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FIGURE 2 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 2. Graphics of statistical analyses among species of the north lineage. A. Principal component analysis (PCA). B. Discriminant function of principal components (DAPC). C. Boxplots of characters bearing significantly different mean values. Species pairs bearing significantly different mean values between them are listed above each plot. Abbreviations are in the Materials and methods.

FIGURE 4 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 4. Color pattern variation in Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini sp. nov. from Shan State, Myanmar. A. Adult male holotype (LSUHC 14473) from Thayeumin Cave. Photo by L. Lee Grismer. B. Adult female paratype (LSUHC 14326) from Myintmahati Cave. Photo by Evan S. H. Quah. C. Adult male paratype (LSUHC 14327) from Myintmahati Cave. Photo by Evan S. H. Quah. D. Adult female paratype (LSUHC 14328) from Pwe Hla Village. Photo by Evan S. H. Quah. E. Juvenile paratype (LSUHC 14329) from Pwe Hla Village. Photo by Evan S. H. Quah.

FIGURE 7. A in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 7. A. Adult female holotype of Hemiphyllodactylus zwegabinensis sp. nov. (LSUHC 14184) from Zwegabin Mountain, Kayin State, Myanmar. Color pattern variation in B. Adult female paratype (LSUHC 14033) H. kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. from Kyaiktiyo Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar and C. Adult female paratype (LSUHC 14030) H. kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. from Kyaiktiyo Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar. Photos by L. Lee Grismer.

FIGURE 1 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood consensus tree of Hemiphyllodactylus clades with UFB and BI support value coding at the nodes. Topographical map showing the distribution of the species in the north and south lineages on the Shan Plateau and in the Salween Basin. Localities of H. ngwelwini sp. nov. from north to south are Pwe Hla Village, Thayeumin Cave, and Myintmahati Cave, Shan State.

FIGURE 3 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 3. Graphics of statistical analyses among species of the south lineage. A. Principal component analysis (PCA). B. Discriminant function of principal components (DAPC). C. Boxplots of characters bearing significantly different mean values. Species pairs bearing significantly different mean values between them are listed above each plot. Abbreviations are in the Materials and methods.

FIGURE 11 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 11. Color pattern variation among holotype, selected paratypes and a hatchling of Hemiphyllodactylus pinlaungensis sp. nov. from Pinlaung City, Shan State, Myanmar. A. Adult male holotype (LSUHC 14274). B. Adult female (LSUHC 14266). C. Adult female (LSUHC 14273). D. Adult female (LSUHC 14265). E. Adult female (LSUHC 14277). F. Hatchling (LSUHC 14258). Photographs by L. Lee Grismer.

FIGURE 10 in Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

FIGURE 10. Natural and man-made microhabitat habitat of Hemiphyllodactylus kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. from Kyaiktiyo Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Allopatric instead of parapatric divergence in an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Laccaria trichodermophora) in tropical sky-islands

In tropical sky-islands, cold-affinity populations tend to become isolated at highlands during the interglacial periods, and to expand into the lowlands where they become more connected during the glacial periods. Although this has been widely studied in trees, it is poorly understood how fungal symbionts can differentiate among mountains (allopatrically), or within a single mountain (parapatrically) due to climate fluctuations. Here, we conducted population genomic analyses on the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria trichodermophora in three tropical sky-islands using Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) at low DNA concentrations. There were no significant differences between altitudes within a single mountain, but we observed significant genetic differentiation among populations from different mountains, supporting the allopatric differentiation hypothesis. Our results indicate that L. trichodermophora populations are under a sky-island population dynamics that started during the Pleistocene climate fluctuations.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Asymmetric acoustic signal recognition led to asymmetric genetic introgression between two parapatric rhacophorid treefrogs

