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86 results for “polyploidy”
Figure 4 in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 4. Comparison of three alternative hypotheses on the ancestral 2n number of chromosomes of Nabidae: fusions, proposed by Nokkala et al. (2007); autosomal polyploidy, suggested by Kuznetsova & Maryańska-Nadachowska (2000) and supported by nuclear DNA content data from the present study; and the hypothetical fission theory. Abbreviations: 2C, nuclear DNA content; F, autosomal fusions; Fis, fissions; P, polyploidy.
Fig. 5. Combined ITSand trnT-F phylogenybasedonmaximum parsimonyand Bayesian inference. Shadedsectionof thetree highlightsspecies with x in Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, polyploidy and floret evolution
Fig. 5. Combined ITSand trnT-F phylogenybasedonmaximum parsimonyand Bayesian inference. Shadedsectionof thetree highlightsspecies with x = 6, and names shown in bold denote polyploid species. * = nodes collapsed in the strictconsensus maximum parsimony tree. • = unknown chromosome number. Floret types follow the structure defined in Fig. 2. A = annual and P = perennial habit.
Fig. 4. trnT-F in Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, polyploidy and floret evolution
Fig. 4. trnT-F phylogram generated from Bayesian inference. Parsimony bootstrap results are above branches and Bayesian posterior probabilities are below. Shaded section of the tree highlights species with x = 6, and names shown in bold denote polyploid species. * = clade collapsed in the strict consensus maximum parsimony tree. • = unknown chromosome number. Floret types follow Fig. 2. A = annual and P = perennial habit.
Fig. 2 in Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, polyploidy and floret evolution
Fig. 2. Adiagrammatic illustrationof sixfloret typesrecognizablein speciesof Phalaris following Anderson (1961) and Baldini (1995). Notethe central fertile floret and the two lateral sterile lemmas that display successive reduction in size.
Comparative Phylogeography of Veronica spicata and V. longifolia (Plantaginaceae) Across Europe: Integrating Hybridization and Polyploidy in Phylogeography
<p class="western">Climatic fluctuations in the Pleistocene caused glacial expansion-contraction cycles in Eurasia and other parts of the world. Consequences of these cycles, such as population expansion and subsequent subdivision, have been studied in many taxa at intraspecific population level across much of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the consequences for the potential of hybridization and polyploidization are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of two widespread, closely related species, <i>Veronica spicata</i> and <i>Veronica longifolia</i>, across their European distribution ranges. We assessed the extent and the geographic pattern of polyploidization in both species and hybridization between them. We used genome-scale SNP data to clarify phylogenetic relationships and detect possible hybridization/introgression events. In addition, crossing experiments were performed in different combination between <i>V. spicata</i> and <i>V. longifolia</i> individuals of two ploidy levels and of different geographic origins. Finally, we employed ecological niche modeling to infer macroclimatic differences between both species and both ploidy levels. We found a clear genetic structure reflecting the geographical distribution patterns in both species, with <i>V. spicata</i> showing higher genetic differentiation than <i>V</i>. <i>longifolia</i>. We retrieved significant signals of hybridization and introgression in natural populations from the genetic data and corroborated this with crossing experiments. However, there were no clear phylogeographic patterns and unequivocal macroclimatic niche differences between diploid and tetraploid lineages. This favors the hypothesis, that autopolyploidization has happened frequently and in different regions. The crossing experiments produced viable hybrids when the crosses were made between plants of the same ploidy levels but not in the interploidy crosses. The results suggest that hybridization occurs across the overlapping areas of natural distribution ranges of both species, with apparently directional introgression from <i>V. spicata</i> to <i>V. longifolia</i>. Nevertheless, the two species maintain their species-level separation due to their adaptation to different habitats and spatial isolation rather than reproductive isolation.</p>
Figure 4 in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 4. Comparison of three alternative hypotheses on the ancestral 2n number of chromosomes of Nabidae: fusions, proposed by Nokkala et al. (2007); autosomal polyploidy, suggested by Kuznetsova & Maryańska-Nadachowska (2000) and supported by nuclear DNA content data from the present study; and the hypothetical fission theory. Abbreviations: 2C, nuclear DNA content; F, autosomal fusions; Fis, fissions; P, polyploidy.
