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49 results for “predation avoidance”
Data from: Urbanization alters predator avoidance behaviors
1. Urbanization is considered the fastest growing form of global land use change and can dramatically modify habitat structure and ecosystem function. While ecological processes continue to operate within cities, urban ecosystems are profoundly different from their more natural counterparts. Thus, ecological predictions derived from more natural ecosystems are rarely generalizable to urban environments. 2. In this study we used data from a large-scale and long-term camera trapping project in Chicago IL, USA to determine whether urbanization alters predator avoidance behavior of urban prey species. 3. We studied three behavioral mechanisms often induced by the fear of predation (spatial distribution, daily activity patterns, and vigilance) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) when coyote (Canis latrans) – an urban apex predator – was present in the same habitat patch. 4. We found no evidence of spatial segregation between coyote and either prey species. Furthermore, neither white-tailed deer nor eastern cottontail changed their daily activity or increased vigilance in urban areas when coyotes were present. Eastern cottontail, however, had their uppermost level of vigilance in highly urban sites when coyotes were absent. 5. Our study demonstrates that predator-prey dynamics might be modified in urban ecosystems – moving from what is traditionally thought of as a two-player system (predator and prey) to a three-player system (predator, prey, and people).
Data from: Caribou avoiding wolves face increased predation by bears – caught between Scylla and Charybdis
1. Prey may trade off resource acquisition with mortality risk by using various habitat-selection strategies. Empirical assessments have shown that the functional and numerical responses of predators to human disturbances are variable, yet spatial changes in predation risk by two predators have seldom been studied for prey occurring in human-modified landscapes. Using the boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) – grey wolf (Canis lupus) – black bear (Ursus americanus) system in eastern Canada, we investigated whether responses of prey towards one predator could concomitantly increase risk of predation from another predator exhibiting a different foraging tactic. 2. We investigated trade-offs made by solitary caribou females and mothers accompanied by their calf during the period of highest calf vulnerability, and compared the behaviour of mothers that would eventually lose their calf to predation to that of mothers whose calf survived until the following year. We modelled habitat selection using different metrics of forage based on field measurements and digital maps, and developed empirical models of predation risk and prey behaviour using GPS data collected on both predators and prey. 3. Mothers accompanied by their calf seemed to compromise foraging opportunities for safety, as opposed to solitary females who showed no particular avoidance of areas used by predators. Although caribou mothers adopted selection strategies that could have protected their offspring from wolves, females that eventually lost their calf to predation selected for vegetative associations that were favourable to bears. 4. Synthesis and applications. We determined that mothers that most strongly avoided suitable wolf habitat were also those that most strongly selected suitable bear habitat, suggesting that by using anti-predator strategies aimed at reducing predation risk from wolves, caribou exposed their offspring to increased predation risk from bears. This result is of paramount conservation value as bears were responsible for 94% of caribou calf kills in this system. In the short term, conservation efforts for boreal caribou may benefit from the management of bear populations by means of liberal hunting regulations or predator control. In the long term, however, these actions should be used in conjunction with the protection of potential calving areas away from cutblocks and roads.
Beaked whales and state-dependent decision-making: how does body condition affect the trade-off between foraging and predator avoidance?
<p>Body condition is central to how animals balance foraging with predator-avoidance – a trade-off that fundamentally affects animal fitness. Animals in poor condition may accept greater predation risk to satisfy current foraging "needs", whilst those in good condition may be more risk averse to protect future "assets". These state-dependent behavioural predictions can help interpret responses to human activities, but are little explored in marine animals. This study investigates the influence of body condition on how beaked whales trade off foraging and predator-avoidance. Body density (indicating lipid-energy stores) was estimated for 15 foraging northern bottlenose whales tagged near Jan Mayen, Norway. Composite indices of foraging (diving and echolocation clicks) and anti-predation (long ascents, non-foraging dives and silent periods reducing predator eavesdropping) were negatively related. Experimental sonar exposures led to decreased foraging and increased risk aversion, confirming a foraging/perceived safety trade-off. However, lower lipid stores were not related to a decrease in predator-avoidance versus foraging, i.e. worse condition animals did not prioritise foraging. Individual differences ('personalities') or reproductive context could offer alternative explanations for the observed state-behaviour relationships. This study provides evidence of foraging/predator-avoidance trade-offs in a marine top predator and demonstrates that animals in worse condition might not always take more risks.</p>
FIG. 1 in Predator-Prey Reunion: Non-native Coqu´ı Frogs Avoid Their Native Predators
FIG. 1. Mean (6 SE) proportion of time frogs from Hawaii and Puerto Rico spent on the half of the aquarium without predators versus with predators. In all cases, frogs spent more time on the half without predators. No significant difference was found between range or predator (P. 0.05).
Figure 2 in Do caterpillars of Dryas iulia alcionea (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) show evidence of adaptive behaviour to avoid predation by ants?
Figure 2. Behaviour and disappearance of larvae of Dryas iulia alcionea after resting site removal (fifth instars do not build resting sites, so they were removed from the leaves for only a few seconds). The bars represent the frequency, for each instar, for the two responses found (reconstruction, white bars; no reconstruction, striped bars). Black bars represent caterpillars that disappeared after the beginning of treatment. Ntotal5382 larvae.
