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69 results for “pollinating fig wasp”
Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps
<p>Obligate pollination mutualisms, in which plant and pollinator lineages depend on each other for reproduction, often exhibit high levels of species-specificity. However, cases in which two or more pollinator species share a single host species (host sharing), or two or more host species share a single pollinator species (pollinator sharing), are known to occur in the current ecological time. Further, evidence for host switching in evolutionary time is increasingly being recognized in these systems. The degree to which departures from strict specificity differentially affect the potential for hybridization and introgression in the associated host or pollinator is unclear. We addressed this question using genome-wide sequence data from five sympatric Panamanian free-standing fig species (<em>Ficus</em> subgenus <em>Pharmacosycea</em>, section <em>Pharmacosycea</em>) and their six associated fig pollinator wasp species (<em>Tetrapus</em>). Two of the five fig species, <em>F. glabrata</em> and <em>F. maxima</em>, were found to regularly share pollinators. In these species, ongoing hybridization was demonstrated by the detection of several first-generation (F1) hybrid individuals, and historical introgression was indicated by phylogenetic network analysis. In contrast, although two of the pollinator species regularly share hosts, all six species were genetically distinct and deeply divergent, with no evidence for either hybridization or introgression. This pattern is consistent with results from other obligate pollination mutualisms, suggesting that, in contrast to their host plants, pollinators appear to be reproductively isolated, even when different species of pollinators mate in shared hosts.</p>
Genome-wide sequence data show no evidence of hybridization and introgression among pollinator wasps associated with a community of Panamanian strangler figs
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Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps
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Data from: Genomic evidence of prevalent hybridization throughout the evolutionary history of the fig-wasp pollination mutualism
<p><i>Ficus</i> (figs) and their agaonid wasp pollinators present an ecologically important mutualism that also provides a rich comparative system for studying functional co-diversification throughout its coevolutionary history (~75 million years). We obtained entire nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes for 15 species representing all major clades of <i>Ficus</i>. Multiple analyses of these genomic data suggest that hybridization events have occurred throughout <i>Ficus</i> evolutionary history. Furthermore, cophylogenetic reconciliation analyses detect significant incongruence among all nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial-based phylogenies, none of which correspond with any published phylogenies of the associated pollinator wasps. These findings are most consistent with frequent host-switching by the pollinators, leading to fig hybridization, even between distantly related clades. Here, we suggest that these pollinator host-switches and fig hybridization events are a dominant feature of fig/wasp coevolutionary history, and by generating novel genomic combinations in the figs have likely contributed to the remarkable diversity exhibited by this mutualism.</p>
Data from: An extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: figs and fig-pollinating wasps
It is thought that speciation in phytophagous insects is often due to colonization of novel host plants, because radiations of plant and insect lineages are typically asynchronous. Recent phylogenetic comparisons have supported this model of diversification for both insect herbivores and specialized pollinators. An exceptional case where contemporaneous plant–insect diversification might be expected is the obligate mutualism between fig trees (Ficus species, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera). The ubiquity and ecological significance of this mutualism in tropical and subtropical ecosystems has long intrigued biologists, but the systematic challenge posed by >750 interacting species pairs has hindered progress toward understanding its evolutionary history. In particular, taxon sampling and analytical tools have been insufficient for large-scale cophylogenetic analyses. Here, we sampled nearly 200 interacting pairs of fig and wasp species from across the globe. Two supermatrices were assembled: on an average, wasps had sequences from 77% of 6 genes (5.6 kb), figs had sequences from 60% of 5 genes (5.5 kb), and overall 850 new DNA sequences were generated for this study. We also developed a new analytical tool, Jane 2, for event-based phylogenetic reconciliation analysis of very large data sets. Separate Bayesian phylogenetic analyses for figs and fig wasps under relaxed molecular clock assumptions indicate Cretaceous diversification of crown groups and contemporaneous divergence for nearly half of all fig and pollinator lineages. Event-based cophylogenetic analyses further support the codiversification hypothesis. Biogeographic analyses indicate that the present-day distribution of fig and pollinator lineages is consistent with a Eurasian origin and subsequent dispersal, rather than with Gondwanan vicariance. Overall, our findings indicate that the fig-pollinator mutualism represents an extreme case among plant–insect interactions of coordinated dispersal and long-term codiversification.
