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Xception trained model for classifying large ornithopod dinosaur footprints

<p>PLOS ONE: Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning</p><p>The trained model using Xception transfer learning, provided in https://github.com/CNUGeophysics/Xception_ornithopod.git</p>

Fig. 6 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 6. Dorsal vertebrae Ankylopollexia indet. from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. A. Partial neural arch, ML 864 in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), lateral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views. B, C. Dorsal vertebrae, ML 452a, complete (B) and ML 452b, incomplete (C) specimens, in anterior (B1, C1), posterior (B2, C2), lateral (B3, C3), dorsal (B4, C4), and ventral (digitally modified) (B5, C5) views.

Fig. 4 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 4. Limb bones of Dryosauridae indet. from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. A, B. Femur, ML 2055 (A), ML 563 (B), in anterior (A1, B1), lateral (A2, B2), medial (A3, B3), posterior (A4, B4), distal (A5, B5), and proximal (A6, B6) views. C, D. Tibia, ML 2055 associated to femur ML 2055 (C), ML 505 (D), in anterior (C1, D1), lateral (C2, D2), posterior (C3, D3), medial (C4, D4), proximal (D5), and distal (C5, D6) views.

Fig. 8 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 8. Ankylopollexian appendicular skeleton from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. Coracoid ML 2206 (A), scapula ML 2042 (B), in lateral (A1, B1) and medial (A2, B2) views.

Fig. 7 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 7. Comparative dorsal vertebrae table of selected Ankylopollexians from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. A, B. Ankylopollexia indet. Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. A. ML 452 in lateral view (A1, A2). B. ML 864 in right lateral view. C. "Uteodon" SHN.LPP 015 in left lateral view; Praia da corva, Torres Vedras Municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian). D. "Uteodon" aphanoecetes CM 11337 in left lateral view; East end of Carnegie Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Uintah County, Utah (USA), Morrison Formation (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian). E. Camptosaurus dispar (unnumbered specimen) in left lateral view; Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming USA), Morrison Formation (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian). F. "Cumnoria" prestwichii OUM. J.3303 in lateral view; Oxford, UK, Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian). G. Hippodraco scutodens UMNH VP 20208 in left lateral view; Andrew's Site, Grand County, Utah; Upper Yellow Cat Memberof the Cedar Mountain Formation (upper Barremian–lowermost Aptian). H. Iguanacolossus fortis UMNH VP 20205 in right lateral view; Don's Ridge, Grand County, Utah, Lower Yellow Cat Member, Cedar Mountain Formation (?lower Barremian). I. Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis IRSNB 1551 in left lateral view; Isle of Wight, Wessex Formation (Barremian). J. Barilium dawsoni NHMUK R798 in left lateral view; Shornden, East Sussex, UK, Wadhurst Clay Formation (Valanginian). K. Hypselospinus fittoni NHMUK R604 in lateral view; Shornden Quarry, Hastings, UK, Wadhurst Clay Formation (Valanginian). L. Iguanodon bernissartensis IRSNB "Individu S" in left lateral view; Bernissart, Belgium, Sainte Barbe Clays Formation Barremian). Abbreviations: dia, diapophysis; par, parapophysis. Scale bars 100 mm. Re-drawn from: C, Escaso 2014: fig. 6.5; D, Carpenter and Wilson 2008: fig. 11; E, Carpenter and Galton 2018: fig. 22D; F, Galton and Powell 1980: fig. 4; G, McDonald 2010b: fig. 27; H, McDonald 2010b: fig. 10;, Norman 1980: fig. 37; J, Norman 2011: fig. 4; K, Norman 2015: fig. 22; L, Norman 1980: fig. 31).

Fig. 3 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 3. Axial skeleton elements of Dryosauridae indet. (A, B) from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian compared with of Dryosaurus altus (C), Camptosaurus ("Uteodon") aphanoecetes (D), and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis (E). Dorsal vertebrae: ML 2321a (A) and ML 2321b (B), in dorsal (A1, B1), anterior (A2, B2), lateral (A3, A6, B3, B6), posterior (A4, B4), and ventral (A5, B5) views. Dorsal neural arches: YPM 1876 (C), CM 11337 (D), IRSNB 1551 (E), in dorsal view.

Fig. 2 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 2. Cranial material of Dryosauridae indet. from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. A. ML 1851, parietal in dorsal (A1, A3) and ventral (A2, A4) views. B. ML 768, dentary in lateral (B1), dashed frame indicates area with foramina, dorsal (B2), medial (B3) and ventral (B4) views, detail of dentary tooth (B5).

Fig. 5 in New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal

Fig. 5. Cranial material of Ankylopollexia indet. from the Lourinhã municipality, Portugal, Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. Dentary ML 818, in medial (A1, A5), lateral (A2, A6), and dorsal (A3, A7) views, detail of the dentary/surangular contact (A4, A8).