Figure 3. Example relative fluorescence histograms for samples stained with propidium iodide. The 2C in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 3. Example relative fluorescence histograms for samples stained with propidium iodide. The 2C peaks represent diploid cells, and 4C peaks represent cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, with replicated DNA. Standard used: Solanum pseudocapsicum 2C = 2.61 pg. A, Himacerus apterus female with 2n = 36 + XX and 2C = 9.71 pg. B, Nabis maoricus female with 2n = 16 + XX and 2C = 4.21 pg.
Dataset for "A shift in plant growth strategy is caused by increased nutrient requirements due to polyploidy in Heuchera cylindrica".
<p>Dataset for "A shift in plant growth strategy is caused by increased nutrient requirements due to polyploidy in <em>Heuchera cylindrica</em>". </p>
Data from: A phylogenomic assessment of ancient polyploidy and genome evolution across the Poales
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Data from: Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression
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Data from: Testing the association of phenotypes with polyploidy: An example using herbaceous and woody eudicots
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Data from: Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to Tragopogon (Asteraceae), an evolutionary model for the study of polyploidy
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Analysis of paralogs in target enrichment data pinpoints multiple ancient polyploidy events in Alchemilla s.l. (Rosaceae)
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Data from: Deep sequencing of amplicons reveals widespread intraspecific hybridization and multiple origins of polyploidy in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)
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Comparative Phylogeography of Veronica spicata and V. longifolia (Plantaginaceae) Across Europe: Integrating Hybridization and Polyploidy in Phylogeography
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Data from: Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations.
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The influence of experimentally induced polyploidy on the relationships between endopolyploidy and plant function in Arabidopsis thaliana
<p>Whole genome duplication, leading to polyploidy and endopolyploidy, occurs in all domains and kingdoms and is especially prevalent in vascular plants. Both polyploidy and endopolyploidy increase cell size, but it is uncertain whether both processes have similar effects on plant morphology and function, or whether polyploidy influences the magnitude of endopolyploidy. To address these gaps in knowledge, fifty-five geographically separated diploid genotypes (i.e., accessions) of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> that span a gradient of endopolyploidy were experimentally manipulated to induce polyploidy. Both the diploids and artificially induced tetraploids were grown in a common greenhouse environment and evaluated with respect to nine reproductive and vegetative characteristics. Induced polyploidy decreased leaf endopolyploidy and stem endopolyploidy along with specific leaf area, stem height, but increased days to bolting, leaf size, leaf dry mass and leaf water content. Phenotypic responses to induced polyploidy varied significantly among genotypes but this did not affect the relationship between phenotypic traits and endopolyploidy. Our results provide the experimental support for a trade-off between induced polyploidy and endopolyploidy, which caused induced polyploids to have lower endopolyploidy than diploids. Though polyploidy did not influence the relationship between endopolyploidy and plant traits, phenotypic responses to experimental genome duplication could not be easily predicted because of strong cytotype by genotype interactions.</p>
Data from: Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms
Whole-genome duplication (WGD), or polyploidy, followed by gene loss and diploidization has long been recognized as an important evolutionary force in animals, fungi and other organisms1, 2, 3, especially plants. The success of angiosperms has been attributed, in part, to innovations associated with gene or whole-genome duplications4, 5, 6, but evidence for proposed ancient genome duplications pre-dating the divergence of monocots and eudicots remains equivocal in analyses of conserved gene order. Here we use comprehensive phylogenomic analyses of sequenced plant genomes and more than 12.6 million new expressed-sequence-tag sequences from phylogenetically pivotal lineages to elucidate two groups of ancient gene duplications—one in the common ancestor of extant seed plants and the other in the common ancestor of extant angiosperms. Gene duplication events were intensely concentrated around 319 and 192 million years ago, implicating two WGDs in ancestral lineages shortly before the diversification of extant seed plants and extant angiosperms, respectively. Significantly, these ancestral WGDs resulted in the diversification of regulatory genes important to seed and flower development, suggesting that they were involved in major innovations that ultimately contributed to the rise and eventual dominance of seed plants and angiosperms.
