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69 results for “plant diversification”
The expansion and diversification of pentatricopeptide repeat RNA editing factors in plants
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Supplementary files from: Improving inference and avoiding over-interpretation of hidden-state diversification models: Specialized plant breeding has no effect on diversification in frogs
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The contribution of the edaphic factor as a driver of recent plant diversification in a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot
<p>1. The high diversification rates of plant lineages in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot have been linked to a complex interaction of climatic stressors, geographic isolation and soil type, but the question remains as to which of these factors has been the most significant environmental driver of recent speciation.</p> <p>2. Here, we draw on distributional data for the entire endemic flora of the Iberian Peninsula, together with DNA-based phylogenies and spatial phylogenetic methods, to explore patterns of relative phylogenetic endemism at different spatial resolutions and phylogenetic scales (superclades) and assess how environmental factors contribute to explain these patterns.</p> <p>3. We found that recent diversification of angiosperms as a whole, and particularly of eudicots, has been boosted by environmental stressors including high values of soil pH and dry-seasonal climatic conditions, while diversification of monocots has not been associated with soil conditions but with high elevation and less seasonal climate.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. These results provide robust insights into the environmental factors driving recent plant diversification in the Mediterranean Basin, including a role of soil properties that had not been quantified before. The contrasting environmental drivers of diversification in Eudicots and Monocots highlight the importance of analyzing spatial phylogenetic patterns at multiple phylogenetic scales to get a better understanding of the processes that shape biodiversity.</p>
Food plant shifts drive the diversification of Sack-bearer moths
<p>Lepidoptera are a highly diverse group of herbivorous insects, however some superfamilies have relatively few species. Two alternative hypotheses for drivers of Lepidoptera diversity are shifts in food plant use or shifts from concealed to external feeding as larvae. Many studies address the former hypothesis, but with bias towards externally feeding taxa. One of the most striking examples of species disparity between sister lineages in Lepidoptera is between the concealed feeding Sack-bearer Moths (Mimallonoidea), which contain about 300 species, and externally feeding Macroheterocera, which have over 74,000 species. We provide the first dated tree of Mimallonidae to understand the diversification dynamics of these moths in order to fill a knowledge gap pertaining to drivers of diversity within an important concealed feeding clade. We find that Mimallonidae is an ancient Lepidoptera lineage that originated in the Cretaceous ca. 105 million years ago and has had a close association with the plant order Myrtales for the past 40 million years. Diversification dynamics are tightly linked with food plant usage in this group. Reliance on Myrtales may have influenced diversification of Mimallonidae because clades that shifted away from the ancestral condition of feeding on Myrtales have the highest speciation rates in the family.</p>
Data from: Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
Data from: Biogeographic barriers drive co-diversification within associated eukaryotes of the Sarracenia alata pitcher plant system
Understanding if the members of an ecological community have co-diversified is a central concern of evolutionary biology, as co-diversification suggests prolonged association and possible coevolution. By sampling associated species from an ecosystem, researchers can better understand how abiotic and biotic factors influence diversification in a region. In particular, studies of co-distributed species that interact ecologically can allow us to disentangle the effect of how historical processes have helped shape community level structure and interactions. Here we investigate the Sarracenia alata pitcher plant system, an ecological community where many species from disparate taxonomic groups live inside the fluid-filled pitcher leaves. Direct sequencing of the eukaryotes present in the pitcher plant fluid enables us to better understand how a host plant can shape and contribute to the genetic structure of its associated inquilines, and to ask whether genetic variation in the taxa are structured in a similar manner to the host plant. We used 454 amplicon-based metagenomics to demonstrate that the pattern of genetic diversity in many, but not all, of the eukaryotic community is similar to that of S. alata, providing evidence that associated eukaryotes share an evolutionary history with the host pitcher plant. Our work provides further evidence that a host plant can influence the evolution of its associated commensals.
Data from: Unravelling the role of host plant expansion in the diversification of a Neotropical butterfly genus
Background: Understanding the processes underlying diversification is a central question in evolutionary biology. For butterflies, access to new host plants provides opportunities for adaptive speciation. On the one hand, locally abundant host species can generate ecologically significant selection pressure. But a diversity of host plant species within the geographic range of each population and/or species might also eliminate any advantage conferred by specialization. This paper focuses on four Melinaea species, which are oligophagous on the family Solanaceae: M. menophilus, M. satevis, M. marsaeus, and finally, M. mothone. We examined both female preference and larval performance on two host plant species that commonly occur in this butterfly's native range, Juanulloa parasitica and Trianaea speciosa, to determine whether the different Melinaea species show evidence of local adaptation. Result: In choice experiments, M. mothone females used both host plants for oviposition, whereas all other species used J. parasitica almost exclusively. In no choice experiment, M. mothone was the only species that readily accepted T. speciosa as a larval host plant. Larval survival was highest on J. parasitica (82.0 % vs. 60.9 %) and development took longer on T. speciosa (14.12 days vs. 13.35 days), except for M. mothone, which did equally well on both host plants. For all species, average pupal weight was highest on J. parasitica (450.66 mg vs. 420.01 mg), although this difference was least apparent in M. mothone. Conclusion: We did not find that coexisting species of Melinaea partition host plant resources as expected if speciation is primarily driven by host plant divergence. Although M. mothone shows evidence of local adaptation to a novel host plant, T. speciosa, which co-occurs, it does not preferentially lay more eggs on or perform better on this host plant than on host plants used by other Melinaea species and not present in its distributional range. It is likely that diversification in this genus is driven by co-occurring Müllerian mimics and the resulting predation pressure, although this is also likely made possible by greater niche diversity as a consequence of plasticity for potential hosts.
