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Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 2. Projection of the first two PCA axes based on 14 ecomorphological attributes for the following fish species from the upper Paraguai River, Brazil: Ancsp, Ancistrus sp.; Astasu, Astyanax asuncionensis; Astlin, A. lineatus; Astsp, Astyanax sp.; Chafas, Characidium fasciatum; Chazeb, C. zebra; Cremer, Creagrutus meridionalis; Farpar, Farlowella paraguayensis; Hyplue, Hyphessobrycon luetkenii; Hypbou, Hypostomus boulengeri; Hypcoc, Hypostomus cochliodon; Hypsp, Hypostomus sp.; Jupaca, Jupiaba acanthogaster; Moebon, Moenkhausia bonita; Moesan, M. sanctaefilomenae; Odopeq, Odontostilbe pequira; Parnas, Parodon nasus; Piator, Piabarchus torrenticola; Pimgra, Pimelodella gracilis; Rhaque, Rhamdia quelen; Rinlan, Rineloricaria lanceolata; and Sercal, Serrapinnus calliurus. The figures in black indicate the most representative ecomorphotypes.

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Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 1. Study area with the sampling sites at the upper Paraguai and upper São Francisco River basins. BOD: Serra da Bodoquena National Park; CAN: Serra da Canastra National Park; MG: Minas Gerais State; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul State; PG 1-6: sampling locations in the upper Paraguai River basin; SF 1-6: sampling locations in the upper São Francisco River basin.

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Fig. 41. Character 57, oblique lateral stripe structure. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 41. Character 57, oblique lateral stripe structure. A: State 0, solid (pulchripectus, AMNH 137290). B: State 1, series of spots (mertensi, ICN 43698). C: State 2, diffuse (trilineatus, AMNH 171974).

Fig. 11 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 11. Cuttlebone of sepioid cephalopod Mississaepia mississippiensis Weaver, Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010; late Eocene, Mississippi, USA (A–C) and contemporary Sepia (D). A. MGS 1956. B. MGS 1956. C. MGS 1956. D. NRM−PZ Mo. 180818. Photographs (A1−D1); EDS data on chemical composition shows presence of: A2, high content of nitrogen indicating organic ingredient in silicified tissue preserved along contact between conotheca and septum; B2, nitrogen indicating organic ingredient of phosphatised sheet within the dorsal shield; C2, D2, nitrogen indicating organic ingredient of dorsal shield.

Fig. 10 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 10. Sepioid cephalopod Mississaepia mississippiensis Weaver, Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010 (MGS 1963); late Eocene, Mississippi, USA. Mural part of septum lining a chamber (A), adoral surface of peripheral portion of septum (B), photographs (A1, B1); EDS data to show chemical composition (A2, B2); in both cases nitrogen indicates organic ingredient and phosphorus indicates diagenetic phosphatization of apparently originally organic material.

Fig. 4 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Sepioid cephalopod Mississaepia mississippiensis Weaver, Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010 (MGS 1945); late Eocene, Mississippi, USA. Inner surface of the phragmocone exposing a small fragment of brownish transparent septum preserved. Abbreviatons: lwph, lateral wall of the phragmocone; mlad, median line indicating apertural direction; mlpd, median line indicating posterior direction; mpls, mural part of last septum; rr, ribby relief; sr, septal ridge; trs, transparent fragmentary septum; vsdsh, ventral side of dorsal shield.

Fig. 3 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Sepioid cephalopod Mississaepia mississippiensis Weaver, Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010 (MGS 1948); late Eocene, Mississippi, USA. Median cuttlebone section to show loosely mineralized dorsal shield (bottom), small cup−like protoconch covered by thin layer of the dorsal shield (on the left) and curved hollow phragmocone exhibiting two long chambers and next short chambers; to the right from the last preserved (eighth?) septum inner surface of phragmocone is transversely ribbed. Abbreviations: dsh dorsal shield; p, protoconch; rr, ribbed relief of the inner surface of the phragmocone; 1s, 2s, 3s, 8s, first, second, third, eighth septa.