Correct discrimination between courtship signals could help maintain genetic integrity between closely related species. However, asymmetric usage of signals might cause asymmetric magnitude of gene flow across the contact zone. Buergeria japonica and B. otai are sibling species with parapatric distribution pattern in Taiwan, forming two narrow contact zones in eastern and western sides of the island. Both species use a shared acoustic signal of calls (Type 1a/1b), whereas B. otai presents another unique call type (Type 2) which never appears in B. japonica. Combining behavioral experiments with genome-wide RAD-seq analyses, we aim to test whether the ability of signal recognition influences genetic introgression across their species boundary. The playback experiments showed that the western population of B. otai has evolved a stronger level of reproductive character displacement by showing the inclusive usage of their unique Type 2 signal. In contrast, the eastern population used both unique and shared signals and has a stronger preference for the latter. Consistent with behavioral difference, genetic introgression across the contact zone was detected only in the eastern boundary but not in the western one. Furthermore, the gene flow in this contact zone tends to be unidirectional from B. japonica toward B. otai. Our results support the prediction that a more specialized signal user might have a higher probability to maintain their genetic integrity compared to a generalized signal user.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Immigrant inviability produces a strong barrier to gene flow between parapatric ecotypes of Senecio lautus

Speciation proceeds when gene exchange is prevented between populations. Determining the different barriers preventing gene flow can therefore give insights into the factors driving and maintaining species boundaries. These reproductive barriers may result from intrinsic genetic incompatibilities between populations, from extrinsic environmental differences between populations, or a combination of both mechanisms. We investigated the potential barriers to gene exchange between three adjacent ecotypes of an Australian wildflower to determine the strength of individual barriers and the degree of overall isolation between populations. We found almost complete isolation between the three populations mainly due to premating extrinsic barriers. Intrinsic genetic barriers were weak and variable amongst populations. There were asymmetries in some intrinsic barriers due to the origin of cytoplasm in hybrids, which combined with weak selection against hybrids has the potential to facilitate gene flow in the system, specifically from Dune and Headland ecotypes into the Island ecotype. Overall, these results suggest that reproductive isolation between these three populations is almost complete despite the absence of geographic barriers, and that the main drivers of this isolation are ecologically based, consistent with the mechanisms underlying ecological speciation.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Multiple parapatric pollinators have radiated across a continental fig tree displaying clinal genetic variation

The ways that plant-feeding insects have diversified is central to our understanding of terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate nursery pollination mutualisms provide highly relevant model systems of how plants and their insect associates have diversified and the over 800 species of fig trees (Ficus) allow comparative studies. Fig trees can have one or more pollinating fig wasp species (Agaonidae) that breed within their figs, but factors influencing their number remain to be established. In some widely distributed fig trees, the plants form populations isolated by large swathes of sea, and the different populations are pollinated by different wasp species. Other Ficus species with continuous distributions may present genetic signatures of isolation by distance, suggesting more limited pollinator dispersal, which may also facilitate pollinator speciation. We tested the hypothesis that Ficus hirta, a species for which preliminary data showed genetic isolation by distance, would support numerous pollinator species across its range. Our results show that across its range Ficus hirta displays clinal genetic variation and is pollinated by nine parapatric species of Valisia. This is the highest number of pollinators reported to date for any Ficus species and it is the first demonstration of the occurrence of parapatric pollinator species on a fig host displaying continuous genetic structure. Future comparative studies across Ficus species should be able to establish the plant traits that have driven the evolution of pollinator dispersal behaviour, pollinator speciation and host plant spatial genetic structure.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes

