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Are offspring begging levels exaggerated beyond the parental optimum? Evidence from a bidirectional selection experiment
Parental care involves elaborate behavioural interactions between parents and their offspring, with offspring stimulating their parents via begging to provision resources. Thus, begging has direct fitness benefits as it enhances offspring growth and survival. It is nevertheless subject to a complex evolutionary trajectory, because begging may serve as a means for the offspring to manipulate parents in the context of evolutionary conflicts of interest. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that begging is coadapted and potentially genetically correlated with parental care traits as a result of social selection. Further experiments on the causal processes that shape the evolution of begging are therefore essential. We applied bidirectional artificial selection on begging behaviour, using canaries (Serinus canaria) as a model species. We measured the response to selection, the consequences for offspring development, changes in parental care traits, here the rate of parental provisioning, as well as the effects on reproductive success. After three generations of selection, offspring differed in begging behaviour according to our artificial selection regime: nestlings of the high begging line begged significantly more than nestlings of the low begging line. Intriguingly, begging less benefitted the nestlings, as reflected by on average significantly higher growth rates, and increased reproductive success in terms of a higher number of fledglings in the low selected line. Begging could thus represent an exaggerated trait, possibly because parent-offspring conflict enhanced the selection on begging. We did not find evidence that we co-selected on parental provisioning, which may be due to the lack of power, but may also suggest that the evolution of begging is probably not constrained by a genetic correlation between parental provisioning and offspring begging.
Fig. 4 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 4. Scytodid egg-sac. (A) Typical egg-sac of Scytodes cavernarum, S. fusca and the Philippines Scytodes sp. 2; and (B) Scytodes magna egg-sac. Note the denser silk surrounding the eggs of S. magna.
Fig. 8 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 8. Reproductive traits of five cave species of scytodids. (A) Mean (± S.E.) total number of spiderlings per female; (B) mean (± S.E.) egg hatching time (d); (C) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between clutches; (D) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between hatching and the next egg-sac production; (E) mean (± S.E.) number of clutches; and (F) mean (± S.E.) number of spiderlings per clutch. Different lower cases indicate significant differences.
Fig. 3 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 3. Maternal care of egg-sacs in spitting spiders. (A) Scytodes fusca female carrying her egg-sac in her chelicerae. (B) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 female on the surface of the outer cave walls, staying close to her egg-sac. The egg-sac is suspended by two to three threads. (C) Web constructed by S. magna female. Her egg-sac is suspended by a few threads at the centre of the web.
Fig. 2 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 2. The 'cage within a cage' set-up for studying the natal dispersal patterns of scytodid spiders. Modified from Ruttan (1990).
Fig. 1 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 1. Four species of cave scytodid spiders. (A) female and (B) male Scytodes magna, body length = 10.5 mm; (C) female and (D) male S. fusca, body length = 5.8 mm; (E) female Philippines Scytodes sp. 2, body length = 5.6mm; and (F) female S. cavernarum, body length = 5.3 mm.
Fig. 6 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 6. Newly emerged Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 spiderlings spread out on the sparse silk nest, and female feeding on house fly alone. Body length of adult female = 11.5 mm.
Fig. 7 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 7. Relationship between the days in which spiderlings dispersed and spiderling mass in five cave scytodid species. (A) Scytodes fusca; (B) S. carvernarum; (C) Philippines Scytodes sp. 2.; (D) S. magna; and (E) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1.
Network of Marital and Parental Relations of Western and Central European Dynasties, 1350-1550 (Burgundian Dukes Highlighted)
<p>This map visualises the marital and parental connections of princely Western- and Central European dynasties between 1350 and 1550. It features the rulers and consorts born between 1350 and 1550 and their parents. Individuals are undirectedly connected to each other based on either a marital or parental relationship. Red nodes refer to individuals (ruler and/or consort) of the Burgundian State. Nodes are scaled based on the Eigenvector Centrality Count of the individual.</p><p>See: Miara Fraikin and Meike Wiedemann, 'The "Burgundian Model" revisited: Using Digital Approaches to Explore the Reach of Burgundy', in Sanne Maekelberg and Krista De Jonge (eds.), <i>Mapping the Space of the Early Modern Court in Europe. Functionality and Representation, </i>2023, pp.13-34.</p>
Network of Marital and Parental Relations of Western and Central European Dynasties, 1350-1550
<p>This map visualizes the marital and parental connections of princely Western- and Central European dynasties between 1350 and 1550. It features the rulers and consorts born between 1350 and 1550 and their parents. Individuals are undirectedly connected to eachother based on either a marital relationship or a parental relationship. Pink nodes refer to women, green nodes refer to men. Nodes are scaled based on their Eigenvector Centrality count.</p><p>See: Miara Fraikin and Meike Wiedemann, 'The "Burgundian Model" revisited: Using Digital Approaches to Explore the Reach of Burgundy', in Sanne Maekelberg and Krista De Jonge (eds.), <i>Mapping the Space of the Early Modern Court in Europe. Functionality and Representation, </i>2023, pp.13-34.</p>
Data from "Stability of genome-wide methylation patterns and parental environmental effects in the widespread, long-lived Lombardy poplar"
