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opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Pollination ecology, specialization, and genetic isolation in sympatric bee pollinated Salvia (Lamiaceae)

Premise of research. Previous pollination ecology studies in Salvia have shown that there is low specialization to certain subgroups of bees and that pollinator number varies with species and locality. We studied twelve Salvia species (three clades with different corolla morphologies and staminal lever mechanisms) which in part co-occur and co-flower to examine pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms and the degree of specialization vs. generalization in pollination ecology. Methodology. Pollinators were identified using field observations, photos, and related literature across three sites in Turkey. Video documentation of the visitation rate and the site of pollen placement on the pollinator body, morphometric measurements between flowers and pollinators, flowering time, flower color, handling time, and stigma contact ratio were analyzed. Plant-pollinator networks were constructed. Pivotal results. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation occur among sympatric Salvia species. Morphological fit is evident between flower tube length and proboscis length of main pollinators. Pollinator networks indicate that most species are ecological generalists but only few are specialists. Conclusions. The twelve Salvia species, though phenotypically and functionally specialized due to their zygomorphic-bilabiate flowers and bee pollination syndrome, differ in the degree of ecological specialization. Most of the sympatric Salvia species tend to be ecologically generalized with two or more main pollinators and a few additional secondary pollinators, while a few Salvia species are clearly specialized. Some floral traits (e.g., flower color, morphology, size, corolla tube length and width of corolla tube entrance, type and size of the staminal lever mechanism, small numbers of flowers in the inflorescence), short flowering time, and small population size appear correlated to the degree of ecological specialization.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Individual flowering phenology shapes plant-pollinator interactions across ecological scales affecting plant reproduction

1. The balance of pollination competition and facilitation amongst co-flowering plants and abiotic resource availability can modify plant species and individual reproduction. Floral resource succession and spatial heterogeneity modulate plant-pollinator interactions across ecological scales (individual plant, local assemblage, interaction network of agroecological infrastructure across the farm). Intraspecific variation in flowering phenology can modulate the precise level of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in floral resources, pollen donor density and pollinator interactions that a plant individual is exposed to, thereby affecting reproduction. 2. We tested how abiotic resources and multi-scale plant-pollinator interactions affected individual plant seed set, modulated by intraspecific variation in flowering phenology and spatio-temporal floral heterogeneity arising from agroecological infrastructure. We transplanted two focal insect-pollinated plant species (Cyanus segetum and Centaurea jacea, n = 288) into agroecological infrastructure (10 sown wildflower, 6 legume-grass strips) across a farm-scale experiment (125 ha). 3. We applied an individual-based phenologically explicit approach to match precisely the flowering period of plant individuals to the concomitant level of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in plant-pollinator interactions, potential pollen donors, floral resources and abiotic conditions (temperature, water, nitrogen). 4. Individual plant attractiveness, assemblage floral density and conspecific pollen donor density (C. jacea) improved seed set. Network linkage density increased focal species' seed set and modified the effect of local assemblage richness and abundance on C. segetum. Mutual dependence on pollinators in networks increased C. segetum seed set, while C. jacea seed set was greatest where both specialization on pollinators and mutual dependence was high. Abiotic conditions were of little or no importance to seed set. 5. Intra- and interspecific plant-pollinator interactions respond to spatio-temporal heterogeneity arising from agroecological management affecting wild plant species reproduction. The interplay of pollinator interactions within and between ecological scales affecting seed set implies a co-occurrence of pollinator-mediated facilitative and competitive interactions among plant species and individuals.

publicMar 2013View details →

Data from: Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits

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publicOct 2017View details →

Data from: Evolutionary consequences of ecological factors: pollinator reliability predicts mating-system traits of a perennial plant

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publicDec 2022View details →

Individual flowering phenology shapes plant-pollinator interactions across ecological scales affecting plant reproduction

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publicAug 2021View details →

Pollination ecology, specialization, and genetic isolation in sympatric bee pollinated Salvia (Lamiaceae)

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publicMar 2021View details →

Data from: Plant provenance affects pollinator network: implications for ecological restoration

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dryad28/100

Data from: A land classification protocol for pollinator ecology research: an urbanisation case study

1. Land-use change is one of the most important drivers of widespread declines in pollinator populations. Comprehensive quantitative methods for land classification are critical to understanding these effects, but co-option of existing human-focussed land classifications is often inappropriate for pollinator research. 2. Here we present a flexible GIS-based land classification protocol for pollinator research using a bottom-up approach driven by reference to pollinator ecology, with urbanisation as a case study. Our multi-step method involves manually generating land cover maps at multiple biologically relevant radii surrounding study sites using GIS, with a focus on identifying land cover types that have a specific relevance to pollinators. This is followed by a three-step refinement process using statistical tools: 1) definition of land-use categories, 2) Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on the categories and 3) cluster analysis to generate a categorical land-use variable for use in subsequent analysis. Model selection is then used to determine the appropriate spatial scale for analysis. 3. We demonstrate an application of our protocol using a case study of 38 sites across a gradient of urbanisation in South-East England. In our case study, the land classification generated a categorical land-use variable at each of four radii based on the clustering of sites with different degrees of urbanisation, open land and flower-rich habitat. 4. Studies of land-use effects on pollinators have historically employed a wide array of land classification techniques from descriptive and qualitative to complex and quantitative. We suggest that land-use studies in pollinator ecology should broadly adopt GIS-based multi-step land classification techniques to enable robust analysis and aid comparative research. Our protocol offers a customizable approach that combines specific relevance to pollinator research with the potential for application to a wide range of ecological questions, including agroecological studies of pest control.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Figure 5 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 5 - Median-joining haplotype networks of the available COI sequences of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya and other Arctic areas. (A) Bombus hyperboreus . (B) B. pyrrhopygus . (C) B. glacialis . The circle size is proportional to the number of available sequences belonging to a certain haplotype (smallest circle = one sequence). The small black dots indicate hypothetical ancestral haplotypes. Red numbers near branches indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes.