Fitness costs for fig wasps that fail to pollinate their host Ficus perforata
<p>Dataset for the publication "Fitness costs for fig wasps that fail to pollinate their host Ficus perforata", Symbiosis (2021) 84:171-178; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00781-5.</p>
Field sampling and DNA-barcoding of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase and on non-Ficus controls
<p><span>To better understand factors that might contribute to this observed range of specificity, we used sticky traps to capture fig-pollinating wasp individuals at 13 <em>Ficus</em> species, sampling at different stages of the reproductive cycle of the host figs (e.g. trees with receptive inflorescences, or vegetative trees, bearing only leaves). We also sampled at other tree species, using them as non-<em>Ficus</em> controls. DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the wasps to species, and therefore assign their presence and abundance to host fig species and the developmental stage of that individual tree. Here we upload the data and the R scripts used to analyze these data.</span></p>
Field sampling and DNA-barcoding of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase and on non-Ficus controls
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Data from: An extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: figs and fig-pollinating wasps
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Data from: Genomic evidence of prevalent hybridization throughout the evolutionary history of the fig-wasp pollination mutualism
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Figure 3 in Antennae and the role of olfaction and contact stimulation in mate recognition by males of the pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen gravelyi (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
Figure 3. Micrographs of the antennae and chemosensory sensilla of male Ceratosolen gravelyi. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of the head and antennae, showing an exposed area of the 2nd–3rd flagellomeres (F2–F3). (b) Scanning electron micrographs of an excised antenna, showing the scape (Sc), pedicel (Pe) and flagellum (F). (c) High magnification image of the terminal flagellomere (the 3rd flagellomere, F3) showing the three types of chemoreception sensilla: multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) and basiconic sensilla types 1 (BS-1) and 2 (BS-2). Note the terminal indentation (De) in the BS on the insets in the lower left corner. (d) Longitudinal section of a multiporous plate sensillum showing dendritic branches (DB) running parallel to the sensillar lymph (SL) and ending with cuticular pores (Po) at the sensillum surface. (e) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 1 inserted into a socket surrounded by a raised cuticular ring (CR). (f) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 2. (g–i) Cross-sections of a multiporous plate sensillum and basiconic sensilla types 1 and 2. The sensillar wall (SW) of BS-1 and BS-2 is non-porous at this level.
Data from: Lack of genetic isolation by distance, similar genetic structuring but different demographic histories in a fig-pollinating wasp mutualism
Historical abiotic factors such as climatic oscillations and extreme climatic events as well as biotic factors have shaped the structuring of species' genetic diversity. In obligate species-specific mutualisms, the biogeographic histories of the interacting species are tightly linked. This could be particularly true for nuclear genes in the Ficus-pollinating wasp mutualistic association as the insects disperse pollen from their natal tree. In this study we compare spatial genetic structure of plant and pollinator for the Ficus hirta-Valisia javana association throughout South-East China including Hainan Island, for both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. We show that dispersal of the insect leads to plant and insect presenting similar signatures of lack of genetic isolation by distance for nuclear genes on the continent over a distance of 1000 km. But we also show that the demographic histories of plant and insect are strikingly different. This is in agreement with extreme climatic events leading to transient regional extinctions of the insects, associated with local survival of the plants. We also evidence genetic differentiation for both wasps and fig-tree between the continent and Hainan Island, although the Qiongzhou Strait is only on average 30 km wide suggesting that geographic isolation by itself has not been sufficient to generate this differentiation. Hence, our results suggest that in highly dispersive mutualistic systems, isolation by dispersal limitation across a geographic barrier could be supplemented by isolation by adaptation, and maybe by coevolution, allowing further genetic divergence. In such systems, species may frequently be composed of a single population.
