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95 results for “plant–pollinator network”
Data from: Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks
Whether species interactions are static or change over time has wide-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, species interaction networks are typically constructed from temporally aggregated interaction data, thereby implicitly assuming that interactions are fixed. This approach has advanced our understanding of communities, but it obscures the timescale at which interactions form (or dissolve) and the drivers and consequences of such dynamics. We address this knowledge gap by quantifying the within-season turnover of plant–pollinator interactions from weekly censuses across 3 years in a subalpine ecosystem. Week-to-week turnover of interactions (1) was high, (2) followed a consistent seasonal progression in all years of study and (3) was dominated by interaction rewiring (the reassembly of interactions among species). Simulation models revealed that species' phenologies and relative abundances constrained both total interaction turnover and rewiring. Our findings reveal the diversity of species interactions that may be missed when the temporal dynamics of networks are ignored.
Bipartite plant-pollinator diurnal and nocturnal networks for three mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula.
<p>Dataset generated for the article "Addition of nocturnal pollinators modifies the structure of pollination" networks" (DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-49944-y). </p> <p>Diurnal and nocturnal plant-flower visitor networks (hereafter, plant-pollinator networks) were built for each site during the flowering season of 2010 (Picos de Europa) and 2011 (Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra Nevada). To build the diurnal networks, interactions between plants and floral visitors were recorded along diurnal transects at each site, where all insects contacting the reproductive structures of the flowers were recorded. The sampled area differed between sites from 500 × 250 m in Picos de Europa to 150 × 100 m in Sierra Nevada and 100 × 60 m in Sierra de Guadarrama. These differences were dependent on the small-scale heterogeneity of vegetation. The transects were evenly distributed throughout the study area. The length of the transects varied depending on the size of the study area. Diurnal transects were performed from 10 to 18 h on sunny days with mild wind conditions for pollinator activity. Nocturnal plant-pollinator networks were built for each site by trapping moths using light traps and analysing their pollen loads. Light traps consisted of a UV light surrounded by three white triangular sheets. Moths landing on the sheets were immediately trapped and stored in individual vials with a small piece of tissue and some drops of ethyl acetate.</p> <p>For more details on the methodology see original publication.</p>
Data from: Urbanisation and agricultural intensification modulate plant-pollinator network structure and robustness
<p>Land use change is a major pressure on pollinator abundance, diversity, and plant-pollinator interactions. Far less is known about how land use alters the structure of plant-pollinator networks and their robustness to plant-pollinator coextinctions.</p> <p>We analyzed the structure of plant-pollinator networks sampled in 12 landscapes along an urbanisation and agricultural intensity gradient, from early spring to late summer 2021, and used a stochastic coextinction model to correlate plant-pollinator coextinction risk with network structure (species and network-level metrics) and landscape context.</p> <p>Networks in intensively managed (i.e. agricultural and urban) landscapes had a lower risk of initiating a coextinction cascade, while networks in less-intensively managed landscapes may be less robust. Network structure modulated the frequency and severity of coextinctions and species loss, while the strength of species interactions increased robustness.</p> <p>Urban networks were more species-rich and symmetrical due to the high diversity of ornamental plants, while intensively managed agricultural landscapes had smaller, more tightly connected, and nested networks.</p> <p>Network structure modulated the frequency of extinctions, which was decreased by greater linkage density, interaction asymmetry, and interaction dependence in the networks, while once an extinction occurred, nestedness and linkage density propagated the degree of the coextinction cascade and species loss. At the species level, species strength was inversely correlated with extinction risk, implying that generalist species with a high number of interactions with specialists had the lowest extinction risk.</p>
Effect of green infrastructure on restoration of pollination networks and plant performance in semi-natural dry grasslands across Europe
<p>Agricultural intensification, afforestation and land abandonment are major drivers of biodiversity loss in semi-natural grasslands across Europe. Reversing these losses requires the reinstatement of plant-animal interactions such as pollination. Here we assessed the differences in species composition and patterns of plant-pollinator interactions in ancient and restored grasslands and how these patterns are influenced by landscape connectivity, across three European regions (Belgium, Germany and Sweden). We evaluated the differences in pollinator community assemblage, abundance, and interaction network structure between 24 ancient and restored grasslands. We then assessed the effect of surrounding landscape functional connectivity (i.e. green infrastructure, GI) on these variables and tested possible consequences on the reproduction of two model plants, Lotus corniculatus and Salvia pratensis. Neither pollinator richness nor species composition differed between ancient and restored grasslands. A high turnover of interactions across grasslands was detected but was mainly due to replacement of pollinator and plant species. The impact of grassland restoration was consistent across various pollinator functional groups, whereas the surrounding GI had differential effects. Notably, bees, butterflies, beetles, and dipterans (excluding hoverflies) exhibited the most significant responses to GI variations. Interestingly, networks in restored grasslands were more specialised (i.e. less functionally redundant) than in ancient ones and also showed a higher number of insect visits to habitat-generalist plant species. Landscape connectivity had a similar effect, with habitat-specialist plant species receiving fewer visits at higher GI values. Fruit set in S. pratensis and L. corniculatus was unaffected by grassland type or GI. However, the fruit set in the specialist S. pratensis increased with the number of pollinator visits, indicating a positive correlation between pollinator activity and reproductive success in this particular species. Synthesis and applications. Our findings provide evidence of the necessity to enhance ecosystem functions while avoiding biotic homogenization. Restoration programs should aim at increasing landscape connectivity which influences plant communities, pollinator assemblages, and their interaction patterns. To avoid generalist species taking over from specialists in restored grasslands, we suggest reinforcing the presence of specialist species in the latter, for instance by means of introductions, as well as increasing the connectivity to source populations.</p>