Data from: Comparative linkage maps suggest that fission, not polyploidy, underlies near-doubling of chromosome number within monkeyflowers (Mimulus; Phrymaceae)
Changes in chromosome number and structure are important contributors to adaptation, speciation, and macroevolution. In flowering plants, polyploidy and subsequent reductions in chromosome number by fusion are major sources of chromosomal evolution, but chromosome number increase by fission has been relatively unexplored. Here, we use comparative linkage mapping with gene-based markers to reconstruct chromosomal synteny within the model flowering plant genus Mimulus (monkeyflowers). Two sections of the genus with haploid numbers {greater than or equal to} 14 have been inferred to be relatively recent polyploids because they are phylogenetically nested within numerous taxa with low base numbers (n = 8-10). We combined multiple datasets to build integrated genetic maps of the M. guttatus species complex (section Simiolus, n = 14) and the M. lewisii group (section Erythranthe; n = 8), and then aligned the two integrated maps using >100 shared markers. We observed strong segmental synteny between M. lewisii and M. guttatus maps, with essentially 1-to-1 correspondence across each of 16 chromosomal blocks. Assuming that the M. lewisii (and widespread) base number of 8 is ancestral, reconstruction of 14 M. guttatus chromosomes requires at least eight fission events (likely shared by Simiolus and sister section Paradanthus [n=16]), plus two fusion events. This apparent burst of fission in the yellow monkeyflower lineages raises new questions about mechanisms and consequences of chromosomal fission in plants. Our comparative maps also provide insight into the origins of a chromosome exhibiting centromere-associated female meiotic drive and create a framework for transferring M. guttatus genome resources across the entire genus.
Data from: Polyploidy and microsatellite variation in the relict tree Prunus lusitanica L.: how effective are refugia in preserving genotypic diversity of clonal taxa?
Refugia are expected to preserve genetic variation of relict taxa, especially in polyploids, because high gene dosages could prevent genetic erosion in small isolated populations. However, other attributes linked to polyploidy, such as asexual reproduction, may strongly limit the levels of genetic variability in relict populations. Here, ploidy levels and patterns of genetic variation at nuclear microsatellite loci were analysed in Prunus lusitanica, a polyploid species with clonal reproduction that is considered a paradigmatic example of a Tertiary relict. Sampling in this study considered a total of 20 populations of three subspecies: mainland lusitanica (Iberian Peninsula and Morocco), and island azorica (Azores) and hixa (Canary Islands and Madeira). Flow cytometry results supported an octoploid genome for lusitanica and hixa, whereas a 16-ploid level was inferred for azorica. Fixed heterozygosity of a few allele variants at most microsatellite loci resulted in levels of allelic diversity much lower than those expected for a high-order polyploid. Islands as a whole did not contain higher levels of genetic variation (allelic or genotypic) than mainland refuges, but island populations displayed more private alleles and higher genotypic diversity in old volcanic areas. Patterns of microsatellite variation were compatible with the occurrence of clonal individuals in all but two island populations, and the incidence of clonality within populations negatively correlated with the estimated timing of colonization. Our results also suggest that gene flow has been very rare among populations, and thus population growth following founder events was apparently mediated by clonality rather than seed recruitment, especially in mainland areas. This study extends to clonal taxa the idea of oceanic islands as important refugia for biodiversity, since the conditions for generation and maintenance of clonal diversity (i.e. occasional events of sexual reproduction, mutation and/or seed immigration) appear to have been more frequent in these enclaves than in mainland areas.
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