The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has emerged as an important model organism in evolutionary ecology, largely due to the repeated, parallel evolution of divergent morphotypes found in populations having colonized freshwater habitats. However, morphological divergence following colonization is not a universal phenomenon. We explore this in a large-scale estuarine ecosystem inhabited by two parapatric stickleback demes, each physiologically adapted to divergent osmoregulatory environments (fresh vs. saline waters). Using geometric morphometric analyses of wild-caught individuals, we detected significant differences between demes, in addition to sexual dimorphism, in body shape. However, rearing full-sib families from each deme under controlled, reciprocal salinity conditions revealed no differences between genotypes and highly significant environmental effects. It is also noteworthy that fish from both demes were fully plated, whether found in the wild or reared under reciprocal salinity conditions. Although we found significant heritability for body shape, we also noted significant direct environmental effects for many latent shape variables. Moreover, we found little evidence for diversifying selection acting on body size and shape (QST). Nevertheless, uniform compressive variation did exceed neutral expectations, yet despite evidence of both allometry and genetic correlation with body length, we detected no correlated signatures of selection. Taken together, these results suggest that much of the morphological divergence observed in this system is the result of plastic responses to environmental variation rather than adaptive differentiation.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: DNA metabarcoding diet analysis for species with parapatric versus sympatric distribution: a case study on subterranean rodents

Closely related sympatric species commonly develop different ecological strategies to avoid competition. Ctenomys minutus and C. flamarioni are subterranean rodents parapatrically distributed in the southern Brazilian coastal plain, showing a narrow sympatric zone. To gain understanding on food preferences and possible competition for food resources, we evaluated their diet composition performing DNA metabarcoding analyzes of 67 C. minutus and 100 C. flamarioni scat samples, collected along the species geographical ranges. Thirteen plant families, mainly represented by Poaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae, were identified in the diet of C. minutus. For C. flamarioni, 10 families were recovered, with a predominance of Poaceae, Araliaceae and Asteraceae. A significant correlation between diet composition and geographical distance was detected in C. minutus, whereas the diet of C. flamarioni was quite homogeneous throughout its geographical distribution. No significant differences were observed between males and females of each species. However, differences in diet composition between species were evident according to multivariate analysis. Our results suggest some level of diet partitioning between C. flamarioni and C. minutus in the sympatric region. While the first species is more specialized on few plant items, the second showed a more varied and heterogeneous diet pattern among individuals. These differences might have been developed to avoid competition in the region of co-occurrence. Resource availability in the environment also seems to influence food choices. Our data indicate that C. minutus and C. flamarioni are generalist species, but that some preference for Poaceae, Asteraceae and Araliaceae families can be suggested for both rodents.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Natural selection on MHC IIβ in parapatric lake and stream stickleback: balancing, divergent, both or neither?

Major histocompatibility (MHC) genes encode proteins that play a central role in vertebrates' adaptive immunity to parasites. MHC loci are among the most polymorphic in vertebrates' genomes, inspiring many studies to identify evolutionary processes driving MHC polymorphism within populations, and divergence between populations. Leading hypotheses include balancing selection favoring rare alleles within populations, and spatially divergent selection. These hypotheses do not always produce diagnosably distinct predictions, causing many studies of MHC to yield inconsistent or ambiguous results. We suggest a novel strategy to distinguish balancing versus divergent selection on MHC, taking advantage of natural admixture between parapatric populations. With divergent selection, individuals with immigrant alleles will be more infected and less fit because they are susceptible to novel parasites in their new habitat. With balancing selection, individuals with locally-rare immigrant alleles will be more fit (less infected). We tested these contrasting predictions using threespine stickleback from three replicate pairs of parapatric lake and stream habitats. We found numerous positive and negative associations between particular MHC IIβ alleles and particular parasite taxa. A few allele-parasite comparisons supported balancing selection, others supported divergent selection between habitats. But, there was no overall tendency for fish with immigrant MHC alleles to be more or less heavily infected. Instead, locally rare MHC alleles (not necessarily immigrants) were associated with heavier infections. Our results illustrate the complex relationship between MHC IIβ allelic variation and spatially varying multi-species parasite communities: different hypotheses may be concurrently true for different allele-parasite combinations.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Mitochondrial haplotypes indicate parapatric-like phylogeographic structure in blue-spotted maskray (Neotrygon kuhlii) from the Coral Triangle region

