, the smallest frontals preserved (the left frontal GPIT/RE/1595/17; the right frontal GPIT/RE/1595/15). B, large frontals of the individual dyA (the right frontal MB.R.1377; the left frontal MB.R.1378). The orbital rim (or) is marked. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 4 in A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs
Figure 4. Computed tomography (CT) sections of the skull BSPG AS I 834. A, horizontal section at the level of the dentary tooth crowns in ventral view. B, sagittal section at about the sagittal midline in left lateral view. C, coronal section at about the middle of the anteroposterior length in anterior view. D, coronal section about 1 cm posterior to (C) in anterior view. See Material and methods for a list of the abbreviations.
Trophic evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs revealed by dental wear
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CT data and 3D models associated with: Palaeoneurology of the Early Cretaceous iguanodont Proa valdearinnoensis and its bearing on the parallel developments of cognitive abilities in theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs
<p><i>Proa valdearinnoensis </i>is a relatively large-headed and stocky iguanodontian dinosaur from the latest Early Cretaceous of Spain. Its braincase is known from three specimens. Similar to that of other dinosaurs, it shows a mosaic ossification pattern in which most of the bones seem to have fused together indistinguishably while a few bones (frontoparietal, basioccipital) might have remained loosely attached. The endocasts of the three specimens are described based on CT data and digital reconstructions. They show unmistakable morphological similarities with the endocast of closely related taxa, such as <i>Sirindhorna khoratensis </i>(which is close in age but from Thailand). This supports a high conservatism of the endocranial cavity. The issue of volumetric correspondence between endocranial cavity and brain in dinosaurs is analysed. Although a brain-to-endocranial cavity (BEC) index of 0.50 has been traditionally used, we employ instead 0.73. This is indeed the mid-value between the situation in adults of <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i> and <i>Gallus gallus</i>, which are members of the extant bracketing taxa of dinosaurs (Crocodilia and Aves). We thence gauge the level of encephalisation of <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> by the calculation of the Encephalisation Quotient (EQ), which remains valuable as a metric for assessing the degree of cognitive function in extinct taxa, especially those with fully ossified braincases like dinosaurs and other archosaurs. The EQ obtained for <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> (3.611) suggests that this species was significantly more encephalised than most if not all extant non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes. Our work adds to the growing body of data concerning theoretical cognitive capabilities in dinosaurs and supports the idea that increasing encephalisations were fostered not only once in theropods but also in parallel in the shorter-lived lineage of ornithopods. <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> was ill-equipped to respond to theropod dinosaurs and possibly lived in groups as a strategy to mitigate the risk of being predated upon. We hypothesize that group-living and protracted caring of juveniles in this and possibly many other iguanodontian ornithopods favoured a degree of encephalisation that was outstanding by reptile standards.</p>
Figure 24 in A new basal ornithopod dinosaur (Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada), and implications for late Maastrichtian ornithischian diversity in North America
Figure 24. Time-correlated phylogeny for basal ornithopod taxa illustrating relative abundance through time. Note the Maastrichtian radiation of Thescelosaurus in North America and Zalmoxes in Europe. The iguanodontian radiation is represented as a single line because of size constraints. Al, Albian; Ap, Aptian; Ba, Barremian; Be, Berriasian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Co, Coniacian; H, Hauterivian; LJ, Late Jurassic; M, Maastrichtian; MJ, Middle Jurassic; S, Santonian; T, Turonian; V, Valanginian. Modified from Weishampel et al., 2003.
Figure 23 in A new basal ornithopod dinosaur (Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada), and implications for late Maastrichtian ornithischian diversity in North America
Figure 23. The single most-parsimonious tree (tree length 361 steps) recovered from the cladistic analysis using the implicit enumeration search option in TNT. Bootstap values (1000 replicates) above 50% are reported below the branches, and Bremer support values greater than 1 are reported above.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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