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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 1. Stink bug pheromone–baited trap with a in Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in pheromonebaited traps near crop field edges in Georgia, USA

Fig. 1. Stink bug pheromone–baited trap with a pyramid base (A) and a bamboo pole base (B) in peanut row. Distance between each trap treatment was 9 m.

Fig. 2 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 2. Relationship between the proportional number of Phyllocnistis citrella captures per trap and day of aged lures with respect to unaged lures, and the number of weeks that each lure was exposed to field environmental conditions during spring 2013, for the 2 commercial brands of lures a) ISCA and b) AlphaScents.

Fig. 1 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 1. Mean number of Phyllocnistis citrella adult male captures per trap and day (± standard error) from Apr 2012 to Dec 2013, at the 3 trap densities tested: high: approximately 1 trap per 0.40 ha (1 acre), medium: approximately 1 trap per 1.21 ha (3 acres), and low: approximately 1 trap per 2.02 ha (5 acres).

Fig. 4 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between the proportional number of Phyllocnistis citrella captures per trap and day of aged lures with respect to unaged lures, and the number of weeks that each lure was exposed to field environmental conditions, with data combined for ISCA and AlphaScents during spring and ISCA during summer/fall 2013.

Fig. 3 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 3. Relationship between the proportional number of Phyllocnistis citrella captures per trap and day of aged lures with respect to unaged lures, and the number of weeks that each lure was exposed to field environmental conditions during summer/fall 2013, for the 2 commercial brands of lures a) ISCA and b) AlphaScents.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 2 in Evidence for male-produced aggregation pheromone in Sphenophorus incurrens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 2. Mean (+ SE; N = 9) number of Sphenophorus incurrens weevils caught in traps baits with the different treatments. SC, Sugarcane; SC+P, sugarcane + pheromone; SC+M, sugarcane + males; P, pheromone. Columns with the same letter are not significantly different (a = 0.05; Tukey's test).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Evidence for male-produced aggregation pheromone in Sphenophorus incurrens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 1. Simultaneous responses measured by flame ionization detection (FID) and electroantennographic detection (EAD) in the antennae of Sphenophorus incurrens males to headspace volatiles collected from (A) conspecific males and (B) 10 ng synthetic 2-methyl-4-octanol, on a SPB-1 capillary column.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Food attractants to increase pheromone-baited trap performance for Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in mezcal maguey

Fig. 1. Mean number of Scyphophorus acupunctatus weevils captured per trap biweekly, with various food attractants. Means were calculated from data of 5 biweekly samples. Treatments with similar letters are not significantly different (Tukey, α = 0.05). Error bars indicate SE.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Evolved eavesdropping: sympatric but not allopatric honey bee species can detect and use hornet alarm pheromone for defence

Eavesdropping is predicted to evolve between sympatric, but not allopatric, predator and prey. The evolutionary arms race between Asian honey bees and their hornet predators has led to a remarkable defence, heat-balling, which suffocates hornets with heat and carbon dioxide. We show that the sympatric Asian species, Apis cerana(Ac), formed heat balls in response to Ac and hornet (Vespavelutina) alarm pheromones, demonstrating eavesdropping. The allopatric species, Apismellifera(Am), only weakly responded to a live hornet and Am alarm pheromone, butnot to hornet alarm pheromone. We observed typical hornet alarm pheromone releasing behaviour, hornet sting extension, when guard bees initially attacked. Once heat balls were formed, guards released honey bee sting alarm pheromones: isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (E)-2-decen-1-yl acetate, and benzyl acetate. Only Ac heat-balled in response to realistic bee alarm pheromone component levels, <1 bee-equivalent (1 µg), of isopentyl acetate. Detailed eavesdropping experiments showed that Ac, but not Am, formed heat-balls in response to a synthetic blend of hornet alarm pheromone. Only Ac antennae showed strong, consistent responses to hornet alarm pheromone compounds and venom volatiles. These data provide the first evidence that the sympatric Ac, but not the allopatric Am, can eavesdrop upon hornet alarm pheromone and uses this information, in addition to bee alarm pheromone, to heat-ball hornets. Evolution has likely given Ac this eavesdropping ability, an adaptation that the allopatric Am does not possess.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 2 in Trapping Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae), with High Doses of Sex Pheromone: Catch Enhancement and Weathering Rate in Hawaii

Figure 2. Effect of lure loading on trap catch over one week of weathering. Average (± SEM) male sweetpotato weevil catch per trap per week in sweetpotato fields in the vicinity of Pepeekeo, Hawaii, in traps baited with one of three different loadings of male sweetpotato weevil attractant. Catch results are from the first week following initial trap deployment with five traps for each loading, deployed in a randomized complete block design (average of three separate trials). Bars labeled with the same letter are not significantly different at the α = 0.05 level.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 1 in Trapping Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae), with High Doses of Sex Pheromone: Catch Enhancement and Weathering Rate in Hawaii

