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Fig. 8 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 8. Neocranaus gladius Villarreal & Kury sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ICN-Ao-837). Penis: apical portion in dorsal (A), lateral (B) and lateral panoramic view (C).

Fig. 11 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 11. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov. (MUSENUV-Ar 2123). Penis: apical portion in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral views (C).

Fig. 3. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 3. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♂ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. D. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. E. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 9. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., male from Tolima (MUSENUV-Ar 2123). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Posterior view. E. Left pedipalp, ectal view. F. Left pedipalp, mesal view. G. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. H. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. I. Right leg IV, patella and tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 2. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♂ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Posterior view. E. Right pedipalp, ectal view. F. Right pedipalp, mesal view. G. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. H. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. I. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

A Double-Edged Sword: Parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally-vectored parasite

Parental care can protect offspring from predators but can also create opportunities for parents to vector parasites to their offspring. We hypothesized that the risk of infection by maternally-vectored parasites would increase with the frequency of mother-offspring contact. Ammophila spp. wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) build nests in which they rear single offspring. Ammophila species exhibit varied offspring provisioning behaviors: some species enter the nest once to provision a single, large caterpillar, whereas others enter the nest repeatedly to provision with many smaller caterpillars. We hypothesized that each nest visit increases the risk of offspring parasitism by Paraxenos lugubris (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), whose infectious stages ride on the mother wasp (phoresy) to reach the vulnerable Ammophila offspring. We quantified parasitism risk by external examination of museum-curated Ammophila specimens—the anterior portion of P. lugubris protrudes between the adult host's abdominal sclerites and reflects infection during the larval stage. As predicted, Ammophila species that receive larger numbers of provisions incur greater risks of parasitism, with nest provisioning behavior explaining ca. 90% of the interspecific variation in mean parasitism. These findings demonstrate that parental care can augment, rather than reduce, risk of parasite transmission to offspring.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Effects of season length and uniparental care efficiency on the evolution of parental care

Parental care patterns differ enormously among and even within species. In Chinese penduline tits (Remiz pendulinus), for example, biparental care, female-only care, male-only care, and biparental desertion all occur in the same population; moreover, the distribution of care patterns differs systematically between populations. By means of an individual-based model, we show that such diversity can readily evolve. We report five main findings. First, under a broad range of parameters, different care patterns (e.g. male care and biparental care) coexist at equilibrium. Second, for many parameters, alternative evolutionary outcomes are possible; this can explain differences in care patterns across populations. Third, rapid evolutionary transitions can occur between alternative equilibria; this can explain the often-reported evolutionary lability of parental care patterns. Fourth, season length has a strong but non-monotonic effect on the evolved care patterns. Fifth, when uniparental care efficiency is low, biparental care tends to evolve; however, in many scenarios uniparental care is still common at equilibrium. Our study sheds new light on Triver's hypothesis that the sex with the highest pre-zygotic investment is predestined to invest a lot post-zygotically as well. We also discuss the implications of climate change, which simultaneously affects season length and efficiency of parental care.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data for: Selection on the joint action of pairs leads to divergent adaptation and coadaptation of care-giving parents during pre-hatching care

The joint actions of animals in partnerships or social groups evolve under both natural selection, from the wider environment, and social selection, imposed by other members of the pair or group. We used experimental evolution to investigate how jointly expressed actions evolve upon exposure to a new environmental challenge. Our work focused on the evolution of carrion nest preparation by pairs of burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides, a joint activity undertaken by the pair but typically led by the male. In previous work, we found that carrion nest preparation evolved to be faster in experimental populations without post-hatching care (No Care lines) than with post-hatching care (Full Care lines). Here we investigate how this joint activity evolved. After 15 generations of experimental evolution, we created heterotypic pairs (No Care females with Full Care males, and No Care males with Full Care females) and compared their carrion nest making with homotypic No Care and Full Care pairs. We found that pairs with No Care males prepared the nest more rapidly than pairs with Full Care males, regardless of the female's line of origin. We discuss how social coadaptations within pairs or groups could act as a post-mating barrier to gene flow.

Figure 1 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 1. Couple of Tyto furcata image captured by the security camera positioned opposite from the nest.Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Figure 5 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 5. Day frequency that the Tyto furcata family brought food to the nest. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Figure 4 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 4. Frequency that the Tyto furcata parents bring the chicks near themselves (July and August, 2017). Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Figure 6 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 6. Day frequency that the Tyto furcata family brought food to the nest, from laying the eggs until the chicks left the nest. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Figure 3 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 3. Observation of the Tyto furcata family in the nest. (A) Female sitting on eggs in the artificial nest; (B) 25-day-old chicks; (C) Adult owl bringing food to the chicks; (D) Chicks feeding alone in the nest. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Snowmelt and laying date shape the parental care strategy of a high-Arctic shorebird

Parental care varies across animal taxa, from uniparental to biparental care, driven by ecological and social factors such as weather, food availability, predation, and partner availability. Understanding this diversity within species can reveal biotic and abiotic conditions allowing uniparental versus biparental strategies. This study examines the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on parental care strategies in Sanderlings (Calidris alba), one of the few species that uses both types of care. Using long-term data from Greenland (2011-2023), path analyses revealed that laying date and snowmelt influence parental care strategies, with indirect climatic effects during migration and on breeding grounds. We observed a greater proportion of uniparental nests in years with delayed laying dates, and a greater proportion of biparental nests in years with delayed snowmelt. These findings underscore the complex interplay between environmental factors and parental care strategies, offering insights into how these strategies may evolve under changing ecological conditions.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Dataset from: "Assessment of depression, anxiety, and psychological symptoms in parents of pediatric palliative care patients: A single-center case-control study"

The dataset comprises raw data from a case-control study that compared levels of depression, anxiety, and general psychological symptoms between parents of pediatric palliative care (PPC) patients and parents of healthy controls. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) were employed to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the mental health challenges faced by parents. The designation "case" in the first column (A) represents the parents of PPC patients, while the designation "control" represents the control group.  The columns labeled B to S present demographic characteristics data, while columns T to AR present inventory scores. Columns BB to GC, in turn, present the responses to the inventory items.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats

Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with pink circular eggs gathered on its ventral side for protection. B) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with leech hatchlings gathered on the ventral side of the parent leech. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Figure 5 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)

Figure 5. Food provisioning to fledglings of the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas: (A) fledgling (front) swallowing a fruit delivered by the adult; (B) the fledgling (right) receives a piece of an arthropod.

Figure 2 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)

Figure 2. Food provisioning rate (events per fledgling per hour) in the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas in relation to fledgling age expressed as days from fledging.

Figure 1 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)

Figure 1. Total number of food provisioning events to fledglings of the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas by each parental sex. Grouped bars refer to fledglings from the same family group (1 to 8) and reflect clutch size, with exception of families 5 and 6 (two fledglings each, one of them non assessed during focal observations). Families 1 and 6 to 8 were assigned as biparental care; in family 7, biparental care was assigned because the male was observed feeding one non focal nestling.

Figure 4 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)

Figure 4. Age-related variation in the frequency of foraging and vocalization behaviors in fledglings of Turdus leucomelas. The curve in the panel A represents a significant logistic relationship between the variables, and its 95% confidence interval denoted by the shaded area. Bars in both panels represent the relative frequency of the behaviors followed by the number of scans (below bars) within 1-day age intervals (n = 787 in total), with fledgling age corresponding to the number of days after fledging.