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173 results for “parasitoid biology”
Figure 12 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 12. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (anterior view of mouth parts). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus silybi. H, Idiomacromerus papaveris. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus affinis. K, Torymus auratus. L, Torymus bedeguaris. M, Torymus chloromerus. N, Torymus cingulatus. O, Torymus cyaneus.
Figure 18 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 18. Strict consensus tree of 200 most parsimonious trees reconstructed from phylogenetic analyses of larval data.
Figure 11 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 11. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (anterior view of the head). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cingulatus. C, Torymus cyaneus. D, Torymus geranii. E, Torymus nobilis. F, Torymus notatus. G, Torymus rubi.
Figure 10 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 10. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (anterior view of the head). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus papaveris. H, Idiomacromerus silybi. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus affinis. K, Torymus auratus. L, Torymus bedeguaris.
Figure 9 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 9. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (lateral view of the body). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cingulatus. C, Torymus cyaneus. D, Torymus geranii. E, Torymus notatus. F, Torymus rubi. G, Torymus nobilis.
Figure 8 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 8. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (lateral view of the body). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus silybi. H, Idiomacromerus papaveris. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus affinis. K, Torymus auratus. L, Torymus bedeguaris.
Figure 4 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 4. Terminal-instar larva of T. cingulatus Nees (anterior view of mouth parts; Mpu) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: clypeus (cl) with the clypeal setae (cs), the labrum (lb) with setae of labrum (lbs) and the under-lip complex: lbi, labium; ll, latero-medial setae of labium; mp, maxillary palps; ms, maxillary setae; mx, maxillae; pl, postero-medial setae of labium; ul, antero-medial setae of labium.
Figure 6 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 6. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (ventral view of the body). A, Adontomerus impolitus. B, Adontomerus crassipes. C, Chalcimerus borceai. D, Glyphomerus tibialis. E, Glyphomerus stigma. F, Idiomacromerus centaureae. G, Idiomacromerus silybi. H, Idiomacromerus papaveris. I, Pseudotorymus papaveris. J, Torymus bedeguaris. K, Torymus affinis. L, Torymus auratus. M, Torymus cingulatus.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 1. Terminal-instar larva of Torymus cyaneus Walker (ventral view) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: ABS1– ABS9, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS1– THS3, thoracic segments; vlr, ventrolateral region; vmr, ventromedial region.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 2. Terminal-instar larva of Torymus nobilis Boheman (lateral view) illustrating the terminology used in the text. Letters refer to the following structures: ABS1–ABS10, abdominal segments; ANS, anal segment; THS1–THS3, thoracic segments; adp, anterodorsal protuberances; epc, spiracles. Accordingly, the setae are referred to: dorsal area, D; pleural area, P; ventral area, V.
Figure 7 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 7. Terminal-instar larvae of Torymidae (ventral view of the body). A, Torymus chloromerus. B, Torymus cyaneus. C, Torymus geranii. D, Torymus nobilis. E, Torymus notatus. F, Torymus rubi.
Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests
There is increasing demand for sustainable pest management to reduce harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. For pest aphids, biological control with parasitoid wasps provides a welcome alternative, particularly in greenhouses. However, aphids are frequently infected with the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which increases resistance to parasitoids and thereby hampers biological control. Using the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and its main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum, we tested whether prior adaptation of parasitoids can improve the control of symbiont-protected pests. We had parasitoid lines adapted to two different strains of H. defensa by experimental evolution, as well as parasitoids evolved on H. defensa-free aphids. We compared their ability to control caged aphid populations comprising 60% unprotected and 40% H. defensa-protected aphids, with both H. defensa strains present in the populations. Parasitoids that were not adapted to H. defensa had virtually no effect on aphid population dynamics compared to parasitoid-free controls, but one of the adapted lines and a mixture of both adapted lines controlled aphids successfully, strongly benefitting plant growth. Selection by parasitoids altered aphid population composition in a very specific manner. Aphid populations became dominated by H. defensa-protected aphids in the presence of parasitoids, and each adapted parasitoid line selected for the H. defensa strain it was not adapted to. This study shows, for the first time, that prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests, but the high specificity of parasitoid counter-resistance may represent a challenge for its implementation.