Figure 1. Map of weathering trial showing locations of fields where traps with lures were placed (developed using ArcGIS [ESRI 2012]). Traps were initially deployed at Site 1 on 14 February, 2012, and moved on to Sites 2, 3, 4, and 5 over the course of the weathering trial. The weathering time of the traps at each site was as follows: (Site 1) first 8 weeks; (Site 2) weeks 9–16; (Site 3) weeks 17–24; (Site 4) weeks 25–40; and (Site 5) week 41 (assessment). A weather station was maintained over the course of the weathering trial and was located at Site 2 for the first 16 weeks and then located at the location of the filled circle on the map for the remaining weeks of the trial.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 4. Trial 4 in Trapping Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae), with High Doses of Sex Pheromone: Catch Enhancement and Weathering Rate in Hawaii

Figure 4. Trial 4 results: Effect of weathering over 40 weeks on trap catch. Decline in sweetpotato weevil catch/trap/week over 40 weeks in traps baited with (A) septum holding 1.0 mg male lure (see text for calculated exponential decay curve), and (B) septum holding 120 μg male lure (see text for calculated exponential decay curve). Calculated septum age where catch is 50% of fresh catch is presented for each curve.

Fig 5 in Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping

Fig 5. Phylogenetic tree based on a portion of the COI barcoding segment showing the relationships of selected non-target moth specimens (g54xxx) isolated from fall armyworm pheromone traps relative to selected GenBank sequences. GenBank sequences are indicated by species name followed by accession number. Fall armyworm R-strain and fall armyworm C-strain are consensus sequences for the 2 fall armyworm host strains.

Fig 3 in Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping

Fig 3. Field screening of home-made trap design (Jar2 and Jar4) in comparison to Unitrap model using pheromone lures (all combined) over 2 maize cropping systems (maize monoculture and maize-cowpea intercrops) during the second planting season. The traps were installed on 30 Sep 2019 during the second maize growing season, and the moth collection period covered Oct to Dec. The data denotes average numbers per trap type for overall 3-d intervals moth collections with standard errors.

Fig 2 in Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping

Fig 2. Preliminary field test of pheromone traps using the 2-component fall armyworm pheromone PSU lure during the first maize growing season: comparison between home-made Jar2 trap and Unitrap model (A) (average number per trap type for overall weekly moth collections; error bars represent standard error and different lowercase letters denote statistical difference), and fluctuation in moth trap catch of the Unitrap-2-component lure combination (B) (moth collections were done every 3 d).

Fig 4 in Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping

Fig 4. Moth trap catch of 3 pheromone lures over 2 cropping systems (maize monoculture and maize-cowpea intercrops) using Unitraps. The traps were installed on 30 Sep 2019 during the second maize growing season and allowed to collect moths Oct to Dec 2019. The 4-component lure type (4C) contained Z9-14:Ac (78.3%), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac) (3.6%), Z7-12:Ac (11.2%), and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac) (7.0%); whereas the 3-component lure type (3C) was composed of Z9-14:Ac (66.1%), Z11-16:Ac (4.7%), and Z7-12:Ac (29.3%); and the 2-component lure type (2C) of Z9-14:Ac (90.5%) and Z7-12:Ac (9.5%). The data represents average numbers for overall 3-d intervals moth collections.

Fig 1 in Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping

Fig 1. Traps used in study: commercially available Unitrap (A); home-made Jar2 trap constructed from 2 L plastic jar (B). The Jar2 trap was designed by G.T. TepaYotto and J.K. Winsou.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Amount and bagging of the bait food affect the captures of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by pheromone-baited traps

Fig. 1. Mean (+ SE) number of Scyphophorus acupunctatus captured per trap baited with different amounts of fresh agave tissue in 2 trials. The 1st trial was performed from 18 Jan to 8 Feb 2013 (A), while the 2nd trial was carried out from 11 Apr to 23 May 2013 (B). Bars with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's, a = 0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Effect of storage of pheromone lures for Amyelois transitella: field performance and compound ratios

Fig. 1. Cumulative total of males (mean and SE, n = 4) captured by Suterra NOW Biolure acquired in 2013, 2014, or 2015, or by Trécé NOW-L2L or NOWL2H during 4-week periods between lure change. Sets of lures were tested during Mar through Jun of 2015 as follows: (a) 1 Mar to 26 Mar; (b) 26 Mar to 23 Apr; (c) 23 Apr to 21 May; and (d) 21 May to 25 Jun. Means with different super- scripts are significantly different (ANOVA, experiment-wise P <0.05).