<p><strong>Data from : 'Stability of genome-wide methylation patterns and parental environmental effects in the widespread, long-lived Lombardy poplar'</strong></p> <p>An Vanden Broeck*, Tim Meese*, Pieter Verschelde, Karen Cox, Berthold Heinze, Dieter Deforce, Ellen De Meester and Filip Van Nieuwerburgh</p> <p> </p> <p>Related publication: Vanden Broeck, A.*, Meese, T.*, Verschelde, P. <em>et al.<strong> Genome-wide methylome stability and parental effects in the worldwide distributed Lombardy poplar</strong></em>. <em>BMC Biol</em> <strong>22</strong>, 30 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-024-01816-1</p> <ul> <li>* These authors contributed equally.</li> </ul> <p>--------------------------------------------------</p> <p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the increasing number of epigenomic studies in plants, little is known about the forces that shape the methylome in long-lived woody perennials. The Lombardy poplar (<em>Populus nigra</em> cv. 'Italica' Duroi) offers an ideal opportunity to investigate the impact of the individual environmental history of trees on the methylome.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We present the results of three interconnected experiments on Lombardy poplar. In the first experiment, we investigated methylome variability during a growing season and across vegetatively reproduced generations. We found that ramets collected over Europe and raised in common conditions have stable methylomes in symmetrical CG-contexts. In contrast, seasonal dynamics occurred in methylation patterns in CHH-context. In the second experiment, we investigated whether methylome patterns of plants grown in a non-parental environment correlate with the parental climate. We did not observe any biological relevant pattern that significantly correlates with the parental climate. Finally, we investigated whether the parental environment has persistent carry-over effects on the vegetative offspring's' phenotype. We combined new bud set observations of three consecutive growing seasons with former published bud set data. Using a linear mixed effects analysis, we found a statistically significant but weak short-term, parental carry-over effect on the timing of bud set. However, this effect was negligible compared to the direct effects of the offspring environment.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genome-wide cytosine methylation patterns in symmetrical GC-context are stable in Lombardy poplar and appear to be mainly the result of random processes. In this widespread poplar clone, methylation patterns in GC-context can be used as bio-markers to infer a common ancestor and thus to investigate the environmental history of a specific Lombardy poplar on short time-scales. The Lombardy poplar shows high phenotypic plasticity in a novel environment which enabled this clonal tree to adapt and survive all over the temperate regions of the world.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>ADDITIONAL FILES</strong></p> <p><strong>Additional file 1.</strong> CSV-file with information on the Lombardy poplar trees samples used for whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in the two methylome experiments (<em>metadata</em>). The raw fastq datafiles obtained by whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) are available at the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/">Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database</a> (submission GSE225596).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 2.</strong> CSV-file with mapping statistics, bisulfite conversion rates and percentages of cytosine methylation for each DNA-sample analyzed by whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). (<em>processed data</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 3</strong>. CSV-file with the total list of GO terms that were enriched in DMRs. DMRs were identified between groups by grouping the WGBS data from 16 individual Lombardy poplar ramets by their corresponding parent-of-origin (ortet ‘HUN4’ located in Hungary, ‘ITS3’ in Italy, ‘SPC1’ in Spain and ‘UKD2’ in the UK, respectively) (<em>processed data</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 4. </strong>POWERPOINT-file. Heatmaps with GO terms over-represented in promoters containing DMRs in CpG-context per between-group pairwise comparison. DMRs were identified between groups by grouping the WGBS data from 16 individual Lombardy poplar ramets by their corresponding parent-of-origin (ortet ‘HUN4’ located in Hungary, ‘ITS3’ in Italy, ‘SPC1’ in Spain and ‘UKD2’ in the UK, respectively). A. HUN4 versus ITS3; B. HUN4 versus UKD2, C; ITS3 versus SPC1; D. HUN4 versus SCP1, E. SPC1 versus UKD2</p> <p><strong>Additional file 5. </strong>CSV-file with the raw data of the bud set observations in the common garden experiment (<em>raw data</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 6. </strong>HTML-file with the R source codes to reproduce the results of the bud set analysis (<em>code,</em> <em>R script</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 7. </strong>A text-file representing the Snakefile (i.e. a readable Python-based workflow) including the different steps and rules of the bioinformatics of the WGBS data analyses (<em>code, Snakefile</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 8. </strong>RMD-file<strong> </strong>with the code to reproduce the analyses to identify differential methylated predefined regions (<em>code,</em> <em>R script</em>).</p> <p><strong>Additional file 9. </strong>R-script with the code to reproduce the clustering and visualizing of the GO enrichment results (<em>code,</em> <em>R script</em>).</p> <p><strong>Supporting files 1</strong>. Zip-folder with: i) excel-files listing the genes in DMRs, and ii) PNG-files with the ‘Biological Coefficient of Variation (BCV)’-plots between any of the six pairwise comparisons of Lombardy poplars grouped per ortet and identified with Bioconductor package edgeR. DMRs were identified between groups by grouping the WGBS data from 16 individual Lombardy poplar ramets by their corresponding parent-of-origin (‘HUN4’ located in Hungary, ‘ITS3’ in Italy, ‘SPC1’ in Spain and ‘UKD2’ in the UK, respectively) (<em>processed data</em>).</p> <p><strong>Supporting files 2</strong>. Zip-folder with PNG-files representing heatmaps and excel-files with clustered GO terms significant over-represented in promoters and gene regions located in DMRs. DMRs were identified between groups by grouping the WGBS data from 16 individual Lombardy poplar ramets by their corresponding parent-of-origin (ortet ‘HUN4’ located in Hungary, ‘ITS3’ in Italy, ‘SPC1’ in Spain and ‘UKD2’ in the UK, respectively. The files were obtained with the Bioconductor package simplifyEnrichment (<em>processed data</em>).</p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Version 3:</p> <ul> <li>Renaming of file names according to the publisher's guidelines</li> <li>Additional file 2 includes also bisulfite conversion rates per sample</li> </ul>
