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128 results for “plant virus”
A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
<ol> <li><span><span>Vectors and viruses </span><span><span>exist</span></span><span> in communities consisting of many interacting species. Although the cascading effects of predators or parasitoids on disease spread via direct effects on vectors have been investigated, little is known about the effects of other free-living species in communities on the transmission of vector-borne viruses via </span><span><span>indirect (host-plant mediated) effects</span></span><span> on vectors.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>In the present study, we used a food web consisting of tomato plants (</span><i><span>Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span>), two tomato herbivores (the vector whitefly,</span><i><span> Bemisia tabaci</span></i><span>, and the non-vector two-spotted spider mite, </span><i><span>Tetranychus urticae</span></i><span>), and a whitefly-vectored plant virus (</span><i><span>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</span></i><span>, TYLCV) to study how </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> may affect TYLCV transmission by </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> via </span><span><span>host-plant</span></span><span> </span><span><span>mediated effects</span></span><span><span> on </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>We found that </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation promoted </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and thereby increased TYLCV transmission to tomato plants. These increases were </span><span><span>associated with</span></span><span> </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-induced reductions in two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin trisaccharide) of tomato plants. Elevation of rutin and quercetin trisaccharide levels in </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-infested plants via exogenous stem applications reduced </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and TYLCV transmission. Therefore, suppression of these flavonoids by </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation was </span><span><span>the most likely explanation for the observed changes in </span></span><i><span><span>B. tabaci</span></span></i><span><span> feeding behavior and TYLCV transmission</span></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li> <span>Our results show that by reducing flavonoids in tomato plants, a non-vector herbivore can indirectly increase the transmission of a vector-borne plant virus. These findings indicate that species that are far removed from the direct vector–virus interactions can indirectly affect vector–borne virus transmission by altering the </span><span><span>chemical defenses</span></span><span> of the shared host plant.</span> </li> </ol>
Expression analysis of targeted genes Sgt1 (A) and Hsp90 (B) in tomato plants subjected to virus-induced gene silencing using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vector.
<p><strong>Figure S1</strong>. Expression analysis of targeted genes Sgt1 (A) and Hsp90 (B) in tomato plants subjected to virus-induced gene silencing using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vector. (A) Relative expression levels of Sgt1 analyzed by Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) in tomato plants infected with TRV vector alone (TRV2), TRV carrying Sgt1 silencing constructs (TRV-Sgt1), and mock-inoculated (Mock). Transcript levels were normalized using tomato genes encoding elongation factor 1-α and SAND as internal references, with Mock as the calibrator. (B) Relative expression levels of Hsp90 analyzed by RT-qPCR in tomato plants infected with TRV2, TRV-Hsp90, and Mock. Gene expression levels were normalized using the same reference genes as in (A). (C) Quantification of the relative accumulation of TRV RNA in plants infected with TRV2 and in silenced plants (TRV-Sgt1 and TRV-Hsp90). The expression levels were normalized using tomato genes for elongation factor 1-α and SAND, with TRV2 as the calibrator. All samples were collected at 19 dpi to anticipate the observed decline. Error bars represent standard errors of five biological replicates, and an asterisk indicates a significant difference, as determined by one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05</p>
Data from: Landscapes with higher crop diversity have lower aphid species richness but higher plant virus prevalence
<p>Diversifying agricultural systems by growing more than one crop species in an area can decrease pest and disease pressure and increase crop yields. However, there is a lack of information on how crop diversity at larger spatial scales influences pest and disease pressure. Here, we investigated how landscape-scale crop diversity affects aphid vector communities and prevalence of non-persistently transmitted potato virus Y (PVY). To test the influence of landscape-scale crop diversity on PVY prevalence and aphid communities, we conducted a field study during the 2020 and 2021 field seasons in the San Luis Valley, Colorado where we quantified aphid communities and PVY incidence at multiple sites. We then determined the association of aphid species richness and abundance and PVY incidence with landscape variables (crop diversity metrics and percentage cover of crop species) within 1, 2 and 3 km buffers from study sites. Higher crop diversity (measured as Shannon diversity index) led to decreased aphid species richness at a 3 km buffer in the 2021 field season. Percentage of alfalfa was positively associated with aphid species richness in 2020 and aphid abundance in 2021 within a 1 km buffer. Higher crop diversity led to increased PVY incidence at a 2 km buffer in 2021 and 3 km buffer in 2020 and 2021. At a 3 km buffer in 2021, we found a positive influence of crop species richness on PVY incidence and a negative influence of crop species evenness on PVY incidence. Also in 2021, we found a positive influence of percentage of potato (virus host) on PVY incidence and a negative influence of percentage of barley (virus non-host) on PVY incidence.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications:</strong> In summary, we found that landscape-scale crop diversity impacts plant virus prevalence at spatial scales of >1 km. This suggests that potato growers could reduce PVY prevalence by geographically isolating potato fields from other potato or other PVY-hosts. Crop diversity had a negative influence on aphid vector communities so growers could reduce risk of virus spread by aphid vectors by using certified potato seed in a diversified landscape.</p>