Data from: Traits across trophic levels interact to influence parasitoid establishment in biological control releases
<p><span>A central goal in ecology is to </span><span>predict what governs a species' ability to establish in a new environment.</span><span> One mechanism driving </span><span>establishment success</span><span> is individual species' traits, but the role of trait combinations among interacting species across different trophic levels are less clear. Deliberate or accidental species additions to existing communities provide opportunities to study larger scale patterns of establishment success. Biological control introductions are especially valuable because they contain data on both the successfully established and unestablished species. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we supplemented a recent dataset of importation biological control introductions with life-history traits for the parasitoid species and the herbivorus hosts they were released to control </span><span>to explore how life-history traits of 132 parasitoid species and their herbivorous hosts interact to affect </span><span>parasitoid establishment. </span><span>We find that</span><span> of five parasitoid and herbivore traits investigated, one</span> <span>parasitoid trait—host range—weakly predicts parasitoid establishment; parasitoids with higher levels of phylogenetic specialization have higher establishment success, though the effect is marginal. In addition, parasitoids are more likely to establish when their herbivore host has had a shorter residence time. Interestingly, we do not corroborate earlier findings that gregarious parasitoids and endo-parasitoids are more likely to establish. Most importantly, we find that life-history traits of </span><span>the parasitoid species </span><span>and their hosts can interact</span><span> to influence establishment. Specifically, parasitoids with broader host ranges are more likely to establish when the herbivore they have been released to control is also </span><span>more of </span><span>a generalist. These results provide insight into how multiple </span><span>species'</span><span> traits and their interactions</span><span>,</span><span> both within and across trophic levels</span><span>,</span><span> can </span><span>influence establishment of species of higher trophic levels</span><span>.</span></p>
Figure 4 in Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov. (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoid of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): taxonomic redescription and biology, with notes on the genus Paedarium Aldrich, 1926
Figure 4. Paedarium subauratum, female: terminalia in posteroventral view. (Abbreviation: cerc, cercus; hyprct, hypoproct; st, sternite; tg, tergite). Scale: 0.25 mm.
Figure 2 in Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov. (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoid of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): taxonomic redescription and biology, with notes on the genus Paedarium Aldrich, 1926
Figure 2. Paedarium subauratum, male: (A-B) terminalia in lateral view. (C) sternite 5 in ventral view. (D) terminalia in posterior view. (Abbreviations: bac scl, bacilliform sclerite; bhp + epiph, basiphallus + epiphallus; cerc, cercus; distph, distiphallus; epand, epandrium; phapod, phallapodema; hypd, hypandrium; ptg, postgonite; pregt, pregonite; sur, surstylus). Scale: 0.25 mm.
Figure 1 in Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov. (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoid of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): taxonomic redescription and biology, with notes on the genus Paedarium Aldrich, 1926
Figure 1. Paedarium subauratum: (A-B) female in lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Paedarium subauratum: (C-D) male in lateral and dorsal view, respectively. Scale 1 mm.
Data from: Longevity of hymenopteran parasitoids in natural vs. agricultural habitats and implications for biological control
<p>Agricultural habitats are frequently disturbed, and disturbances could have large effects on species in upper trophic levels such as hymenopteran parasitoids that are important for biological control. A strategy for conservation biological control is to provide a diversified agricultural landscape which increases the availability of resources such as sugar required by parasitoid biological control agents. Here, we ask whether parasitoids occurring in agriculture benefit from sugar resources more or less than parasitoids occurring in natural habitats surrounding agricultural fields. We collected parasitoids from agricultural alfalfa fields, field margins and natural prairies, and in the lab we randomly divided them into two treatments: half were given a constant supply of a sugar source to test their residual lifespan, and half were given neither sugar nor water to test their hardiness. Collected individuals were monitored daily and their day of death recorded. Parasitoids receiving a sugar source lived substantially longer than those without. Parasitoids collected in prairies lived longer than those from alfalfa fields in both the residual lifespan and hardiness treatments, with parasitoids from field margins being intermediate between them. Furthermore, the benefits of a sugar source to increase longevity was lower for parasitoids collected in agriculture than in natural habitats. This suggests that, even though parasitoid biological control agents benefit from sugar resources, their short lifespans make the benefit of sugar resources small compared to parasitoids that occur in natural habitats and have longer lifespans, and are adapted to consistent sugar sources.</p>
Fig. 1 in Biology of Blepyrus clavicornis (Compere) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Fig. 1. (A) Blepyrus clavicornis female and (B) male. Scale: 1 mm.
Figure 17 in Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminal-instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym. Cynipidae)
Figure 17. Tree from heuristic search of phylogenetic analyses of larval data.
Data from: Traits across trophic levels interact to influence parasitoid establishment in biological control releases
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