Data from: Host plant associations and geography interact to shape diversification in a specialist insect herbivore
Disentangling the processes underlying geographic and environmental patterns of biodiversity challenges biologists as such patterns emerge from eco-evolutionary processes confounded by spatial autocorrelation among sample units. The herbivorous insect, Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), exhibits regional specialization on three plant species whose geographic distributions range from sympatry through allopatry across the southern USA. Using range-wide sampling spanning the geographic ranges of the three host plants and genotyping-by-sequencing of 1,217 individuals, we tested whether this insect herbivore exhibited host-plant-associated genomic differentiation while controlling for spatial autocorrelation among the 58 sample sites. Population genomic structure based on 40,699 SNPs was evaluated using the hierarchical Bayesian model ENTROPY to assign individuals to genetic clusters and estimate admixture proportions. To control for spatial autocorrelation, distance-based Moran's eigenvector mapping was used to construct regression variables summarizing spatial structure inherent among sample sites. Distance based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) incorporating the spatial variables was then applied to partition host-plant-associated differentiation (HAD) from spatial autocorrelation. By combining ENTROPY and dbRDA to analyze SNP data we unveiled a complex mosaic of highly structured differentiation within and among gall former populations finding evidence that geography, HAD and spatial autocorrelation all play significant roles in explaining patterns of genomic differentiation in B. treatae. While dbRDA confirmed host association as a significant predictor of patterns of genomic variation, spatial autocorrelation among sites explained the largest proportion of variation. Our results demonstrate the value of combining dbRDA with hierarchical structural analyses to partition spatial/environmental patterns of genomic variation.
Fig. 1 in Jumping to new hosts: the diversification of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) in the context of their host plant associations
Fig. 1. Tree reconstruction results of the 113 taxa mitogenome data set. a) Maximum likelihood tree inferred from nucleotide data set using IQ-TREE. Node numbers show bootstrap support values. b) Bayesian tree inferred from the amino acid taxa data using PhyloBayes under the site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model. Node numbers show the posterior probability values. Alticini representatives (from top to bottom): Blepharida sacra, Altica bicarinata, Chaetocnema angustula, Oedionychis cincta, Dibolia alpestris, and Longitarsus gruevi. Picture copyright: Lech Borowiec,Wroclaw, Poland, used with permission.
Fig. 2 in Jumping to new hosts: the diversification of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) in the context of their host plant associations
Fig. 2. Results of diversification rate analyses. a) Results of the branch-specific diversification rate analyses as inferred in BAMM, based on a uniform sampling strategy. Colors indicate relative speciation rates along each branch on the chronogram (increasing from blue to red).The red circles on the branches indicate regime shifts in the maximum shift credibility (MSC) configuration. b) Results of the branch-specific diversification rates as indicated by the LSBDS model in RevBayes. Colors indicate relative speciation rates along each branch on the chronogram (increasing from violet to yellow). c) Net diversification rates as indicated by the best BayesRate model. Alticini representatives (right to left): Psylliodes chalcomera, Phyllotreta armoraciae, Oedionychis cincta, Longitarsus gruevi, and Altica bicarinata. Picture copyright: Lech Borowiec,Wroclaw, Poland, used with permission.
Data from: Sympatric diversification vs. immigration: deciphering host-plant specialization in a polyphagous insect, the stolbur phytoplasma vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)
The epidemiology of vector transmitted plant diseases is highly influenced by dispersal and the host-plant range of the vector. Widening the vector's host range may increase transmission potential, whereas specialization may induce specific disease cycles. The process leading to a vector's host shift and its epidemiological outcome is therefore embedded in the frameworks of sympatric evolution vs. immigration of preadapted populations. In this study, we analyse whether a host shift of the stolbur phytoplasma vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus from field bindweed to stinging nettle in its northern distribution range evolved sympatrically or by immigration. The exploitation of stinging nettle has led to outbreaks of the grapevine disease bois noir caused by a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain. Microsatellite data from populations from northern and ancestral ranges provide strong evidence for sympatric host-race evolution in the northern range: Host-plant associated populations were significantly differentiated among syntopic sites (0.054 < FHT < 0.098) and constant over 5 years. While gene flow was asymmetric from the old into the predicted new host race, which had significantly reduced genetic diversity, the genetic identity between syntopic host-race populations in the northern range was higher than between these populations and syntopic populations in ancestral ranges, where there was no evidence for genetic host races. Although immigration was detected in the northern field bindweed population, it cannot explain host-race diversification but suggests the introduction of a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain by plant-unspecific vectors. The evolution of host races in the northern range has led to specific vector-based bois noir disease cycles.