Fig. 15. Age structure d in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 15. Age structure d(x) of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki. A. Linear regression between histological age and distal femur width of D. lettowvorbecki (based on Hübner 2012) for estimating the age of the remaining specimens. B. Age distribution d(x) of D. lettowvorbecki from the Ig/WJ-locality showing the "total" (N = 138) and "average" (N = 131) method for estimating the number of deaths per age. C. Age distribution d(x) of D. lettowvorbecki of bonebed 3 (N = 45) and bonebed 4 (N = 52) on basis of the "total" method. D. Similar distribution based on the "average" method (bonebed 3: N = 41; bonebed 4: N = 48. E. Comparison of the age distributions d(x) (in percentage) of D. lettowvorbecki (yellow bars), the Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus (red solid line, based on Erickson et al. 2010), and the Early Cretaceous basal ceratopsid Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis (blue solid line, Erickson et al. 2009b). F. Comparison of the age distributions d(x) (in percentage) of D. lettowvorbecki (yellow bars) and large mammals: hypothetical attritional population (red solid line; modified after Klein 1982b), and the Miocene rhinocerotid Teleoceras proterum (red dashed line; based on Mihlbachler 2003); hypothetical catastrophic population (blue solid line; modified after Klein 1982b) and the Eocene hippomorph Mesatirhinus sp. (blue dashed line; based on Turnbull and Martill 1988).

Fig. 13 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 13. Sketches by Ina or Hans Reck of articulated partial skeletons found in 1912. According to Table 2, both specimens were found in the uppermost bonebed 4. A. The German notes on the sketch tell correspondingly that this skeleton was lying with its long-axis in W-E-orientation, that it was only missing the lower part of the foot and parts of the tail, and that the skull was broken and removed separately. The skull was catalogued as WJ9000 and the postcranial skeleton as WJ5790-5820 (the latter were lost in Hamburg during WWII) which can be found in H. Reck's catalogue. The sketch was drawn on the 28th of September. B. The arrow points to a series of at least 20 articulated vertebrae. Another vertebral series, next to it on the right, is still partly covered in clay. Right next to the latter one can see the word Kicwa! (Swahili for skull). At the bottom of the image are noted teeth and a jawbone. According to the note in the lower left corner, the illustrator was unsure whether there were one small vertebral series or two. The numbers WJ9009-9023 are also present in H. Reck's catalogue. The sketch is dated 2nd of October 1912 (Pal. Mus SII, TendaguruExpedition 9.1, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN).

Fig. 10 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 10. Thin section of the tibia GPIT/RE/3724 of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, cut within the lower third of the long bone shaft. Most of the marrow cavity is filled by fine, calcareous marl. Note that the top of the cavity has been filled subsequently by calcite crystals, which indicates that the bone was embedded in the substrate as oriented as in this image.

Fig. 9 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 9. Fully prepared block MB.R.1910 (WJ5840) of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, within the bonebeds.

Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 of a juvenile individual of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The lower jaw bones at the left were detached from the specimen during preparation and are reassembled in this image. All currently identifiable elements are framed and labeled. B. Most of the unlabeled elements in the left center between the right postorbital, left exoccipital, left frontal, and left prefrontal (marked by "?") likely belong to the palate of the skull and may be identifiable after further preparation. Abbreviations: c2–c4, cervical vertebrae 2–4; l., left; r., right.

Fig. 16. A in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 16. A group of blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) crossing the Mara River, East Africa. Photo by Eric Inafuku, Wikimedia commons (https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connochaetes_taurinus_-Wildebeest_crossing_river_-East_Africa.jpg).

Fig. 7 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 7. Field sketches by Hans Reck (Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912) on the spatial relationships of the two main bonebeds. The two main bonebeds (BB-3 and BB-4) in top (A) and profile (B) views. The indicated large bones in between are labelled with "dinosaur shoulder blade and vertebra" (in German) (A) or simply "Dinos." (B) and indicate the discovery of sauropod remains in the quarry (H. Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912; Pal. Mus SII, Tendaguru-Expedition 9.5, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN).

Fig. 6 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 6. Scanned image of the first two pages of the field catalogue of Hans Reck from 1912. The first note at the top of the right page says: "19. June 1912 – The quarry Ig will be renamed W.J. due to the ongoing numbering of the bones" (Reck, 1912–1913. GTE field catalogue, Pal. Mus SII, TendaguruExpedition 9.3, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN)

Fig. 5 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 5. Simplified composite section of the Tendaguru Formation in the type area (based on Bussert et al. 2009). The position of the Ig/WJ-bonebeds is only approximate, based on the field results of the German-Tanzanian Tendaguru Expedition 2000 (Aberhan et al. 2002). Abbreviations: Cl, clay; cS, coarse-grained sand; fS, fine-grained sand; G, gravel; mS, mediumgrained sand; Si, silt.

Fig. 4 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 4. Measurements of a right femur of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, visualized from a CT scan of the bamboo corset Ig 133, using the line measurement tool in Osirix. A. Dashed line marks maximum length of femur. B. Dashed line marks distal width of femur (see also Material and methods).

Fig. 2 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 2. Oil painting by Ina Reck (1912), which depicts the excavations at the Ig/WJ-site (from MfN collections, PM_B_VII_9_Reck).

Fig. 12 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 12. Examples of articulated or closely associated skeletal elements of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The 7–15th dorsal vertebrae (anterior to the left) of individual dy II (acronym for individual dy II used by Janensch 1955, today catalogued with the collection numbers MB.R.1586.1–9). B. Unlabeled posterior dorsal vertebrae from the SMNS collections in ventral view. C. Closely associated right angular and surangular MB.R.1335. D. Incomplete articulated left pes GPIT/RE/3452 in ventral (D1), dorsal (D2), and medial (D3) views.