Supplementary tables S1-S5. Comparison of two different host plant genera responding to grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 infection
<p>Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most important viruses of grapevine but, despite this, there remain several gaps in our understanding of its biology. Because of its narrow host range -limited to <em>Vitis</em> species - and because the virus is restricted to the phloem, most GLRaV-3 research has concentrated on epidemiology and the development of detection assays. The recent discovery that GLRaV-3 can infect <em>Nicotiana</em> <em>benthamiana, </em>a plant model organism, makes new opportunities available for research in this field. We used RNA-seq to compare both <em>V. vinifera </em>and <em>N. benthamiana</em> host responses to GLRaV-3 infection. This is the first analysis of gene expression profiles beyond <em>Vitis </em>to mealybug-transmitted GLRaV-3.</p>
Plant virus SNP prediction artificial dataset Performance Study
<p>Recent developments in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and bioinformatics have drastically changed research on viral pathogens, especially for virus discovery and monitoring. Indeed, proper monitoring of the viral population requires information on the different isolates circulating in the studied area. For this purpose, HTS technologies have greatly facilitated the generation of new genomes of the detected viruses and their comparison. Nevertheless, the bioinformatics analyses allowing the reconstruction of genomes and the detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can potentially create bias, although it has not been widely addressed so far. </p> <p>Therefore, more knowledge is required on the limitation and possibility of predicting SNPs based on HTS-generated sequence datasets. To address this issue, we compared the ability of 14 plant virology laboratories, each employing a different bioinformatics pipeline, to detect 21 variants of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) through large-scale Performance Testing (PT) using three artificially designed datasets. The bioinformatics analyses were divided into three key steps: reads pre-processing (quality trimming, merging …), virus identification (assembly, alignment, mapping …) and variant calling. Each step was evaluated independently through an original, step-by-step PT design with iteration between participants. </p> <p>Overall, this work underlines key parameters in SNP detection and proposes recommendations for reliable variant calling for plant viruses. The identification of the closest reference, mapping parameters and manual validation of the prediction were the most impactful analysis step for the success or failure of the predictions. Strategies to improve SNPs prediction are also discussed. </p>
Evaluation of local movement of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and tomato severe rugose virus transmission to tomato plants using labeled and unlabeled whiteflies
<p>The data presents the effects of two types of labels on whiteflies' behavior. Besides, it shows the flight distances at close range and ToSRV transmission.</p>
Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of a Plant-Derived Quadrivalent Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) Influenza Vaccine in Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03301051. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 7. Publications: 1.
Efficacy of a Plant-derived Quadrivalent Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine in the Elderly
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03739112. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 5. Publications: 1.
Lot-to-lot Consistency of a Plant-Derived Quadrivalent Virus-Like Particles Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03321968. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Landscapes with higher crop diversity have lower aphid species richness but higher plant virus prevalence
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A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Virus infection influences host plant interactions with non-vector herbivores and predators
1. Viruses are widespread in both natural and agricultural plant communities and can significantly alter diverse traits of their host plants that mediate key interactions with other organisms. Yet, the impacts of plant viruses on broader community dynamics remain little studied. 2. Here we explore the effects of Cucumber mosaic virus, a common non-persistently transmitted plant virus, on short and long-term interactions of herbivorous and predatory insects with squash (Cucurbita pepo) plants in a weedy field setting, as well as virus-induced changes in plant phenotypes that mediate these interactions. Cucumber mosaic virus has previously been shown to have numerous effects on host plants that likely influence interactions with arthropods, including reduced plant size, increased volatile emissions, and diminished plant quality and palatability for aphid vectors. 3. Infection reduced the likelihood of many herbivorous insects arresting and feeding on plants, as well as the apparency of plants to herbivores that base in-flight foraging on visual cues. In particular, infection drastically reduced numbers of a specialist squash herbivore (Anasa tristis) on plants in the field—a pattern likely driven by a reduction of phagostimulatory sugar levels in leaf tissue and concurrent increase in amino acid levels, as nymphal development was not obviously impacted by infection status. Relative to effects on herbivores, virus infection had little impact on the ability of predatory insects to locate aphid prey, although an experiment examining plant visitation in the absence of aphids revealed reduced numbers of foraging Syrphidae (Diptera) and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) on infected plants but increased visitation and oviposition by Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). 4. CMV infection may reduce overall herbivore pressure on infected plants through effects on palatability and apparency, yet predators appear to locate herbivorous prey that do occur on infected plants as efficiently as those on healthy plants. 5. Virus infection can significantly influence plant interactions with the insect community (including non-vector as well as vector insects) with potential implications both for disease spread and for broader community dynamics.