Species complex diversification by host plant use in an herbivorous insect: The source of Puerto Rican cactus mealybug pest and implications for biological control
Cryptic taxa have often been observed in the form of host‐associated species that diverged as the result of adaptation to alternate host plants. Untangling cryptic diversity in species complexes that encompass invasive species is a mandatory task for pest management. Moreover, investigating the evolutionary history of a species complex may help to understand the drivers of their diversification. The mealybug Hypogeococcus pungens was believed to be a polyphagous species from South America and has been reported as a pest devastating native cacti in Puerto Rico, also threatening cactus diversity in the Caribbean and North America. There is neither certainty about the identity of the pest, nor the source population from South America. Recent studies pointed to substantial genetic differentiation among local populations, suggesting that H. pungens is a species complex. In this study, we used a combination of genome-wide SNPs and mtDNA variation to investigate species diversity within H. pungens sensu lato to establish host plant ranges of each one of the putative members of the complex, to evaluate whether the pattern of host plant association drove diversification in the species complex, and to determine the source population of the Puerto Rican cactus pest. Our results suggested that H. pungens comprises at least five different species, each one strongly associated with specific host plants. We also established that the Puerto Rican cactus pest derives from southeastern Brazilian mealybugs. This is an important achievement because it will help to design reliable strategies for biological control using natural enemies of the pest from its native range.
What drives diversification in a pantropical plant lineage with extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Colonisation of new areas may entail shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement (dispersification), which may involve niche evolution if species were not pre-adapted to the new environments. <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae) includes c. 250 species and has a pantropical distribution suggesting an extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation. We investigate patterns of diversification in <i>Scleria</i>, and whether they are coupled with colonisation events, climate niche shifts or both.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Tropics and subtropics.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Nutrushes <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used molecular data from three DNA regions sequenced for 278 accessions representing 140 <i>Scleria</i> taxa (53% of species) to develop a chronogram, model ancestral ranges, and measure rates of diversification. Integrating data from 12,978 digitised and georeferenced herbarium records, we investigated niche evolution.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> High dispersal rates in <i>Scleria</i>, a genus with multiple dispersal syndromes, make reconstruction of ancestral areas at deep nodes in the phylogeny highly equivocal. Main dispersal and colonisation events involve movements from South to Central America (c. 19), from Africa to Madagascar (c. 12), from Asia to Oceania (c. 7), from Africa to South America (c. 7) and Central America to South America (c. 6). Two main shifts in diversification rates happened during the warm period of the Miocene.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Dispersification from South America to Africa without climate niche shift seems to explain the diversification shift in section <i>Hypoporum</i> implying that species were pre-adapted. Shifts in climate niche evolution predate the second shift in diversification rates suggesting lineages were pre-adapted prior to biogeographic movements. Within subgenus <i>Scleria</i>, colonisations of Asia and Madagascar by sections <i>Elatae</i> and <i>Abortivae</i>, respectively, are coupled with niche shifts suggesting that these colonisations involved climate niche adaptation.</p>
Figure 4. Clade 3 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 4. Clade 3 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 17 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Nodes 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:9, 3:11, 3:12, 3:13, and 3:14 are not supported by maximum-likelihood bootstrap values of ≥ 70%.
Figure 2. Clade 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 2. Clade 1 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms representing divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 16 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Only node 1:15 is not supported by a maximumlikelihood bootstrap value of ≥ 70%.
Figure 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 1. Morphology of the species Ophiognomonia alni-viridis. From the top, left to right: perithecia on an overwintered leaf of Alnus sinuata; single perithecium extracted from host tissue; single ascospore; and single ascus.
Figure 3. Clade 2 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 3. Clade 2 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 14 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0039), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. All branches are supported by maximum-likelihood values ≥ 70%.
Data from: Molecular genetic analysis of virus isolates from wild and cultivated plants demonstrates that East Africa is a hotspot for the evolution and diversification of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
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Data from: Thirty clues to the exceptional diversification of flowering plants
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Data from: Polyploidisation and geographic differentiation drive diversification in a European high mountain plant group (Doronicum clusii aggregate, Asteraceae)
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