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190 results for “plant development”
Data from: Early plant development depends on embryo damage location: the role of seed size in partial seed predation
<p>Data on 1) Observed weevil-infested acorns in the field; 2) Germination rates and times, and seedling emergence of control and embryo-damaged acorns; 3) Seedling performance and physiology of seedlings</p>
Data from: Plant life history stage and nurse age change the development of ecological networks in an arid ecosystem
Understanding how ecological networks are organised over the course of an organism's lifetime is crucial for predicting the dynamics of interacting populations and communities across temporal scales. However, most studies so far considered only one life history stage at a time, such as adult, when studying networks of interacting species. Therefore, knowledge about how multiple life history stages affect the development and stability of plant–plant association networks is lacking. We measured the understory adult plant community and the soil seed bank across a plant age gradient of the nurse shrub Retama sphaerocarpa in an arid ecosystem in Spain. Using a multilayer network approach, we built adult understory–nurse and seed bank–nurse networks and analysed how network nestedness, species' role, and species specificity varied between them and with nurse plant age. We found that seed bank and adult understory networks changed depending on nurse plant age in two different ways. With increasing nurse plant age, adult understory networks became significantly more nested than seed bank networks. The nested architecture of seed bank networks was therefore a poor predictor of adult understory network nestedness. The contribution and specificity of species to network nestedness increased with increasing nurse plant age more in the adult understory than in seed bank networks, despite high species turnover. Our data show that life history and ontogeny affect the development of plant–plant association networks. Niche construction and environmental filtering along nurse ontogeny seem pivotal mechanisms structuring adult understory networks while the assembly of seed bank networks seems rather stochastic. We highlight the importance of mature plant communities for maintaining rare species populations and supporting the stability of ecological communities through time.
Data from: Population history provides foundational knowledge for utilizing and developing native plant restoration materials
A species' population structure and history are critical pieces of information that can help guide the use of available native plant materials in restoration treatments and decide what new native plant materials should be developed to meet future restoration needs. In the western United States, Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass; Poaceae) is an important component of grassland and shrubland plant communities and commonly used for restoration due to its drought resistance and competitiveness with exotic weeds. We used next-generation sequencing data to investigate the processes that shaped P. spicata's geographic pattern of genetic variation across the Intermountain West. Pseudoroegneria spicata's genetic diversity is partitioned into populations that likely differentiated since the Last Glacial Maximum. Adjacent populations display varying magnitudes of historical gene flow, with migration rates ranging from multiple migrants per generation to multiple generations per migrant. When considering the commercial germplasm sources available for restoration, genetic identities remain representative of the wildland localities from which germplasm sources were originally developed, and they maintain high levels of heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity. However, the commercial germplasm sources represent a small fraction of the overall genetic diversity of P. spicata in the Intermountain West. Given the low migration rates and long divergence times between some pairs of P. spicata populations, using commercial germplasm sources could facilitate undesirable restoration outcomes when used in certain geographic areas, even if the environment in which the commercial materials thrive is similar to that of the restoration site. As such, population structure and history can be used to provide guidance on what geographic areas may need additional native plant materials so that restoration efforts support species and community resilience and improve outcomes.
Developing a global biodiversity standard certification for tree-planting and restoration: Tutorials for standardizing species names with WorldFlora
<p>This archive provides <a href="https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/lesson-1.html">R Markdown files (.Rmd files)</a> containing scripts used to standardize tree species names downloaded from the <a href="https://www.bgci.org/resources/bgci-databases/globaltree-portal/">GlobalTree Portal</a> for different countries with national hubs for the <a href="https://www.darwininitiative.org.uk/project/DAREX001/">Developing a global biodiversity standard certification for tree-planting and restoration</a> project.</p> <p>The R Markdown files were modified from <a href="https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151">a recent Rpub</a> where I standardized tree species names from <a href="https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php">GlobalTreeSearch</a> version 1.7. One of my objectives during a training workshop held in January 2024 with national hub partners at the <a href="https://sitioduascachoeiras.org.br/">Jardim Botânico Araribá, Sítio Duas Cachoeiras</a>, site in Brazil was to show how R Markdown files can be easily modified to analyse different data sets.</p> <p> </p> <p>This publication was generated after conducting training for a <strong>Darwin Initiative project</strong> (<a href="https://www.darwininitiative.org.uk/project/DAREX001/">DAREX001</a>) that develops a <a href="https://www.biodiversitystandard.org/">Global Biodiversity Standard for tree planting</a>. Recently the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39552-1">GlobalUsefulNativeTrees</a> and <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges</a> databases were released from this project. With scripts such as the ones shown here, when the Global Biodiversity Standard scheme becomes operational, tree planting projects can crosscheck lists of species before applying.</p>
