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127 results for “plant metabolism”
Intraspecific interaction of host plants leads to concentrated distribution of a specialist herbivore through metabolic alterations in the leaves
<p>1. Recent studies suggest that changes in leaf traits due to interactions between plants affect resource utilisation by and the distribution of herbivores. However, this has not yet been confirmed experimentally. Here, we investigated the effects of phenotypic plasticity in leaf traits of <i>Rumex obtusifolius</i> (host plant) in response to intra- and interspecific interaction on the distribution of two leaf beetles, <i>Gastrophysa atrocyanea</i> (specialist herbivore) and <i>Galerucella grisescens</i> (generalist herbivore).</p> <p>2. We investigated the local population density of <i>R. obtusifolius</i> plants and the presence of leaf beetles on the plants at five study sites. Leaf chemicals (condensed tannins and total phenolics) were compared between aggregated and solitary <i>R. obtusifolius</i> plants. To clarify the effects of the interaction environment of <i>R. obtusifolius</i> plants on their leaf traits and on resource utilisation by the leaf beetles, we compared leaf chemicals and preferences of adult leaf beetles among treatments where <i>R. obtusifolius</i> experienced intraspecific interaction, interspecific interaction, or no interaction in cultivation experiments. Finally, we evaluated the independent and combined effects of patch size and intraspecific interaction on leaf beetle distribution in mesocosm experiments.</p> <p>3. In the field, the presence of the specialist leaf beetle <i>G. atrocyanea</i> was positively correlated with the local population density (rosette overlap ratio) of <i>R. obtusifolius</i> plants; however, there was no correlation in the case of the generalist leaf beetle <i>G. grisescens</i>. In the cultivation experiments, plants in the intraspecific interaction treatment increased their leaf contents of condensed tannins and total phenolics, and <i>G. atrocyanea</i> consumed more of these leaves than leaves in other treatments. Similar results were observed in the field. In the mesocosm experiments, larger numbers of <i>G. atrocyanea</i> were distributed on <i>R. obtusifolius</i> plants exposed to below-ground intraspecific interaction than on plants not exposed to intraspecific interaction.</p> <p>4. Our results provide experimental evidence that leaf-trait changes in response to intraspecific interaction between host plants influence specialist herbivore distribution. This highlights the need to integrate plant–plant interactions into our understanding of plant–animal interactions. </p>
Interactive effects of elevated temperature and drought on plant carbon metabolism: A meta‐analysis
<p><span>Elevated temperature (</span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span>) and drought often co-occur and interactively affect plant carbon (C) metabolism and thus the ecosystem C cycling, but the magnitude of their interaction is unclear, making the projection of global change impacts challenging. Here, we compiled 107 journal articles in which temperature and water availability were jointly manipulated and performed a meta-analysis of interactive effects of <em>T<sub>e</sub></em> and drought on leaf photosynthesis (</span><span>A<sub>growth</sub></span><span>) and respiration (</span><span>R<sub>growth</sub></span><span>) at growth temperature, nonstructural carbohydrates and biomass of plants, and their dependencies on experimental and biological moderators (e.g., treatment intensity, plant functional type). Our results showed that, overall, there was no significant interaction of </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> and drought on A<sub>growth</sub>. </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> accelerated R<sub>growth</sub> under well-watered conditions rather than under drought conditions. The </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> × </span><span>drought interaction on leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations were neutral and negative, respectively. The effect of </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> and drought on plant biomass displayed a negative interaction, with </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> deteriorating the drought impacts. Drought induced an increase in root-to-shoot ratio at ambient temperature but not at </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span>. The magnitudes of </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> and drought negatively modulated the </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> drought interactions on </span><span>A<sub>growth</sub></span><span>. Root biomass of woody plants was more vulnerable to drought than that of herbaceous plants at ambient temperature, but this difference diminished at </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span>. Perennial herbs exhibited a stronger amplifying effect of </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> on plant biomass in response to drought than did annual herbs. </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> exacerbated the responses of </span><span>A<sub>growth</sub></span><span> and stomatal conductance to drought for evergreen broadleaf trees rather than for deciduous broadleaf and evergreen coniferous trees. A negative </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span> <span>×</span><span> drought interaction on plant biomass was observed on the species level rather than on the community level. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the interactive effects of </span><span><em>T<sub>e</sub></em></span><span> and drought on plant C metabolism, which would improve the prediction of climate change impacts.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in The GH3 amidosynthetases family and their role in metabolic crosstalk modulation of plant signaling compounds
Fig. 2. GH3 structure and mechanism of catalysis. A. Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping Pong mechanism of GH3 action. B. Structure of AtGH3.12 (active-site closed conformation) with attached salicylate and AMPCPP (nonhydrolysable ATP analogue). This monomeric protein consists of larger N-terminal domain (blue colour) and smaller Cterminal domain (green colour) which are linked by flexible hinge loop (red colour). C. AtGH3.12 active site. Salicylate (C atoms in cyan) is bound to the acyl acid site (C atoms in grey) with Tyr120, Arg 123, Ile 217, Phe 218 and Val 299 residues, as shown. AMPCPP is attached to the nucleotide site (C atoms in grey) with canonical loop (Lys104), β-turn-β motif (Tyr325, Glu329) and ribose interaction motif (Asp398), as shown. Lys104 and Glu329 coordinate a magnesium ion (green colour). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Note. Fig. 2B and C from "Determination of the GH3.12 protein conformation through HPLC-integrated SAXS measurements combined with X-ray crystallography," by A. Round, E. Brown, R. Marcellin, U. Kapp, C. S. Westfall, J.M. Jez, C. Zubieta, 2013, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr, 69, p. 2073, 2076 (https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444913019276). Copyright 2013 by Acta Crystallographica, Section D: Biological Crystallography. Reprinted with permission.
Fig. 1 in The GH3 amidosynthetases family and their role in metabolic crosstalk modulation of plant signaling compounds
Fig. 1. Acyl acid substrates of GH3. This group includes jasmonic acid, natural and synthetic auxins, indole-derivative and benzoate-derivatives. Most AtGH3 enzymes are auxin specific. AtGH3.5, apart from auxins and indole-derivative, also conjugates benzoate-derivatives. AtGH3.12 strongly prefers isochorismate, precursor of SA, as a substrate. Jasmonic acid is conjugated to L-isoleucine during the reaction catalyzed by AtGH3.11/JAR1.
Fig. 1 in The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds
Fig. 1. Schematic, simplified overview of plant leaf carbohydrate, acetogenic lipid, and phytol synthesis. Reactions altered by impaired enzyme activities through mutations in the starch synthesis pathway marked in red for A. thaliana, or otherwise annotated for different species. Arrows in blue indicate putative reactions where C-bound H-exchange can occur. NADPH production is marked in purple and NADPH consumption is marked in pink. All used mutants accumulate trace amounts of starch, *except for the adg2-1 genotype, which accumulates around 40% of WT starch levels (Lin et al., 1988a). The MEP and acetogenic pathways are highlighted by yellow and orange dashed lines, respectively. Night-time starch degradation can provide a source of 2H-depleted carbohydrates in WT plants and is marked with brown dashed lines. Transport of G6P across the chloroplast membrane, indicated by the dashed black line, may occur when chloroplast G6P reach excess levels, like in pgm mutants (Kunz et al., 2010). Organic compounds extracted and measured for δ2H are shown in outlined white boxes. Abbreviations: 3PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; Acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; ADPGlc, ADP-glucose; CBB cycle, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; DOXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; F1,6BP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; FA, fatty acid; Fd, ferredoxin; FNR, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; G1P, glucose 1-phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Glc, glucose; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; Mal, maltose; MEP, 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate; oxPPP, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; Sucrose 6P, sucrose 6-phosphate; UDPGlc, UDP-glucose. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5 in The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds
Fig. 5. Schematic overview of the origin of H positions from phytol (A), n-C16:0 (B), and G6P and F6P (C). Red H represents that originating from RuBP and are annotated with possible positions in superscript, following nomenclature from Wieloch et al. (2022a): H1, H2, H6S and H6R, where H1 and H6S, and H2 and H6R are interchangeable at the triose-phosphate level, noted as H 1/6S and H 2/6R, respectively. Blue H represent those derived from surrounding water. Green H represent those derived from NADPH. Tallies of H atoms from specific sources are shown for different compounds. In these tallies, numbers of H1/6S are separately counted, highlighting that H 1/6S is contributing more H in phytol and carbohydrates compared to in acetogenic lipids. Superscript numbers on C atoms follow C positions 1 through 6 in hexose molecules. Although numbers on C atoms should also be considered interchangeable at the triose-phosphate level, we did not visualize this to maintain better traceability of C throughout reactions. Simplified visualization of RuBisCO carboxylation and oxygenation shows exchange of H 2/6R with water and 2H-enrichment of H1/6S in the photorespiration pathway, which end up in 3PGA. During the PGI reaction between F6P and G6P, H2/6R can transfer intramolecularly or H 2/6R can be exchanged with water, which should be considered if H 2/6R is thought to be an important driver for δ2 H values. Information compiled from different publications (Cormier et al., 2018; Eisenreich et al., 2004; Gutbrod et al., 2019; Lichtenthaler, 1999; Schleucher et al., 1999; Schmidt et al., 2003). Abbreviations: 3PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; DOXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; MEP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; RuBP, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate; TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds
Fig. 3. Δεbio values of different compounds across starchless mutants of species with respect to WT mean value. Boxplot structure is explained in Fig. 2. Asterisks indicate a significant difference from zero (***p <0.001, **p <0.01, *p <0.05). Letters at the top of the plotting area indicate significant differences between the species within each respective compound (p <0.05). Letters below the plotting area indicate significant differences between compounds within a species (p <0.05), where species are separated by lines and fill colors, and letter positions are aligned with the respective mutant and compounds. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds
Fig. 4. Comparison of εbio values among species and mutants between phytol and n-C16:0 (A), and between phytol and cellulose (B). Dashed lines represent significant (p <0.05) correlations, with the black line representing the correlation across all species and genotypes, and the colored lines representing the correlations across genotypes within a species. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 7. HPTLC chromatograms under white light after anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid derivatization. 1 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 7. HPTLC chromatograms under white light after anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid derivatization. 1 (A): blend of methanol extracts from all rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) ecotypes samples, 2: 8,15-labdanediol, 3: 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid, 4: 18-methyl ester-clerodan-15-oic acid, 5: myricetin 3,7,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether, and 6: 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid methyl ester. Chemical structures of the metabolites used for co-HPTLC. 8,15-labdanediol (1), 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid (2), 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid methyl ester (3), 18-oic acid methyl ester-clerodan-l5-oic acid (4) and myricetin 3,7,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether (5).
Fig. 6 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 6. HPTLC chromatograms of methanol extracts of ten ecotypes of Cistus monspeliensis L. Cardeu (Ca, 1), Mandas (Ma, 2), Seui (Se, 3), Su Dominariu (Su, 4), Foresta Fontanamela (Fo, 5), Gutturu Mannu (Gu, 6), Portoscuso (Po, 7), Paringianu (Pa, 8), Barbusi (Ba, 9), and Gennargentu (Ge, 10). A: visualized at 366 nm without derivatization, B: bioautography against Fusarium oxysporum.
Fig. 5 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 5. Orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS) analysis to correlated chemical profiles of rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) obtained by 1H NMR (A) and HPTLC (B) and their antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The antifungal activity are average values (n = 5) measured as inhibition halos (mm).
