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61 results for “pathogen transmission”
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
<p>Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution of suitable habitats for many species as well as their pathogenic microbes. For many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases of humans and agricultural pathogens, climate change is expected to increase transmission and lead to pathogen range expansions. However, if pathogens have a lower heat tolerance than their host, increased warming could generate 'thermal refugia' for hosts. Predicting the outcomes of warming on disease transmission requires detailed knowledge of the thermal tolerances of both the host and the pathogen. Such thermal tolerance studies are generally lacking for fungal pathogens of wild plant populations, despite the fact that plants form the base of all terrestrial communities. Here, we quantified three aspects of the thermal tolerance (growth, infection, and propagule production) of the naturally occurring fungal pathogen <em>Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae</em>, which causes a sterilizing anther-smut disease on the herbaceous plant <em>Silene latifolia</em>. We also quantified two aspects of host thermal tolerance: seedling survival and flowering rate. We found that temperatures >30 degreeC reduced the ability of anther-smut spores to germinate, grow, and conjugate in vitro. In addition, we found that high temperatures (30 degreeC) during, or shortly after the time of inoculation strongly reduced the likelihood of infection in seedlings. Finally, we found that high summer temperatures in the field temporarily cured infected plants, likely reducing transmission. Notably, high temperatures did not reduce survival or flowering of the host plants. Taken together, our results show that the fungus is considerably more sensitive to high temperatures than its host plant. A warming climate could therefore result in reduced disease spread or even local pathogen extirpation, leading to thermal refugia for the host.</p>
Reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen
<p>Anthropogenic environmental change can significantly alter availability and quality of food resources for reservoir hosts and impact host-pathogen interactions in the wild. The state of the host's nutritional reserves as time of infection is a key factor influencing infection outcomes by altering host resistance. Here we combine experimental and model-based approaches to better understand how an environmental stressor affects host resistance to West Nile virus (WNV). Using American robins (Turdus migratorius), a species considered a superspreader of WNV, we tested the effect of acute food deprivation immediately prior to infection on host viremia. Our results show that robins food deprived of food for 48 hours prior to infection, developed higher virus titers and were infectious longer than robins fed normally. To gain understanding about the epidemiological significance of food stressed hosts, we developed an agent-based model that simulates transmission dynamics of WNV between the avian reservoir host and the mosquito vector. When we simulated a nutritionally stressed host population, the mosquito infection rate rose significantly reaching levels that represent an epidemiological risk. An understanding of the infection disease dynamics in wild populations is critical to predict and predict and mitigate zoonotic disease outbreaks.</p>
Data from Lamb et al.: "Hanging out at the club: breeding status and territoriality affect individual space use, multi-species overlap, and pathogen transmission risk at a seabird colony"
<p>This dataset consists of two files:</p> <p><strong>ams_sku_all provides</strong> GPS locations from tracked skuas.</p> <p><strong>Skua_GPS_Metadata</strong> provides information on tracked skuas. The file consists of two workseets, the data table ("skua_gps_metadata", and a key providing descriptions of the column names and values ("Key")</p>
Mosquito aging modulates the development, virulence and transmission potential of pathogens
<p>Host age variation is a striking source of heterogeneity that can shape the evolution and transmission dynamic of pathogens. Compared to vertebrate systems, our understanding of the impact of host age on invertebrate-pathogen interactions remains limited. We examined the influence of mosquito age on key life-history traits driving human malaria transmission. Females of <em>Anopheles coluzzii</em>, a major malaria vector, belonging to three age classes (4, 8, and 12 day-old), were experimentally infected with <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> field isolates. Our findings revealed reduced competence in 12-day-old mosquitoes, characterized by lower oocyst/sporozoite rates and intensities compared to younger mosquitoes. Despite shorter median longevities in older age classes, infected 12-day-old mosquitoes exhibited improved survival, suggesting that the infection might act as a fountain of youth for older mosquitoes specifically. The timing of sporozoite appearance in the salivary glands remained consistent across mosquito age classes, with an extrinsic incubation period of approximately 13 days. Integrating these results into an epidemiological model revealed a lower vectorial capacity for older mosquitoes compared to younger ones, albeit still substantial due to extended longevity in the presence of infection. Considering age heterogeneity provides valuable insights for ecological and epidemiological studies, informing targeted control strategies to mitigate pathogen transmission.</p>
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
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Indirect pathogen transmission underlies an emerging infectious fungal disease outbreak in a wild reptile population
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Reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen
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Mosquito aging modulates the development, virulence and transmission potential of pathogens
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Future abundance and distribution of key bird species for pathogen transmission in the Netherlands
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Data from: Host disease tolerance predicts transmission probability for a songbird pathogen
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Data from: Trait-based variation in host contribution to pathogen transmission across species and resource supplies
