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61 results for “pathogen transmission”
Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids
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Data from: Virulence and transmission biology of the widespread, ecologically important pathogen of zooplankton, Spirobacillus cienkowskii
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Data from: Bottom-up trait-mediated indirect effects decrease pathogen transmission in a tritrophic system
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Data from: Trait-based variation in host contribution to pathogen transmission across species and resource supplies
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Data from: Imperfect vaccination can enhance the transmission of highly virulent pathogens
Could some vaccines drive the evolution of more virulent pathogens? Conventional wisdom is that natural selection will remove highly lethal pathogens if host death greatly reduces transmission. Vaccines that keep hosts alive but still allow transmission could thus allow very virulent strains to circulate in a population. Here we show experimentally that immunization of chickens against Marek's disease virus enhances the fitness of more virulent strains, making it possible for hyperpathogenic strains to transmit. Immunity elicited by direct vaccination or by maternal vaccination prolongs host survival but does not prevent infection, viral replication or transmission, thus extending the infectious periods of strains otherwise too lethal to persist. Our data show that anti-disease vaccines that do not prevent transmission can create conditions that promote the emergence of pathogen strains that cause more severe disease in unvaccinated hosts.
Data from: Sex, synchrony and skin contact: integrating multiple behaviors to assess pathogen transmission risk
<p>Direct pathogen and parasite transmission is fundamentally driven by a population's contact network structure, its demographic composition, and is further modulated by pathogen life history traits. Importantly, populations are most often concurrently exposed to a suite of pathogens, which is rarely investigated, because contact networks are typically inferred from spatial proximity only. Here, we use five years of detailed observations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (<i>Tursiops aduncus</i>) that distinguish between four different types of social contact. We investigate how demography (sex, age) affects these different social behaviors. Three of the four social behaviors can be used as a proxy for understanding key routes of direct pathogen transmission (sexual contact, skin contact, and aerosol contact of respiratory vapor above the water surface). We quantify the demography-dependent network connectedness, representing the risk of exposure associated with the three pathogen transmission routes, quantify co-exposure risks and relate them to individual sociability. Our results suggest demography-driven disease risk in bottlenose dolphins, with males at greater risk than females, and transmission route-dependent implications for different age classes. We hypothesize that male alliance-formation and the divergent reproductive strategies in males and females drive the demography-dependent connectedness and hence exposure risk to pathogens. Our study provides evidence for the risk of co-exposure to pathogens transmitted along different transmission routes and that they relate to individual sociability. Hence, our results highlight the importance of a multi-behavioral approach for a more complete understanding of the overall pathogen transmission risk in animal populations, as well as the cumulative costs of sociality.</p>
CFD Simulation Dataset for Airborne Pathogen Transmission in Turbulent Channels
<p>This dataset contains results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted using <strong>Ansys</strong> to model airborne pathogen transmission in turbulent airflow channels. The simulations focus on the dispersion of pathogen-laden droplets and aerosols, mimicking scenarios such as coughing-induced flows. The data includes the reception statistics of airborne particles, which are used to derive the infection probability. The dataset supports the studygiven below and can be used for statistical characterization and further analysis of airborne pathogen transmission between two people.</p> <p>F. Gulec, F. Dressler and A. W. Eckford, "A Computational Approach for the Characterization of Airborne Pathogen Transmission in Turbulent Molecular Communication Channels," in IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 124-134, June 2023, doi: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3273193.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Covariation between the physiological and behavioral components of pathogen transmission: host heterogeneity determines epidemic outcomes
Although heterogeneity in contact rate, physiology, and behavioral response to infection have all been empirically demonstrated in host–pathogen systems, little is known about how interactions between individual variation in behavior and physiology scale-up to affect pathogen transmission at a population level. The objective of this study is to evaluate how covariation between the behavioral and physiological components of transmission might affect epidemic outcomes in host populations. We tested the consequences of contact rate covarying with susceptibility, infectiousness, and infection status using an individual-based, dynamic network model where individuals initiate and terminate contacts with conspecifics based on their behavioral predispositions and their infection status. Our results suggest that both heterogeneity in physiology and subsequent covariation of physiology with contact rate could powerfully influence epidemic dynamics. Overall, we found that 1) individual variability in susceptibility and infectiousness can reduce the expected maximum prevalence and increase epidemic variability; 2) when contact rate and susceptibility or infectiousness negatively covary, it takes substantially longer for epidemics to spread throughout the population, and rates of epidemic spread remained suppressed even for highly transmissible pathogens; and 3) reductions in contact rate resulting from infection-induced behavioral changes can prevent the pathogen from reaching most of the population. These effects were strongest for theoretical pathogens with lower transmissibility and for populations where the observed variation in contact rate was higher, suggesting that such heterogeneity may be most important for less infectious, more chronic diseases in wildlife. Understanding when and how variability in pathogen transmission should be modelled is a crucial next step for disease ecology.
Data from: Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R0 = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a multi-host pathogen with lineages that pose health risks for domestic birds, wild birds, and humans. One mechanism of intercontinental HPAIV spread is through wild bird reservoirs and wild birds were the likely sources of a Eurasian (EA) lineage HPAIV into North America in 2014. The introduction resulted in several reassortment events with North American (NA) lineage low pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the reassortant EA/NA H5N2 went on to cause one of the largest HPAIV poultry outbreaks in North America. We evaluated three hypotheses about novel HPAIV introduced into wild and domestic bird hosts: (i) transmission of novel HPAIVs in wild birds was restricted by mechanisms associated with highly-pathogenic phenotypes; (ii) the HPAIV poultry outbreak was not self-sustaining and required viral input from wild birds; (iii) reassortment of the EA H5N8 generated reassortant EA/NA AIVs with a fitness advantage over fully Eurasian lineages in North American wild birds. We used a time-rooted phylodynamic model that explicitly incorporated viral population dynamics with evolutionary dynamics to estimate the basic reproductive number (R0) and viral migration among host types in domestic and wild birds, as well as between the EA H5N8 and EA/NA H5N2 in wild birds. We did not find evidence to support hypothesis (i) or (ii) as our estimates of the transmission parameters suggested that the HPAIV outbreak met or exceeded the threshold for persistence in wild birds (R0 > 1) and poultry (R0 ≈ 1) with minimal estimated transmission among host types. There was also no evidence to support hypothesis (iii) because R0 values were similar among EA H5N8 and EA/NA H5N2 in wild birds. Our results suggest that this novel HPAIV and reassortments did not encounter any transmission barriers sufficient to prevent persistence when introduced to wild or domestic birds.
Reducing Filth Fly Populations and Transmission of Diarrhoeal Pathogens in Harsh Settings
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07272122. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 23.
PAthogen Transmission and Health Outcome Models of Enteric Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05322655. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Data from: Evidence for carry-over effects of predator exposure on pathogen transmission potential
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Data from: Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R0 = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America
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Data from: Human and hunting dog interactions in the united states: Insights into potential Zoonotic disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus transmission
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Data from: Imperfect vaccination can enhance the transmission of highly virulent pathogens
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Data from: Covariation between the physiological and behavioral components of pathogen transmission: host heterogeneity determines epidemic outcomes
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Data from: Sex, synchrony and skin contact: integrating multiple behaviors to assess pathogen transmission risk
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Data from: Aquatic polymers can drive pathogen transmission in coastal ecosystems
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Data from: The context dependent effects of host competence, competition, and the pathogen transmission mode on disease prevalence
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Data from: Gene flow and pathogen transmission among bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a fragmented urban landscape
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ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.