Fig. 1 in Reactive oxygen species in cell wall metabolism and development in plants
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the enzymes at the plasma membrane and in the cell wall that are able to form reactive oxygen species (ROS: superoxide anion radical · — hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical. into the apoplast. · — is dismutated either enzymatically catalyzed by superoxide dismutase, (O 2 ), (H2O2), ( OH)) O 2 to H2O2 or nonenzymatically in the acidic pH that is typical in the cell wall. ROS play important roles both in cell wall loosening during cell elongation and cross-link formation involved in cell growth restriction..OH is considered as a cell wall-loosening agent formed from H O either non-enzymatically by Fenton reaction involving a transition metal such as 2 2 Fe2+ or Cu +, or enzymatically by peroxidases (not depicted). Di- and oligoferulate bridges, bonds between tyrosine residues abundant in cell wall structural proteins, lignin formation, or cross-linkages between ferulates and lignin are possible cross-links involved in cell growth restriction. For the cross-link formation, oxidative enzymes (peroxidase in a peroxidative cycle using H2O2 as an oxidant, or laccase using O2 as an oxidant) catalyze the oxidation of the phenolic residues after which they make a crosslink. In addition to cell wall modifications, ROS are important signalling components in various biological processes. The left cell shows the enzymes producing ROS, and the right cell shows the enzymes consuming ROS during cell wall cross-linking. Note that all enzymes and the cross-link types mentioned may not be present in the same cell, or in all species. In case of quinone reductases, further studies are needed to find out whether enough quinones are present in the plasma membranes to be able to mediate electron transport from the cytoplasmic reductant to apoplastic molecular oxygen.
Figure 1. Ishigakidiplosis karamae and its host plant. A in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new gall midge genus and species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) developing in the flower buds of Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) in Japan
Figure 1. Ishigakidiplosis karamae and its host plant. A* Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) growing behind mangroves on Ishigaki Island* Japan. B* flower buds of P. pinnata infested with I. karamae (red arrows). C* immature larvae in a flower bud that has been cut open. D* mature larva in a flower bud that has been cut open. E* freshly emerged female. F* freshly emerged male (terminal tarsal segments are lost).
Data linked to publication entitled "Biochar derived from Acai agroindustry waste enhances nutritional status and biomass in young Eucalyptus urophylla plants: Evidence connected to root development and leaf performance"
<p>Data linked to publication entitled "Biochar derived from Acai agroindustry waste enhances nutritional status and biomass in young Eucalyptus urophylla plants: Evidence connected to root development and leaf performance"</p>
Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
<p>Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood.</p> <p>We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots.</p> <p>The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) Karst.) and European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years.</p> <p>Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.</p>
Developing epidemiological preparedness for a probable plant disease invasion: modelling citrus huánglóngbìng in the European Union
<p>Video 1: Spread of the vector in a single simulation in Region A (Valencia). Corresponds to Fig S10 in supplementary material. Maps show the measure of vector density within each cell and light grey shows initial exposure.</p> <p>Video 2: Spread of the pathogen in a single simulation in Region A (Valencia). Corresponds to Fig 3 in main text. Both vector and pathogen are introduced simultaneously at t=0 into a single 1km x 1km cell. Maps showing the density of infected citrus host units (E+C+I) within each cell at different times after introduction.</p> <p>Video 3: Spread of the pathogen in a single simulation in Region A (Valencia) using baseline parameters for detection and control. Corresponds to Fig 6 in main text. Maps show densities of infected citrus (E+C+I) in each 1km x 1km cell</p> <p>Video 4: Spread of the vector in a single simulation in Region B (Andalusia). Corresponds to Fig S13 in supplementary material. Maps show the measure of vector density within each cell and light grey shows initial exposure.</p> <p>Video 5: Spread of the pathogen in a single simulation in Region B (Andalusia). Corresponds to Fig S14 in supplementary material. Both vector and pathogen are introduced simultaneously at t=0 into a single 1km x 1km cell. Maps showing the density of infected citrus host units (E+C+I) within each cell at different times after introduction.</p> <p>Video 6: Spread of the pathogen in a single simulation in Region B (Andalusia) using baseline parameters for detection and control. Corresponds to Fig S17 in supplementary material. Maps show densities of infected citrus (E+C+I) in each 1km x 1km cell</p>
Raw data - manuscript - Impact of methyl jasmonate on leaf consumption and development of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants
<p>Raw data - manuscript - Impact of methyl jasmonate on leaf consumption and development of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665
: Explanation note: Fig. S2. Effects of water extracts of leaves of various plants on the numbers of egg pods laid when presented to adult female desert locusts mixed with sand.
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665
: Explanation note: Fig. S1. Effects of water extracts of desert locust frass after feeding on various plants on the numbers of egg pods laid when adult female desert locusts were presented with extracts mixed with sand.