Data from: High foraging fidelity and plant-pollinator network dominance of non-native honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>These data reflect the floral visitor survey and mark-recapture efforts used in the 2022 study, "High Foraging Fidelity and Plant‑Pollinator Network Dominance of Non‑native Honeybees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) in the Ecuadorian Andes"</p>
Pollinator-mediated indirect effects on plant fecundity revealed by network indices
<p>Indirect effects arise when one species influences how another species interacts with a third. Pollinator-mediated indirect effects are widespread in many plant communities and are often not restricted to plant species pairs. An analytical framework does not exist yet that allows for the evaluation of indirect effects through shared pollinators in a community context, as well as their consequences for plant fitness. We used network indices describing pollinator sharing to assess the extent to which plant species affect and are affected by others in a pollination network from a species-rich dune community. For 23 plant species, we explore how these indices relate to plant fecundity (seeds/flower) over two years. We further linked plant traits and indices to uncover functional aspects of pollinator-mediated indirect interactions. Species frequently visited by shared pollinators showed higher fecundity and exhibited traits that increase pollinator attraction and generalization. Conversely, species whose shared pollinators frequently visited other plants had lower fecundity and had more specialized traits. Thus, pollinator sharing benefited some species while others suffered reproductive disadvantages, consistent with competition. The framework developed here uses network tools to advance our understanding of how pollinator-mediated indirect interactions influence a species' relative reproductive success at the community-level.</p>
Evolutionary history and precipitation seasonality shape niche overlap in Neotropical bat-plant pollination networks
<p>Species interactions are one dimension of the niche, and niche overlap arises when two species share an interaction partner. In pollination systems, environmental and biotic factors impact the niche overlap. Here we explored the effects of climate seasonality, plant and bat richness, morphological traits, and phylogenetic distance in shaping the niche overlap of Neotropical bat-plant pollination networks. For that, we used a dataset of 22 bat-plant pollination networks in the Neotropical region. We measured niche overlap in bats and plants with the Morisita-Horn index, ĈH, and then, we used a SAR model to test the relationships between niche overlap and the abiotic and biotic factors. We found a lower niche overlap among bats in communities composed of phylogenetically distant bat species. Moreover, plant and bat overlap were lower in regions with higher precipitation seasonality. Our results indicate that climate seasonality and bat evolutionary history drive niche overlap in Neotropical bat-plant pollination interactions. These findings suggest that a higher precipitation seasonality may promote the emergence of temporal modules reducing niche overlap, probably as a consequence of seasonal species phenologies. Furthermore, the method used to record the interactions impacts the degree of niche overlap. Interactions recorded with pollen samples tend to have higher niche overlap than direct observations. The uncoupled responses of morphological traits and phylogenetic distances in bat niche overlap suggest an effect of historical processes independently of the morphological traits. Our study reinforced the importance of evolutionary history and ecological processes in imprinting patterns of interaction niche overlap.</p>
Mapping trait versus species turnover reveals spatiotemporal variation in functional redundancy and network robustness in a plant‐pollinator community
<p>1. Functional overlap among species (redundancy) is considered important in shaping competitive and mutualistic interactions that determine how communities respond to environmental change. Most studies view functional redundancy as static, yet traits within species – which ultimately shape functional redundancy – can vary over seasonal or spatial gradients. We therefore have limited understanding of how trait turnover within and between species could lead to changes in functional redundancy or how loss of traits could differentially impact mutualistic interactions depending on where and when the interactions occur in space and time.</p> <p>2. Using an Arctic bumblebee community as a case study, and 1,277 individual measures from 14 species over three annual seasons, we quantified how inter- and intraspecific body-size turnover compared to species turnover with elevation and over the season. Coupling every individual and their trait with a plant visitation, we investigated how grouping individuals by a morphological trait or by species identity altered our assessment of network structure and how this differed in space and time. Finally, we tested how the sensitivity of the network in space and time differed when simulating extinction of nodes representing either morphological trait similarity or traditional species groups. This allowed us to explore the degree to which trait-based groups increase or decrease interaction redundancy relative to species-based nodes.</p> <p>3. We found that i) groups of taxonomically and morphologically similar bees turn over in space and time independently from each other, with trait turnover being larger over the season; ii) networks composed of nodes representing species versus morphologically similar bees were structured differently; and iii) simulated loss of bee trait groups caused faster coextinction of bumblebee species and flowering plants than when bee taxonomic groups were lost. Crucially, the magnitude of these effects varied in space and time, highlighting the importance of considering spatiotemporal context when studying the relative importance of taxonomic and trait contributions to interaction network architecture.</p> <p>4. Our finding that functional redundancy varies spatiotemporally demonstrates how considering the traits of individuals within networks is needed to understand the impacts of environmental variation and extinction on ecosystem functioning and resilience.</p>