<p>Two key knowledge gaps currently limit the development of more predictive and general models of pathogen transmission: (1) the physiological basis of heterogeneity in host contribution to pathogen transmission (reservoir potential) remains poorly understood, and (2) a general means of integrating the ecological dynamics of host communities has yet to emerge. If the traits responsible for differences in reservoir potential also modulate host community dynamics, these traits could be used to predict pathogen transmission as host communities change. In two greenhouse experiments, across 23 host species and two levels of resource supply, the reservoir potential of plant hosts increased significantly along the Leaf Economic Spectrum, a global axis of plant physiological trait covariation that features prominently in models of plant community ecology. This indicates that the traits of the Leaf Economic Spectrum underlie broad differences in reservoir potential across host species and resource supplies. Therefore, host traits could be used to integrate epidemiological models of pathogen transmission with ecological models of host community change.</p>
Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids
Many pathogens infect multiple hosts, and spillover from domestic to wild species poses a significant risk for spread of diseases that threaten wildlife and humans. Documentation of cross-species transmission, and unravelling the mechanisms that drive it, remains a challenge. Focusing on co-occurring domestic and wild felids, we evaluate possible transmission mechanisms and evidence of spillover of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm), an erythrocytic bacterial parasite of cats. We examine transmission and possibility of spillover by analysing CMhm prevalence, modeling possible transmission pathways, deducing genotypes of CMhm pathogens infecting felid hosts based on sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and conducting phylogenetic analyses with ancestral state reconstruction to identify likely cross-species transmission events. Model selection analyses suggest both indirect (i.e., spread via vectors) and direct (i.e., via inter-specific predation) pathways may play a role in CMhm transmission. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that transmission of CMhm appears to predominate within host species, with occasional spillover, at unknown frequency, between species. These analyses are consistent with transmission by predation of smaller cats by larger species, with subsequent within-species persistence after spillover. Our results implicate domestic cats as a source of global dispersal and spillover to wild felids via predation. We contribute to the emerging documentation of predation as a common means of pathogen spillover from domestic to wild cats, including pathogens of global conservation significance. These findings suggest risks for top predators as bioaccumulators of pathogens from subordinate species.
Pathogen Transmission Ontology: October 2022 Release
<p>This release includes a minor update identifying the ontology root term. The 32 pathogen transmission terms, all with definitions, remain unchanged.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Laboratory Artificial Infection Of Hard Ticks: A Tool For The Analysis Of Tick-Borne Pathogen Transmission
FIGURE 3: Diagram of the membrane feeding apparatus used in the experimental feeding of Ixodes ricinus ticks (adapted from Bonnet et al. 2007).
FIGURE 1 in Laboratory Artificial Infection Of Hard Ticks: A Tool For The Analysis Of Tick-Borne Pathogen Transmission
FIGURE 1: Views of Ixodes ricinus feeding in the laboratory on A – rabbit, and B – Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi). On rabbits, ticks were put in an ear-bag which was placed on shaved ear skin and sealed with tape at the base. Ticks were checked daily until repletion, and were then collected and stored under standardized conditions. For chipmunks, animals were briefly anaesthetized with 3 % Isoflorane and a plastic cap, open at both ends, was glued onto their shaved back with wax. Hungry larvae and nymphs were placed in the cap, which was then sealed with tape. Ticks were allowed to feed until repletion for 5-6 days. At this time, the cap was opened, and the engorged ticks were collected and stored under standardized conditions.
Data from: Viral transmission and infection prevalence in a cannibalistic host–pathogen system
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Cannibalism, while prevalent in the natural world, is often viewed as detrimental to a cannibal's health, especially when they consume pathogen-infected conspecifics. The argument stems from the idea that cannibalizing infected individuals increases the chance of coming into contact with a pathogen and subsequently becoming infected. Using an insect pest, the fall armyworm (<em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>), that readily cannibalizes at the larval stage and its lethal pathogen, we experimentally examined how cannibalism affects viral transmission at both an individual and population level. Prior to death, the pathogen in the system stops the larval host from growing, resulting in infected individuals being smaller than healthy individuals. This leads to size-structured cannibalism of infected individuals with the larger healthy larvae consuming the smaller infected larvae, which is commonly observed. At the individual level, we show that the probability of cannibalism is relatively high for both infected and uninfected individuals especially when the cannibal is larger than the victim. However, the probability of the cannibal becoming infected given that a pathogen-infected individual has been cannibalized is relatively low. On a population level, when cannibalism is allowed to occur transmission rates decline. Additionally, by cannibalizing infected larvae, cannibals lower the infection risk for non-cannibals. Thus, cannibalism can decrease infection prevalence and, therefore, may not be as deleterious as once thought. Under certain circumstances, cannibalizing infected individuals, from the uninfected host's perspective, may even be advantageous, as one obtains a meal and decreases competition for resources with little chance of becoming infected.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Datasets and R script to replicate the theoretical modeling from the article entitled Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission
<p>Datasets and R script to replicate the theoretical modeling from the article entitled "<strong> </strong>Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission" by Vantaux A., Moiroux N., Dabire K. R., Cohuet A., Lefevre T. 2023</p>
Datasets and R script to replicate the statistical analyses from the article entitled Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission
<p>Datasets and R script to replicate the statistical analyses from the article entitled " Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission " by Vantaux A., Moiroux N., Dabire K. R., Cohuet A., Lefevre T. 2023</p>
Data from: Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees
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Data from: Viral transmission and infection prevalence in a cannibalistic host–pathogen system
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.