Supplementary material 3 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665
: Explanation note: Fig. S3. Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on antennal lengths of embryos (A, mean ± SD; n = 6–10).
FIGURE 1. Lachnagrostis filiformis. A. Plant. B. Ligule somewhat lacerated upwards. C. Spikelet. D in Lachnagrostis filiformis (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae: Agrostidinae) in México: known distribution and suppression of lemma awn development in terminal spikelets
FIGURE 1. Lachnagrostis filiformis. A. Plant. B. Ligule somewhat lacerated upwards. C. Spikelet. D. Ventral and dorsal view of awned lemmas. E. Ventral and dorsal view of awnless lemmas. E. Ventral and dorsal view of the caryopsis (Meagher 24-11-02 (IEB)). Illustrated by Alfonso Barbosa.
Development of Indoor Vegetable Plant Rack Design Based on IOTs to Prevent Stunts
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Dataset for "Insect frass from upcycling vegetable by-products with cereals: effects on the soil properties, plant development and soil invertebrate fitness"
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Fig. 2 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 2. The effect of MS medium salt concentrations, sucrose and PG on the germination of somatic embryos of L. montana. The results are expressed as the means with SE from five replicates per treatment. The data were recorded after 8 weeks of culture. Means ± SE followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.
Fig. 4 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 4. TEM analyses of different developmental stages of somatic embryos of L. montana. Formation of cell with large vacuole (V), mitochondria (M), nucleus (N) and nucleolus (NU) in globular embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm) (A). More vacuolated with cytoplasmic organelles in SM regions of pear-shaped (Bar, 0.5 μm) (B) and early torpedo-shaped (Bar, 0.5 μm) (C) embryos. Development of cytoplasmic components with nucleus (N), nucleolus (NU), Golgi apparatuses (GA), mitochondria (M) and chloroplasts (CP) in SM regions of torpedo (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (D) and cotyledonary embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm) (E). Large intercellular spaces (IS) and thick cell wall (CW) in connective regions of SM and RM of cotyledonary embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (F). Development of thick IS and CW with cytoplasmic components of mitochondria, starch grains (SG) and plastids (PS) in RMs of torpedo (Bar, 0.2 μm) (G) and cotyledonary (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (H) embryos.
Fig. 1 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 1. In vitro plant regeneration from somatic embryos in cell suspension culture of L. montana: A. Production of FEC on solid MS medium plus 35 g L −1, 10 μM 2,4-D and 2 μM TDZ. B. Formation of white and soft embryo stages in MSL after 3 weeks of culture. C. Different developmental stages of somatic embryos on MSL medium plus 1 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM TDZ after 6 weeks of culture. D. Proliferation and germination of embryos on MSL containing 0.5 μM 2,4-D and 1 μM TDZ. E. Germination of SEs on MSL plus 1 μM 2,4-D and 2 μM TDZ. F. Germination of clustered SEs in solid MS medium containing 15 g L −1 sucrose and 10 μM PG. G. Germinated SEs on plant induction medium. H and I. Well-developed plantlets from plant induction medium. J. Acclimatized plants of L. montana in the greenhouse after 3 months.
Data from: Plant quantity affects development and survival of a gregarious insect herbivore and its endoparasitoid wasp
Virtually all studies of plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions focus on plant quality as the major constraint on development and survival. However, for many gregarious feeding insect herbivores that feed on small or ephemeral plants, the quantity of resources is much more limiting, yet this area has received virtually no attention. Here, in both lab and semi-field experiments using tents containing variably sized clusters of food plants, we studied the effects of periodic food deprivation in a tri-trophic system where quantitative constraints are profoundly important on insect performance. The large cabbage white Pieris brassicae, is a specialist herbivore of relatively small wild brassicaceous plants that grow in variable densities, with black mustard (Brassica nigra) being one of the most important. Larvae of P. brassicae are in turn attacked by a specialist endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata. Increasing the length of food deprivation of newly molted final instar caterpillars significantly decreased herbivore and parasitoid survival and biomass, but shortened their development time. Moreover, the ability of caterpillars to recover when provided with food again was correlated with the length of the food deprivation period. In outdoor tents with natural vegetation, we created conditions similar to those faced by P. brassicae in nature by manipulating plant density. Low densities of B. nigra lead to potential starvation of P. brassicae broods and their parasitoids, replicating nutritional conditions of the lab experiments. The ability of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars to find corner plants was similar but decreased with central plant density. Survival of both the herbivore and parasitoid increased with plant density and was higher for unparasitized than for parasitized caterpillars. Our results, in comparison with previous studies, reveal that quantitative constraints are far more important that qualitative constraints on the performance of gregarious insect herbivores and their gregarious parasitoids in nature.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.