Data from: Inferring processes of coevolutionary diversification in a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated pollinating wasps
The fig and pollinator wasp obligate mutualism is diverse (~750 described species), ecologically important, and ancient (~80 Ma). Once thought to be an example of strict one-to-one cospeciation, current thinking suggests genera of pollinator wasps codiversify with corresponding sections of figs, but the degree to which cospeciation or other processes contribute to the association at finer scales is unclear. Here we use genome-wide sequence data from a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated wasp pollinators to estimate the relative contributions of four evolutionary processes generating cophylogenetic patterns in this mutualism: cospeciation, host switching, pollinator speciation, and pollinator extinction. Using a model-based approach adapted from the study of gene family evolution, our results demonstrate the importance of host switching of pollinator wasps at this fine phylogenetic and regional scale. Although we estimate a modest amount of cospeciation, simulations reveal the number of putative cospeciation events to be consistent with what would be expected by chance. Additionally, model selection tests identify host switching as a critical parameter for explaining cophylogenetic patterns in this system. Our study demonstrates a promising approach through which the history of evolutionary association between interacting lineages can be rigorously modeled and tested in a probabilistic phylogenetic framework.
Data from: Plant connectivity underlies plant-pollinator-exploiter distributions in Ficus petiolaris and associated pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps
Mutualism is ubiquitous in nature, and nursery pollination mutualisms provide a system well suited to quantifying the benefits and costs of symbiotic interactions. In nursery pollination mutualisms, pollinators reproduce within the inflorescence they pollinate, with benefits and costs being measured in the numbers of pollinator offspring and seeds produced. This type of mutualism is also typically exploited by seed-consuming non-pollinators that obtain resources from plants without providing pollination services. Theory predicts that the rate at which pollen-bearing "foundresses" visit a plant will strongly affect the plant's production of pollinator offspring, non-pollinator offspring, and seeds. Spatially aggregated plants are predicted to have high rates of foundress visitation, increasing pollinator and seed production, and decreasing non-pollinator production; very high foundress visitation may also decrease seed production indirectly through the production of pollinators. Working with a nursery mutualism comprised of the Sonoran Desert rock fig, Ficus petiolaris, and host-specific pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps, we use linear models to evaluate four hypotheses linking species interactions to benefits and costs: 1) foundress density increases with host-tree connectivity, 2) pollinator production increases with foundress density, and 3) non-pollinator production and 4) seed production decrease with pollinator production. We also directly test how tree connectivity affects non-pollinator production. We find strong support for our four hypotheses, and we conclude that tree connectivity is a key driver of foundress visitation, thereby strongly affecting spatial distributions in the F. petiolaris community. We also find that foundress visitation decreases at the northernmost edge of the F. petiolaris range. Finally, we find species-specific effects of tree connectivity on non-pollinators to be strongly correlated with previously estimated non-pollinator dispersal abilities. We conclude that plant connectivity is highly important for predicting plant-pollinator-exploiter dynamics, and discuss the implications of our results for species coexistence and adaptation.
Figure 8 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 8. The surface tension (mean ± standard deviation) of the liquid inside figs of Ficus botryocarpa at developmental stages C and D, as measured by capillary rise, compared with distilled water and methanol dilutions.
Figure 5 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 5. The hind legs of an adult male Ceratosolen corneri (from Ficus botryocarpa) showing the recurved elongate and densely hairy tarsi and the hairy inner face of the tibiae.
Figure 3 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of the hind leg tarsal segments of Ceratosolen bisulcatus showing the socketed trichoid setae with grooved surfaces and bent tips.
Figure 2 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of a Ceratosolen bisulcatus adult male, showing the short and sparsely hairy hind legs.
Figure 4 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of an adult male Ceratosolen corneri (from Ficus botryocarpa) showing the elongate hind legs and the gaster curved forwards beneath the thorax. It is extended farther, in front of the head, during mating.
Figure 7 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 7. Scanning electron micrograph of the fourth tarsal segment on the hind legs of Ceratosolen corneri (from Ficus botryocarpa) showing the socketed setae (black arrow), the more numerous nonsocketed setae and short microtrichia.
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