Data for: Prescribed fire increases plant-pollinator network robustness to losses of rare native forbs
<p>Restoration efforts often focus on changing the composition and structure of invaded plant communities, with two implicit assumptions: 1) functional interactions with species of other trophic levels, such as pollinators, will reassemble automatically when native plant diversity is restored; and 2) restored communities will be more resilient to future stressors. However, the impact of restoration activities on pollinator richness, plant-pollinator interaction network structure, and network robustness is incompletely understood. Leveraging a restoration chronosequence in Pacific Northwest prairies, we examined the effects of restoration-focused prescribed fire and native forb replanting on floral resources, pollinator visitation, and plant-pollinator network structure. We then simulated the effects of plant species loss/removal scenarios on secondary extinction cascades in the networks. Specifically, we explored three management-relevant plant loss scenarios (removal of an abundant exotic forb, removal of an abundant forb designated a noxious weed, and loss of the rarest native forb) and compared them to control scenarios. Pyrodiversity, proportion of area recently burned, and cumulative replanting effort (plugging and seeding) over the prior 10 years increased the abundance and diversity of floral resources, with concomitant increases in pollinator visitation and diversity. Pyrodiversity also decreased network connectance and nestedness, increased modularity, and buffered networks against secondary extinction cascades. Rare forbs contributed disproportionately to network robustness in less restored prairies, while removal of typical "problem" plants like exotic and noxious species had relatively small impacts on network robustness, particularly in prairies with a long history of restoration activities. Restoration actions aimed mainly at improving the diversity and abundance of pollinator-provisioning plants may also produce plant-pollinator networks with increased resilience to plant species losses.</p>
Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species
<p>In this study, we simulated the local extinction of a hummingbird-pollinated understory plant, <em>Heliconia</em> <em>tortuosa</em>, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design while quantifying plant-hummingbird interactions through two parallel techniques: pollen collected from individual hummingbirds ('pollen networks', created from >300 pollen samples) and observations of hummingbirds visiting focal plants ('camera networks', created from >19,000 observation hours). Each response variable was measured during each experimental period (pre and post) in sites with and without <em>H. tortuosa</em> removal (treatment and control).</p>
Data for: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) modify plant-pollinator network structure, but do not alter wild species' interactions
<p>Honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) are widely used for honey production and crop pollination, raising concern for wild pollinators, as honey bees may compete with wild pollinators for floral resources. The first sign of competition, before changes appear in wild pollinator abundance or diversity, may be changes to wild pollinator interactions with plants. Such changes for a community can be measured by looking at changes to metrics of resource use overlap in plant-pollinator interaction networks. Studies of honey bee effects on plant-pollinator networks have usually not distinguished whether honey bees alter wild pollinator interactions, or if they merely alter total network structure by adding their own interactions. To test this question, we experimentally introduced honey bees to a Canadian grassland and measured plant-pollinator interactions at varying distances from the introduced hives. We found that honey bees increased the network metrics of pollinator and plant functional complementarity and decreased interaction evenness. However, in networks constructed from just wild pollinator interactions, honey bee abundance did not affect any of the metrics calculated. Thus, all network structural changes to the full network (including honey bee interactions) were due only to honey bee-plant interactions, and not to honey bees causing changes in wild pollinator-plant interactions. Given widespread and increasing use of honey bees, it is important to establish whether they affect wild pollinator communities. Our results suggest that honey bees did not alter wild pollinator foraging patterns in this system, even in a year that was drier than the 20-year average.</p>
Spillover effects from invasive Acacia alter the plant-pollinator networks and seed production of native plants
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Data from: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) modify plant-pollinator network structure, but do not alter wild species’ interactions
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Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species
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Pollinator-mediated indirect effects on plant fecundity revealed by network indices
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Data for: Prescribed fire increases plant-pollinator network robustness to losses of rare native forbs
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Evolutionary history and precipitation seasonality shape niche overlap in Neotropical bat-plant pollination networks
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Data from: High foraging fidelity and plant-pollinator network dominance of non-native honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes
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Effect of green infrastructure on restoration of pollination networks and plant performance in semi-natural dry grasslands across Europe
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Plant-pollinator networks for three subseasons and six years from Villavicencio Nature Reserve
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