Fig. 2 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Sketch map showing the location of the Yazoo Clay, the Miss Lite Clay Pit in the northwest corner of the town of Jackson and the Moodys Branch Formation, Town Creek locality south of Jackson in Hinds County, Mississippi, USA.

Fig. 1 in A unique late Eocene coleoid cephalopod Mississaepia from Mississippi, USA: New data on cuttlebone structure, and their phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Cuttlebone of Late Eocene sepioid cephalopod Mississaepia mississippiensis Weaver, Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010 from Mississippi, USA with a missing anterior−most part (MGS 1945), in left lateral (A) and ventral (B) views. Abbreviations: dsh, dorsal shield; lwph, lateral wall of the phragmocone; phr, phragmocone; vg, ventral groove of spine; vp, ventral plate.

Fig. 5 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): A novel tRNA secondary structure, gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree Note: (A): Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from the mitochondrial genome based on the 13 PCGs dataset; (B): Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic tree inferred from the mitochondrial genome based on the 13 PCGs dataset.

Fig. 4 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): A novel tRNA secondary structure, gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Mitochondrial genome organization of Platygaster robiniae and 11 species of Platygastroidea, compared with the ancestral pancrustacean mt genome organization. Note: tRNA genes are indicated by single letter amino acid codes, L1, L2, S1 and S2 denote tRNALeu(CUN), tRNALeu(UUR), tRNASer(AGN) and tRNASer(UCN), respectively. Genes are transcribed from left to right except those indicated by underlining. Gene movements, relative to the ancestral organization, are indicated with arrows.

Fig. 2 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): A novel tRNA secondary structure, gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Amino acids (A) and relative synonymous codons (B) of protein-coding genes of the mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae.

Fig. 1 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): A novel tRNA secondary structure, gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Genetic map of the complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae. Notes: the blue arrow represents the direction of gene transcription; the black peak represents the deviation of GC%; the purple and green peaks represent the deviation in GC skew; green refers to positive skew, and purple indicates negative skew. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

FIGURE 37 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 37 | Patterns of PBS value distribution of myologycal characters per taxonomic level in the phylogeny based on phenotypic data (Figs. 35, 36). Green bars indicate positive PBS values and red bars indicate negative PBS values. Bar for tribes include only non-monogeneric tribes. Taxon legends: A) Characiformes; B) Siluriformes; C) Siluriphysi; D) Gymnotiformes; E) Sternopygoidei; F) Rhamphichthyoidea; G) Sternopygoidea; H) Gymnotidae; I) Hypopomidae; J) Rhamphichthyidae; K) Sternopygidae; L) Apteronotidae; M) Steatogeninae; N) Eigenmanniinae; O) Sternarchorhynchinae; P) Microsternarchini; Q) Gymnotus; R) Brachyhypopomus; S) Akawaio + Hypopomus; T) Gymnorhamphichthys; U) Iracema + Rhamphichthys; V) Steatogenys; W) Hypopygus; X) Sternopygus; Y) Archolaemus + remaining Eigenmanniinae genera (except Japigny) Z) Distocyclus + remaining Eigenmanniinae genera (except Archolaemus and Japigny); A1) Eigenmannia + Rhabdolichops; B1) Rhabdolichops; C1) R. eastwardi + Rhabdolichops spp.; D1) Eigenmannia spp.; E1) Adontosternarchus; F1) Megadontognathus + Apteronotus; G1) Apteronotus; H1) A. cuchillejo + A. spp.1; I1) ((Porotergus + Tenebrosternarchus, Sternarchogiton) + (Compsaraia + "A." bonapartii)); J1) (Porotergus + Tenebrosternarchus, Sternarchogiton); K1) (Tenebrosternarchus, Sternarchogiton); L1) (Compsaraia + "A." bonapartii); M1) Compsaraia; N1) Pariosternarchus + Sternarchella; O1) Sternarchella; P1) Orthosternarchus + Sternarchorhamphus; Q1) Platyurosternarchus + Sternarchorhynchus; R1) Platyurosternarchus; S1) Sternarchorhynchus; T1) G. curupira + Gymnotus subgroups; U1) Gymnotus spp.2,3, 4, 5; V1) Gymnotus spp.3; W1) Gymnotus spp.4; X1) Gymnotus spp.5; Y1) Gymnotus spp.6; Z1) Gymnotus spp.7; A2) B. beebei + Brachyhypopomus subgroups; B2) B. draco + Brachyhypopomus spp.2; C2) Brachyhypopomus spp.3; D2) Hypopygus spp.; E2) Rhabdolichops spp.; F2) Adontosternarchus spp.; G2) Apteronotus spp.1; H2) Apteronotus spp.2 + Apteronotus spp.3; I2) Apteronotus spp.2; J2) Apteronotus spp.3; K2) "A." bonapartii; L2) Sternarchorhynchus spp.

