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97 results for “pest management”
Fig. 1 in Re-examination of morphological variations in the female internal genitalia of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for identification and pest management
Fig. 1. (A) Female genitalia of Helicoverpa armigera. (B) Texture on appendix bursa of H. armigera. (C) Luminal surface on appendix bursa of H. armigera. (D) Female genitalia of Helicoverpa zea. (E) Texture on appendix bursa of H. zea. (ab) appendix bursa; (bc) bursa copulatrix; (cb) corpus bursa; (db) ductus bursa; (ob) ostium bursa; (pa) pigmented area.
Fig. 1. A in The effectiveness of field pest management and culling at harvest for risk mitigation of two fruit flies affecting citrus in China
Fig. 1. A logic chart illustrating work flow and calculating efficacies of pest management and culling at harvest (systems approach efficacy = the efficacy of the 2 measures together).
Figure 1 in Oviposition of Quesada gigas in weed no hostess: implication in pest management
Figure 1 - Oviposition of Quesada gigas in weed Conyza spp. A. Eggs nests into side branch B. Eggs with fusiform format and white milky color.
Study of the overwintering ecology of the hazelnut pest, Palomena prasina (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a perspective of Integrated Pest Management
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>Palomena prasina</em>, the green shield bug (GSB), is widely distributed in the Eurosiberian region. In the Southwest of France it is considered a serious pest of hazelnuts, its feeding punctures lead to blank hazelnuts and kernel necrosis, causing heavy losses in commercial orchards. To date, no Integrated Pest Management strategy is available to control <em>P. prasina</em>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Control strategies often focus on the pests' spring-summer ecology, when they are in the field or in the vicinity of crops. However, the abundance of pest populations in crops is also related to their autumn-winter ecology. The present work focussed on the autumn-winter ecology of <em>P. prasina</em> to identify new opportunities for this pest suppression. We investigate (i) where <em>P. prasina</em> overwinters, (ii) if it aggregates in its overwintering sites, and (iii) if it mates while overwintering. Samples were collected over a two-year period in different ecosystems (forests, hedges, orchards), in human-made structures, and habitats (litter, bushes/trees, dead trees). The reproductive status of GBS individuals was monitored in winter, and in spring when they emerged from overwintering sites.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Our results show that 97% <em>P. prasina</em> adults overwinter in the leaf litter of orchards and natural ecosystems and that 70% overwinter individually. The abundance of GSB in those sites is negatively correlated with litter temperature and positively correlated with humidity levels. Furthermore, adults only mate after leaving their overwintering site. Finally, there was an important number of overwintering adults hosting endoparasitoids (32%).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The fact that GSB overwinters alone in the leaf litter means controlling its populations by destroying the overwintering sites is not a solution. All the same, our results do open new perspectives for the control of <em>P. prasina</em>. First, the emergence traps, in particular the cone traps, proved efficient for collecting emerging adults and could be used for monitoring. Moreover, our observations point out the existence of long-range mating signals that could be exploited for trapping. Last but not least, the important number of overwintering parasitised adults is a promising biocontrol avenue.</p>
Figure 19 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 19. Damage caused by C. cephalonica.
Figure 17 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 17. Coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus.
Figure 16 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 16. Coffee tree branches attacked by the black twig borer.
Figure 15 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 15. Adult stem borer of the coffee tree.
Figure 18. C in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 18. C. cephalonica caterpillar.
Figure 10 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 10. Imperial Moth Caterpillar, Eacles imperialis magnifica species.
Figure 5 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 5. Adult coffee berry borer beheaded by the Ivory Coast Wasp.
Figure 14 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 14. Coffee tree leaves with the broad mite attack symptoms.
Figure 2 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 2. Coffee beans damaged by coffee berry borer at different maturation stages.
Figure 8 in INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE
Figure 8. Coffee scale root, Dysmicoccus texensis.
Evaluation of insecticidal properties of botanicals for sustainable management of sucking pests of horticultural crops
<p>The Bioassay data on the insecticidal properties of botanicals <em>viz</em>., <em>Annona squamosa</em>, <em>Ricinus communis</em> and <em>Sapindus</em> <em>mukorossi</em> seed extracts against sucking pests <em>viz.,</em> aphids (<em>Aphis gossypii, A.craccivora</em>)<em> </em>on okra <em>(Abelmoschus esculentus) </em>and bittergourd (<em>Momordica charantia</em>), thrips (<em>Scirtothrips dorsalis</em>) on chilli (<em>Capsicum frutescens</em>), whiteflies (<em>Bemisia tabaci</em>) on eggplant (<em>Solanum melongena)</em>, mealy bugs (<em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</em>) on betel vine (<em>Piper betle</em>) and mites (<em>Tetranychus urticae</em>) on egg plant (<em>Solanum melongena) </em>under laboratory conditions.</p>
Data for: Direct and indirect effects of management and landscape on biological pest control and crop pest infestation in apple orchards
<p>Biological pest control, relying on naturally occurring predator-prey dynamics, is considered a key element to achieve more sustainable farming systems. However, the combined effects of local management and landscape factors on communities of natural enemies as well as the cascading effects on pest infestations are rarely addressed, especially in perennial crops. Here, we used Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling (PSEM) to test direct and indirect effects of landscape composition, landscape configuration and local management practices on natural enemy communities, the pest control services they provide and ultimately on pest infestation and pest-related yield damage in apple crops. To this end, we surveyed 12 organic and 12 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) orchards during three consecutive years, and we also established a semi-natural benchmark to quantify the extent to which predator communities in the orchards were degraded. Natural enemies had a different community composition and were more abundant in organic orchards compared to IPM orchards. This had a small and positive effect on sentinel egg predation rates in organic orchards, but overall had very little impact on actual apple pest infestation. On the contrary, apple pest infestation levels were directly and positively affected by organic management practices and by increasing semi-natural habitat cover and landscape edge density. Compared to a semi-natural benchmark, both agricultural management systems showed degraded predator communities, which translated into an impaired delivery of biological control services. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that organic management and habitat conservation can enhance natural enemies and stimulate pest control, but also show that these factors can enhance pest infestations and can even lead to an overall increase in pest-related crop damage. Our study thus highlights the complex interplay of ecosystem services and disservices provided by biodiversity, which should be taken into account when advising farmers, policy makers and land managers on effective and sustainable strategies to control pest species and safeguard crop production.</p>
Fig. 4 in Towards incorporating insect isotope analysis using cavity ring-down spectroscopy into area-wide insect pest management programs
Fig. 4. Decision tree to select an option for using isotopes in an operational program.