Data from: Crop-dominated landscapes have higher vector-borne plant virus prevalence
Landscape composition affects local arthropod biodiversity, including herbivorous insects and their predators, yet to date landscape effects on insect-vectored plant diseases have received little attention. Here, we examine how landscape composition affects the prevalence of a viral pathogen in host plants, and the role the arthropod vector assemblage plays in mediating landscape effects. We measured the effect of landscape composition (measured as percentage of cropland and unmanaged land) on the plant virus Potato virus Y (PVY), its aphid vectors, and their coccinellid predators during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons at 19–21 farms. In both years, we found a positive relationship between final virus prevalence and percentage of cropland within 500, 1000 and 1500 m surrounding study sites. Percentage of cropland also had a significant negative effect on aphid species richness, and the aphid community composition in turn affected PVY prevalence. By contrast, landscape composition had no measurable effect on coccinellid abundance or species richness in this study. Synthesis and applications. Our work demonstrates that landscape composition plays an important role in vector-borne pathogen spread, and that pathogen spread appears to be mediated by the effects of the landscape on the insect vector community. The small spatial scale (≤1500 m) of the effects seen in our study indicates that on-farm management practices have the potential to reduce virus prevalence on small-scale farms. Farmers may be able to reduce Potato virus Y prevalence by on-farm diversification, by isolating potato fields from other agricultural crops, and by not using saved potato seed.
Data from: Crop-associated virus infection in a native perennial grass: reduction in plant fitness and dynamic patterns of virus detection
To understand the eco-evolutionary significance of plant viruses in nature, we must (i) quantify the effects of infection on plant fitness and (ii) recognize that native plants are increasingly exposed to crop-associated viruses. Studies of perennials are particularly needed: most of our knowledge of plant-virus interactions is from annuals, yet long-lived species dominate landscapes. Here we used aster models for life-history analysis and longitudinal measures of plant virus status to evaluate multi-year consequences of crop virus infection in a native perennial. We used Barley yellow dwarf virus acquired from wheat to inoculate seedlings of Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass), a North American prairie grass. We grew inoculated and mock-inoculated individuals of two ecotypes for 3 years in the field. We measured plant size, infection status and fitness components. Aster modelling provided integrated multi-year measures of fitness. Crop virus inoculation reduced multi-year native plant fitness by 30% over 2 years despite generally asymptomatic infection and evidence of resistance. This reduction was greater than predicted from individual fitness components or most size measures. Ecotypes differed in response, with the lowland ecotype experiencing higher apparent recovery from infection. Virus treatment in the upland ecotype delayed flowering phenology and reduced seed filling. Synthesis. Our use of field experimentation, surveys of plant infection status and aster modelling demonstrates a rigorous and broadly applicable approach for quantifying the effects of viruses and other microbes on multi-year plant fitness. We found that a crop virus had negative multi-year effects on native plant fitness even after infection was no longer detected. Viruses may have substantial effects on native vegetation with domestication of landscapes and agricultural expansion.
Data from: RNA-Seq reveals virus–virus and virus–plant interactions in nature
As research on plant viruses has focused mainly on crop diseases, little is known about these viruses in natural environments. To understand the ecology of viruses in natural systems, comprehensive information on virus–virus and virus–host interactions is required. We applied RNA-Seq to plants from a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to simultaneously determine the presence/absence of all sequence-reported viruses, identify novel viruses, and quantify the host transcriptome. By introducing the criteria of read number and genome coverage, we detected infections by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cucumber mosaic virus, and Brassica yellows virus. Active TuMV replication was observed by ultramicroscopy. De novo assembly further identified a novel partitivirus, Arabidopsis halleri partitivirus 1. Interestingly, virus reads reached a maximum level that was equivalent to that of the host's total mRNA, although asymptomatic infection was common. AhgAGO2, a key gene in host defence systems, was upregulated in TuMV-infected plants. Multiple infection was frequent in TuMV-infected leaves, suggesting that TuMV facilitates multiple infection, probably by suppressing host RNA silencing. Revealing hidden plant–virus interactions in nature can enhance our understanding of biological interactions and may have agricultural applications.
Nanopore Sequencing of Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) for Plant Virus and Viroid Detection
<p>Thi file contain results of 24 grapevines leaf samples analyzed using dsRNA-MiSeq (Illumina Miseq) and dsRNAcD sequencing (ONT nanopore), that were used in the following article ''<strong>Nanopore Sequencing of Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) for Plant Virus and Viroid Detection'' </strong> submitted in Frontiers in Microbiology </p>
Inoculation of tomato plant by tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
<p>This movie shows inoculation of the lower leaves of the tomato plants with an age of 5 weeks by tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV).</p>
Cultivation and isolation of plant viruses
<p>This dataset contains a description of our cultivation, isolation and characterization of TMV from tobacco plants.</p>
Safety Study of a Plant-based H5 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) Vaccine in Healthy Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00984945. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Immunogenicity, Safety and Tolerability of a Plant-Derived Seasonal Virus-Like-Particle Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02233816. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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