Dataset: Maurel et al. "Hayabusa 2 returned samples reveal a weak to null magnetic field during aqueous alteration of Ryugu's parent body"
<p>Samples: C0005 and A0154a from asteroid Ryugu (JAXA Hayabusa 2 mission), CI chondrite Orgueil, CM2 chondrite Daoura 003</p> <ul> <li>C0005: NRM, ARM, IRM demagnetization and anisotropy of ARM (AARM), IRM acquisition</li> <li>A0154a: NRM demagnetization, AARM</li> <li>Orgueil: NRM and ARM demagnetization</li> <li>Daoura 003: NRM demagnetization</li> </ul>
Divergence in reproductive behaviors is associated with the evolutionary loss of parental care
<p>The mechanisms underlying the divergence of reproductive strategies between closely-related species are still poorly understood. Additionally, it is unclear which selective factors drive the evolution of reproductive behavioral variation and how these traits coevolve, particularly during early divergence. To address these questions, we quantified behavioral differences in a recently diverged pair of Nova Scotian three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) populations, which vary in parental care, with one population displaying paternal care and the other lacking this. We compared both populations, and a full reciprocal F1 hybrid cross, across four major reproductive stages: territoriality, nesting, courtship, and parenting. We identified significant divergence in a suite of heritable behaviors. Importantly, F1 hybrids exhibited a mix of behavioral patterns, some of which suggest sex-linkage. This system offers fresh insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of reproductive behaviors during early divergence and offers support for the hypothesis that coevolutionary feedback between sexual selection and parental care can drive rapid evolution of reproductive strategies.</p>
Energetic trade-offs in migration decision-making, reproductive effort, and subsequent parental care in a long-distance migratory bird
<p>Migratory species trade-off long-distance movement with survival and reproduction, but the spatiotemporal scales at which these decisions occur is relatively unknown. Technological and statistical advances allow fine-scale study of animal decision-making, improving our understanding of possible causes and therefore conservation management. We quantified effects of reproductive preparation during spring migration on subsequent breeding outcomes, breeding outcomes on autumn migration characteristics, and autumn migration characteristics on subsequent parental survival in Greenland white-fronted geese (<em>Anser albifrons flavirostris</em>). These are long-distance migratory birds with a ~50% population decline from 1999 to 2022. We deployed GPS-acceleration devices on adult females to quantify up to five years of individual decision-making throughout the annual cycle. Weather and habitat-use affected time spent feeding and overall dynamic body acceleration (i.e., energy expenditure) during spring and autumn. Geese that expended less energy and fed longer during spring were more likely to successfully reproduce. Geese with offspring expended more energy and fed for less time during autumn, potentially representing adverse fitness consequences of breeding. These behavioural comparisons among Greenland white-fronted geese improve our understanding of fitness trade-offs underlying abundance. We provide a reproducible framework for full annual cycle modelling using location and behaviour data, applicable to similarly studied migratory animals.</p>
Fig. 14. A–B in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 14. A–B. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., live male and female from Tolima, guarding eggs. C–F. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 live specimens from Huila. C. Centipede predating on eggs of Neocranaus Roewer, 1913. D–E. Male and female, guarding eggs. F. Female guarding eggs. Pictures: Julio César González-Gómez.
Fig. 12 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 12. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov. (MUSENUV-Ar 2123) female from Tolima. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 10 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 10. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov. A–E. Male from Tolima (MUSENUVAr 2123). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Right leg IV, femur, prolateral view. D. Right leg IV, femur distal portion in dorsal view. E. Right leg IV, femur distal portion in ventral view. F. Female (Catalogue), right leg IV, tibia, prolateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 13. A–B. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, live specimens from Huila. A. Male. B. Female. C–D in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 13. A–B. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, live specimens from Huila. A. Male. B. Female. C–D. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., live specimens from Tolima. C. Male. D. Female. Pictures: A–B: Julio César González-Gómez; C–D: Luis F. García.
Fig. 6 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 6. Neocranaus gladius Villarreal & Kury sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ICN-Ao-837). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Posterior view. E. Left pedipalp, ectal view. F. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. G. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 5. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 5. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♀ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.