Fig. 4 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 4. The effect of geographical origin (north, south and central) and altitude on the chemical variation of rock-rose ecotypes (Cistus monspeliensis L.), collected at different regions of Sardinia, Italy. A: Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of rock-rose ecotypes based on 1H NMR data and geographical origins (north, south and central) excluding the samples of Seui (Se) (n = 45). B: OPLS-DA of rock-rose ecotypes based on HPTLC data and geographical origins (North, South and Central) excluding the samples of Barbusi (Ba) (n = 45). C: OPLS analysis based on 1H NMR data and altitudes of the collected locations (expressed as meters above sea level) (n = 50). D: OPLS analysis based on 1H NMR data and altitudes of the collection locations (expressed as meters above sea level) (n = 50). The classes of geographical origins were grouped following Fig. 3: North (Ca, Gu, Po, Su), South (Ba, Ge, Ma, Pa), and Central (Fo) areas of sampling. Ca: Cardeu, Ma: Mandas, Se: Seui, Su: Su Dominnariu, Fo: Foresta fontanamela, Gu: Gutturu Mannu, Po: Portoscuso, Pa: Paringianu, Ba: Barbusi, Ge: Gennangertu.
Fig. 3 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 3. Map of the sampling area of rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) ecotypes located on Sardenia Island, Italy. The sampling areas are colored as follows: red (North), green (Central); blue (South). North:Cardeu (Ca), Gutturu mannu (Gu), Portoscuso (Po), Seui (Se) and Su Dominariu (Su), south: Barbusi (Ba), Gennargentu (Ge), Mandas (Ma), and Paringianu (Pa). Central area: Foresta Fontanamela (Fo). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 2. Average standard error variation for the buckets of 1 H NMR spectra from ten ecotypes of Cistus monspeliensis L.
Fig. 1 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 1. Basic chemical structures of labdane and clerodane, and 1H NMR spectra of the leaves of Cistus monspeliensis obtained from (A) Foresta fontanamela and (B) Gennangertu in the range of δ 0.7 - δ 1.5 (600 MHz, CH3OH-d4). a: H-18 of labdane at (δ 0.81, s), b: H-20 of labdane (δ 0.83, s), c: H-19 of labdane (δ 0.87, s), d: H-17 of a labdane with a hydroxyl group at C-8 (δ 1.10, s), e: H-16 of labdane at δ 0.94 (d, J = 6.8 Hz), f: H-17 of clerodane (δ 0.77, s), g: H-20 of clerodane (δ 0.80, s), h: H-16 of clerodane (δ 0.97, d, J = 6.7 Hz), i: H-19 of a clerodane (δ 1.11).
Fig. 28 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants
Fig. 28. The desulfation reaction catalyzed by sulfatase and used for derivatization in glucosinolate analysis.
Fig. 26 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants
Fig. 26. Mixed reaction catalyzed by "nitrilase" enzymes in crucifers. (A) The strict functional definition of nitrilase activity (E.C. 3.5.5.1). (B) A side reaction catalyzed by crucifer nitrilases to variable degree, probably caused by premature termination of the reaction after the first round of addition of water (Jandhyala et al., 2005), functionally defined as nitrile hydratase activity (E.C. 4.2.1.84).
Fig. 24 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants
Fig. 24. Examples of glucosinolate-derived indole phytoalexins and biosynthetic connections. Asterisks indicate a selected example of a labeling study of the brassinin biosynthesis (Pedras and Yaya, 2013). Question marks above some arrows signify steps that are demonstrated in vivo but for which specific enzymes are not yet known. MYR, myrosinase.
Fig. 25 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants
Fig. 25. Examples of crucifer non-indole phytoalexins derived from phenethyl isothiocyanate (Pedras and To, 2018). Question marks above some arrows signify steps that are demonstrated in vivo but for which specific enzymes are not yet known. MYR, myrosinase.
Fig. 22 in Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants
Fig. 22. Diverse products of allyl glucosinolate (GSL) depending on presence or absence of specifier proteins. The asterisks over the GSL, the isothiocyanate and the thiocyanate summarize the results of labeling studies (Benn, 1977; Rossiter et al., 2007) as previously detailed (Agerbirk and Olsen, 2012). All GSLs can form isothiocyanates, although some may be unstable, and nitriles. Only aliphatic GSLs with a terminal unsaturation can form epithionitriles. Only allyl GSL and two other GSLs (formally able to form a resonance-stabilized cation) can form organic thiocyanates. Some specifier proteins have other activities than those they are named from, as indicated in brackets. MYR, myrosinase; ESP, epithiospecifier protein; NSP, nitrile specifier protein; TFP, thiocyanate-forming protein.
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