FIGURE 35 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 35 | Strict consensus of MPT's resulting from parsimony analysis of character matrix in Peixoto et al. (2019), concatenated with dorsolateral head musculature characters of this study [Score: 795; RI: 0.92; CI: 0.37], with numbered dorsolateral head musculature characters (below branches) and respective characters states (above branches. Black circles indicate homoplasy-free characters and white circles indicate homoplastic characters. Taxon legends: Gymnotus spp.1 (G. panamensis, G. maculosus, and G. cylindricus); Gymnotus spp.2 (G. varzea, G. pantanal, G. obscurus, G. chaviro); Gymnotus spp.3 (G. ucamara, G. sylvius, G. sp, G. omamorum, G. mamiraua, G. bahianus); Gymnotus spp.4 (G. choco and G. ardilai); Gymnotus spp.5 (G. carapo and G. arapaima); Gymnotus spp.6 (G. tigre and G. hehni); Gymnotus spp.7 (G. stenoleucus, G. pedanopterus, G. pantherinus, G. jonasi, G. javari, G. coropinae, G. coatesi, G. cf. anguilaris, and G. cataniapo); Brachyhypopomus spp.1 (B. sp., B. accidentalis, and B. diazi); Brachyhypopomus spp.2 (B. pinnicaudatus; B. sp. 2); Brachyhypopomus spp.3 (B. bullocki and B. brevirostris); Rhabdolichops spp. (R. jegui and R. cf. stewarti); Adontosternarchus spp. (A. nebulosus, A. devenanzii, A. clarkae, A. balaenops); Apteronorus spp.1 (A. caudimaculosus and A. albifrons); Apteronorus spp.2 (A. magdalenensis and A. cuchillo); Apteronorus spp.3 (A. leptorhynchus and A. eschemeyeri); Sternarchorhynchus spp. (S. starski, S. hagedornae, S. galibi, S. sp.).

FIGURE 25 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 25 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Apteronotus bonapartii (Apteronotidae), MPEG 3038, 217.5 mm LEA. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 31 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 31 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Compsaraia compsa (Apteronotidae), MZUSP 56206, 123.4 mm LEA. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 34 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 34 | Same tree as in Fig. 33, with numbered dorsolateral head musculature characters (below branches) and respective character states (above branches). Black squares indicate homoplasy-free characters and white squares indicate homoplastic characters. Table on left indicates support values for each node: BR (Relative Bremer support), BST (Bootstrap), and JCK (Jackknife). Taxon legends as in Fig. 33.

FIGURE 32 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 32 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Tenebrosternarchus preto (Apteronotidae), MPEG 22758, 268.5 mm LEA. A= anterolateral fibers of the levator arcus palatini; P= posterolateral fibers of the levator arcus palatini. Remaining anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 36 in Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy

FIGURE 36 | Strict consensus of MPT's resulting from parsimony analysis of character matrix in Peixoto et al. (2019), concatenated with dorsolateral head musculature characters of this study [Score: 795; RI: 0.92; CI: 0.37]. PBS values for general morphological characters and myological characters are indicated below each branch. Circle size is arbitrary; gray indicate neutral values of PBS for myologycal characters. Taxon legends as in Fig. 35.