Data from a study on the role of the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) in vegetable pest management in Pennsylvania
<p>Datasets associated with a manuscript on the role of the American toad (<em>Anaryxus americanus</em>) in pest management in vegetable production in Pennsylvania, USA. The datasets derive from three distinct studies that shed light on the ecological role of the toad: (1) gut contents of field-collected individuals from a small diversified vegetable farm, (2) outcomes from a laboratory experiment on toad foraging behavior toward a range of prey, and (3) outcomes from a field mesocosm experiment in which different densities of toads were enclosed with kale plants. </p> <p>Please see the file <code>toad_column_key.xlsx</code> for the definitions of fields in all data files. </p>
Multiscale assessment of oviposition habitat associations and implications for management in the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), an emerging invasive pest
<p>1. Control of incipient invaders—established invasive species in the early stages of spreading—can be inhibited by incomplete knowledge of the species' habitat use. By identifying consistent habitat associations for incipient invaders early, control efforts can be more effective. Yet, because habitat associations are the result of multiscale processes, approaches are needed for integrating data collected across scales to identify them.</p> <p>2. We employed a hierarchical, multiscale approach to identify oviposition habitat associations in the spotted lanternfly (<em>Lycorma</em> <em>delicatula</em>), an incipient invasive species of high concern in the United States. We targeted four oviposition habitat spatial scales most likely to be used by lanternflies and the spatial scales of explanatory habitat variables most easily used by managers to locate egg masses to control.</p> <p>3. Spotted lanternflies exhibited oviposition habitat associations at the landscape, site, and tree scales. Overall, lanternflies oviposited more frequently at sites and on trees with low canopy cover in the surrounding landscape indicating higher use of human-impacted habitat. Additionally, they oviposited more frequently on trees from the <em>Acer</em> genus and in the crowns of larger trees beyond the reach of managers without special equipment. The duration a site had been invaded had opposing effects on oviposition at the site and tree scales.</p> <p>4. Despite high variation in the number of eggs per egg mass, no habitat variables explained this variation, suggesting more work is needed to understand spotted lanternfly reproductive output.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a multiscale approach is needed for spotted lanternfly control with unique strategies for locating egg masses at sites and on trees that vary in invasion duration. Specifically, at younger sites at the invasion edge, managers should expect patchy colonization of sites, yet when a site is colonized, many trees will have egg masses. Comparatively, older sites at the invasion core are more likely to have egg masses present, yet often at a lower density, which may make them difficult to find on individual trees. Based on our results, we assert that multiscale investigations of habitat associations would likely inform the control of other incipient invasive species as well. </p>
Management intensity affects insect pests and natural pest control on Arabica coffee in its native range
<p><span>Agroforestry systems provide opportunities to reduce the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity, for example by enhancing a diverse community of species potentially acting as natural pest control agents. While management of agroforestry systems is intensifying across the globe, we lack insights into the impact of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control, especially along broad management gradients and as compared with natural forests. </span></p> <p><span>We assessed the impact of management intensity on major insect pests (the coffee blotch miner, the serpentine leaf miner, the coffee leaf skeletonizer, and damage by other free-feeding herbivores) and natural pest control by parasitoid wasps across sixty sites in the center of origin of Arabica coffee in southwestern Ethiopia. Within this region, coffee is growing along a broad management gradient ranging from little or no management in the natural forest to intensively managed commercial plantations. </span></p> <p><span>In the wet season, pest levels were largely similar in the natural forest, semi-forest, and semi-plantation systems, whereas pests reached outbreak densities in the most intensively managed plantation system. In contrast, management intensity did not significantly affect pest levels</span><span> in the dry season</span><span>. The insect pests differed in their seasonal dynamics, consistently declined with elevation, and were largely unaffected by shade levels. Parasitism rate of the coffee blotch miner was lower, and the parasitoid community was distinct, in the most intensively managed plantation system. </span></p> <p><span><em><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></em>: Our findings support the hypothesis that the weaker top-down control by parasitoids in the intensively managed plantation sites leads to higher pest levels, and that – at least for some pest species – there is a threshold in the effect of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control. It is important to consider such non-linear relationships to maintain or enhance the sustainability of agroforestry systems during management intensification. Overall, our findings highlight that ecological knowledge of natural pest control can be used to intensify production to improve the livelihood of smallholders without jeopardizing natural pest control, at least up to a certain point. </span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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