Phylogeographic structure was investigated in the blue-spotted maskray, Neotrygon kuhlii, focusing on the Coral Triangle region. We used as genetic marker a 519-bp fragment of the cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, sequenced in a total of 147 individuals from 26 sampling locations. The parsimony network of COI haplotypes was split into seven distinct clades within the Coral Triangle region. Different clades had exclusive but contiguous geographic distributions, indicating parapatric-like phylogeographic structure. Strong genetic differences were also inferred between local populations within a clade, where reciprocal monophyly between geographically adjacent samples was observed on several instances. Nearly 25% of the total molecular variance could be ascribed to differences between geographic samples within a clade, whereas interclade variation accounted for >65% of the total variance. The strong phylogeographic structure observed within a clade can be explained by either sedentarity or female philopatry. We interpret the parapatric distribution of clades as the joint result of 1) expansion from refuge populations at times of low sea level, and 2) possible enhanced competition between individuals from different clades, or assortative mating, or hybrid zones, along lines of secondary contact. The parapatric-like structure uncovered in the present study parallels regional differences at nuclear marker loci, thus pointing to incipient speciation within Coral Triangle N. kuhlii.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Fitness differences between parapatric lake and stream stickleback revealed by a field transplant

Molecular comparisons of populations diverging into ecologically different environments often reveal strong differentiation in localized genomic regions, with the remainder of the genome being weakly differentiated. This pattern of heterogeneous genomic divergence, however, is rarely connected to direct measurements of fitness differences among populations. We here do so by performing a field enclosure experiment in threespine stickleback fish residing in a lake and in three replicate adjoining streams, and displaying weak yet heterogeneous genomic divergence between these habitats. Tracking survival over 29 weeks, we consistently find that lake genotypes transplanted into the streams suffer greatly reduced viability relative to local stream genotypes and that the performance of F1 hybrid genotypes is intermediate. This observed selection against migrants and hybrids combines to a total reduction in gene flow from the lake into streams of around 80%. Overall, our study identifies a strong reproductive barrier between parapatric stickleback populations, and cautions against inferring weak fitness differences between populations exhibiting weak overall genomic differentiation.

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGURE 1 in Albula gilberti, a new species of bonefish (Albuliformes: Albulidae) from the eastern Pacific, and a description of adults of the parapatric A. esuncula

FIGURE 1. (A) Albula gilberti n. sp., holotype, 194 mm SL, 248 mm TL, CIAD 10–03/TB 03.ALG–36; (B) Albula esuncula, 194 mm SL, 249 mm TL, CIAD 10–03/TB 03.ALE–34.

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGURE 2 in Albula gilberti, a new species of bonefish (Albuliformes: Albulidae) from the eastern Pacific, and a description of adults of the parapatric A. esuncula

FIGURE 2. Tooth patches in roof of mouth: (A) Albula gilberti n. sp., paratype CIAD 10–01/TB 01.ALG–30; (B) Albula esuncula, CIAD 10–03/TB 03.ALE–35. PS, parasphenoid; MP, mesopterygoids. Scale bars = 5 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Dataset from: Parapatric and sympatric adaptation of Setaria viridis populations in Japan to heterogeneous coastal habitats via trait divergence of plant form, salt spray tolerance and flowering time

This study aimed to determine how coastal variants of plants arise from local populations under natural selection by studying variations in phenotypic variations and survival of Setaria viridis populations inhabiting mosaic environments of two seashores in Japan. S.viridis populations comprised five coastal variants showing significantly higher salt spray tolerance than the inland variant: ST, short and tolerant (common variant); TM, tall and mid-tolerant (Inland Sea); TT, tall and tolerant; PT, prostrate and tolerant; L, extremely late flowering; I, inland and susceptible variants. These variations imply that maritime plants first acquired salt spray tolerance for survival, after which compact plants evolved in habitats where strong winds caused damage from salt spray. Results indicate that diverse intensities of salt spray and winds as well as summer drought generated various coastal variations in parapatry and sympatry.