Figure 1 in Are goldish spiders able to teach naïve predators to avoid bullet ants? A possible case of Müllerian mimicry in spiders and ants
Figure 1. Sphecotypus niger (Perty, 1833), live female (body length 12 mm): (a) lateral; (b) dorsal; (c) Neoponera villosa (Fabricius, 1804), live worker, dorsal; (d) Area of bite from S. niger shortly after incident, with mild swelling and erythema.
Data for: Effects of domestication and captive breeding on reaction to moving objects: Implications for avoidance behaviors of obstacles and predators by masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou
<p>Domestication and captive breeding can compromise obstacle- and predator-avoidance of animals in the wild. Whereas previous studies only examined these effects in combination, here we examine them individually by comparing the abilities of wild, F1 (offspring of wild parents), and captive-bred (approx. F15) masu salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> <em>masou</em>) to avoid a falling object under experimental conditions. Rates of avoidance failure were low (wild, 12.5%; F1, 10.7%; captive-bred, 8%) under light conditions but increased under dark conditions (wild, 11.1%; F1, 32.1%; captive-bred, 60.0%). We attribute the elevated avoidance-failure rate among F1 fish to the lack of learning opportunities in hatchery environments, and the further elevation of avoidance-failure rate among captive-bred fish to the degradation of sensory organ function. These results imply reduced survival rates for F1 and captive-bred fish in the wild and are consistent with the low stocking efficiencies reported for captive-bred masu salmon.</p>
Data from: Vegetation structure mediates a shift in predator avoidance behavior in a range-edge population
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Data from: Caribou avoiding wolves face increased predation by bears – caught between Scylla and Charybdis
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Data from: Urbanization alters predator avoidance behaviors
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Data from: Warning signals are seductive: relative contributions of color and pattern to predator avoidance and mate attraction in Heliconius butterflies
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Data from: Hunger mediates apex predator's risk avoidance response in wildland-urban interface
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Data from: The significance of prey avoidance behaviour for the maintenance of a predator colour polymorphism
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Data from: In a warmer Arctic, mosquitoes avoid increased mortality from predators by growing faster
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Beaked whales and state-dependent decision-making: how does body condition affect the trade-off between foraging and predator avoidance?
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Data for: Effects of domestication and captive breeding on reaction to moving objects: Implications for avoidance behaviors of obstacles and predators by masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou
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Figure 3 in Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation
Figure 3. Percentage of predation by Calosoma angulatum on Baronia brevicornis caterpillars with shelter (16%) or without shelter (83%).
Figure 1. Baronia brevicornis caterpillar building a in Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation
Figure 1. Baronia brevicornis caterpillar building a shelter on its host plant Acacia cochliacantha (a), and a caterpillar inside a builded shelter (b).
Data from: Behaviourally mediated predation avoidance in penguin prey: in situ evidence from animal-borne camera loggers
Predator dietary studies often assume that diet is reflective of the diversity and relative abundance of their prey. This interpretation ignores species-specific behavioural adaptations in prey that could influence prey capture. Here, we develop and describe a scalable biologging protocol, using animal-borne camera loggers, to elucidate the factors influencing prey capture by a seabird, the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua). From the video evidence, we show, for the first time, that aggressive behavioural defence mechanisms by prey can deter prey capture by a seabird. Furthermore, we provide evidence demonstrating that these birds, which were observed hunting solitarily, target prey when they are most discernible. Specifically, birds targeted prey primarily while ascending and when prey were not tightly clustered. In conclusion, we show that prey behaviour can significantly influence trophic coupling in marine systems because despite prey being present, it is not always targeted. Thus, these predator-prey relationships should be accounted for in studies using marine top predators as samplers of mid to lower trophic level species.
Data from: Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants?
<p>Floral gender in angiosperms often varies within and among populations. We conducted a field survey to test how predispersal seed predation affects sex allocation in an andromonoecious alpine herb <i>Peucedanum multivittatum</i>. We compared plant size, male and perfect flower production, fruit set, and seed predation rate over three years among nine populations inhabiting diverse snowmelt conditions in alpine meadows. Flowering period of individual populations varied from mid-July to late August reflecting the snowmelt time. Although perfect flower and fruit productions increased with plant size, size-dependency of male flower production was less clear. The number of male flowers was larger in the early-flowering populations, while the number of perfect flowers increased in the late-flowering populations. Thus, male-biased sex allocation was common in the early-flowering populations. Fruit-set rates varied among populations and between years, irrespective of flowering period. Fruit-set success of individual plants increased with perfect flower number, but independent of male flower number. Seed predation by lepidopteran larvae was intense in the early-flowering populations, whereas predation damage was absent in the late-flowering populations, reflecting the extent of phenological matching between flowering time of host plants and oviposition period of predator moths. Seed predation rate was independent of male and perfect flower numbers of individual plants. Thus, seed predation is a stochastic event in each population. There was a clear correlation between the proportion of male flowers and the intensity of seed predation among populations. These results suggest that male-biased sex allocation could be a strategy to reduce seed predation damage but maintain the effort as a pollen donor under intensive seed predation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.