Figure 1 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 1 - Map of bumble bee collecting localities on Novaya Zemlya (YI – Yuzhny Island, NI – Severny Island). Recent samples (red circles): 1 – Malye Karmakuly (YI); 2 – Bezymyannaya Bay (YI). Historical samples (blue circles): 3 – Matochkin Shar Strait (YI); 4 – Kostin Shar Strait (YI); 5 – Matochkin Shar Strait, broadcast station (YI); 6 – Matochkin Shar Strait, Nochuev Stream (YI); 7 – Krestovaya Bay (NI); 8 - Kostin Shar Strait, Propashchaya Bay (YI); 9 – Malye Karmakuly (YI); 10 – Verkhnyaya Tyulenya Bay (NI); 11 – Chekin Bay (NI); 12 – Novosiltsev Lake (NI); 13 – Peschanka River (YI); 14 – Bychkov River (NI), 15 – Matochkin Shar Strait, Poperechniy Cape (YI); 16 – Matochkin Shar Strait, coast (YI); 17 – Matochkin Shar Strait, Blizhnyaya Mountain (YI); 18 – Matochkin Shar Strait, observatory (YI).

Figure 8 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 8 - Phenology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya by ten-day periods (summary data from the historical and recent samples). (A) Bombus glacialis (N = 92 specimens). (B) B. pyrrhopygus (N = 23 specimens). (C) B. hyperboreus (N = 15 specimens).

Figure 4 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 4 - Maximum likelihood (IQ-TREE) phylogeny of the subgenus Alpinobombus based on the COI gene haplotypes. The red asterisks indicate the putative species-level clades supported by mPTP species-delimitation model. The black numbers near nodes are ultrafast bootstrap support values. The haplotypes from Novaya Zemlya are colored red. The Bombus hyperboreus species complex with two valid species is colored light blue. Outgroup is not shown.

Figure 6 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 6 - Morphological patterns of Bombus pyrrhopygus from Malye Karmakuly, Yuzhny Island, Novaya Zemlya: (A) Thorax (prospective topotype RMBH BMB90, queen). (B) Metasoma (same topotype queen). (C) Hind tibia (same topotype queen). (D) Surface of malar space (same topotype queen). (E) Flagellum (same topotype queen). (F) Metasoma (RMBH BMB88, worker). (G) Metasoma (RMBH BMB86, worker). Scale bars 2 mm (A-D, F-G); 1 mm (E). Photographs by Grigory S. Potapov.

Figure 3 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 3 - Primary foraging resources of bumble bees on Novaya Zemlya (Yuzhny Island, Bezymyannaya Bay). (A) Alpine milkvetch ( Astragalus alpinus ), 26.vii.2017. (B) Arctic sweetvetch ( Hedysarum arcticum ), 27.vii.2017. (C) Tundra milkvetch ( Astragalus umbellatus ), 20.vii.2017. (D) Dwarf fireweed ( Chamaenerion latifolium ), 26.vii.2017. Photographs by Vitaly M. Spitsyn.

Figure 7 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 7 - Morphological patterns of Bombus hyperboreus from Malye Karmakuly, Yuzhny Island, Novaya Zemlya (RMBH BMB87, queen). (A) Thorax. (B) Metasoma. (C) Hind tibia. (D) Surface of malar space. (E) Flagellum. Scale bars 2 mm (A-D); 1 mm (E). Photographs Grigory S. Potapov.

Figure 2 from: Potapov GS, Kondakov AV, Filippov BYu, Gofarov MYu, Kolosova YS, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Zubrii NA, Bolotov IN (2019) Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya. ZooKeys 866: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Figure 2 - Habitats of bumble bees on Novaya Zemlya (Yuzhny Island). (A) Herb tundra patch with Alpine milkvetch ( Astragalus alpinus ), Bezymyannaya Bay, 20.vii.2017. (B) Herb tundra patch with Arctic sweetvetch ( Hedysarum arcticum ), Bezymyannaya Bay, 29.vii.2017. (C) Meadow-like association with dwarf fireweed ( Chamaenerion latifolium ) along a stream valley, Bezymyannaya Bay, 26.vii.2017. (D) Meadow-like association on a mountain terrace, Malye Karmakuly, 28.vii.2015. Photographs by Vitaly M. Spitsyn (A, C–D), Elena Y. Churakova (B).