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49 results for “predation avoidance”
Ferry et al. 2024 - Prey that is attractive but not repelled by predators suggests an asymmetric investment in the encounter-avoid-escape sequence. - R Code and Datasets
<p>R code for formating data and running PAMMs for all different combinations of predator-prey.</p> <p>Data of camera trap observation.</p> <p>Data of environmental variable associated to camera trap sites.</p>
Figures 1-2 in Optimal foraging or predator avoidance: why does the Amazon spider Hingstepeira folisecens (Araneae: Araneidae) adopt alternative foraging behaviors?
Figures 1-2. Hingstepeira folisecens orb web in an area of the Amazon forest, Brazil: (1) vertical orb web with the rolled dry leaf used as a shelter by the spider attached to the hub; (2) shelter's detail showing the entrance oriented just downwards and the spider leaving it. Scale bars: 1 = 10 mm, 2 = 5 mm.
Supplementary data and videos for "'Freezing' in Pachyoliva semistriata (Caenogastropoda: Olividae) is induced olfactorily by its main predator and differs from unspecific avoidance behaviour"
<p> </p><p>The eight supplementary video and data files available below accompany my article, "'Freezing' in <i>Pachyoliva semistriata</i> (Caenogastropoda: Olividae) is induced olfactorily by its main predator and differs from unspecific avoidance behaviour", published in <i>Archiv für Molluskenkunde</i> <strong>152:</strong> 25-33 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/152/025-033.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Supplementary Data 1.</strong> Numerical data used in creating Figure 3.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 1.</strong> Two examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> freezing upon encountering tracks of <i>Agaronia propatula</i>.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 2.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing no response to stimulation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 3.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing irritation responses.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 4.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> turning when stimulated.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 5.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> burrowing when stimulated.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 6.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing the freeze response.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 7.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing active flight responses.</p>
Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
<p>Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal sig- nals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowl- edge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that per- formed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity—not conspicuousness—that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different preda- tor–prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invad- ing new areas.</p>
Data from: Induced phenological avoidance: a neglected defense mechanism against seed predation in plants
<p>1. Flowering phenology is an important life history trait affecting plant reproductive performance and is influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors. Pre-dispersal seed predation and pollination are expected to impose counteracting selection pressure on flowering phenology, with pre-dispersal seed predation expected to favor off-peak flowering and pollination to favor synchronous flowering. <br> 2. Here we studied the effect of pre-dispersal seed predation by the beetle Byturus ochraceus, a specialist seed herbivore, on the flowering phenology of Geum urbanum. This forest understorey plant species is self-pollinating, so that the influence of seed predation can be studied independent from pollination. We measured in detail the timing and predation rate of individual flowers during two consecutive years in more than 60 individuals. We tested the hypotheses that pre-dispersal seed predation exerts selection for within-season compensatory flowering as well as for induced phenological avoidance in the following season.<br> 3. We found no indication for compensatory flowering within a growing season, but plants that experienced predation shifted their flowers to the end of the flowering season the subsequent year. This induced phenological avoidance points to a plastic response to pre-dispersal seed predation that may be adaptive. Importantly, the delay in flower production came at a cost, since flowers later in the season had a reduced seed output, presumably because of increasing light limitation following forest canopy closure. <br> 4. Synthesis: Herbivory by specialist enemies can cause serious fitness decline in hosts. We here show that induced shifts in phenology can form an important defense strategy against pre-dispersal seed predation. The induced mismatches between herbivore and host phenology are anticipated to be adaptive when herbivory is predictable across successive flowering periods.</p>
Data from: Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates
Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signalers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and nontarget. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of nontarget receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the tradeoff between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs (<i>Smilisca sila</i>), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs (<i>Engystomops pustulosus</i>), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the tradeoff imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signalers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding the origin of mating signals and displays.
Simulation Dataset: Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies
<p>This is a supplementary simulation dataset to reproduce Fig. 3C,D of the manuscript "Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies" by Bartashevich et al.</p> <p>The zip folder contains the following 3 files in h5 format: front attack (out_Npred1_pred_angle0.0.h5), side attack (<span>out_Npred1_pred_angle1.5707963267948966.h5), </span><span>back attack (out_Npred1_pred_angle3.141592653589793.h5).</span></p> <p>Each file has the following "keys": KeysViewHDF5 ['circ_seg', 'end', 'endD', 'end_PosVel', 'fount', 'part', 'partD', 'pavas', 'pred', 'predD', 'start', 'start_fountain', 'start_pred', 'swarm', 'swarm_pred0', 'swarm_predD'].</p> <p>The key necessary to reproduce Fig. 3C,D of the aforementioned paper is "fount" (<HDF5 dataset "fount": shape (40, 1200, 100, 8), type "<f8">). Namely, "fount" data array consists of 40 simulation runs, 1200 time points, 100 agents, and 8 metrics. The metric with index "0" depicts the value of the Euclidean distance from the agent <em>i</em> to the simulated predator. The metric with index "1" depicts the value of the position angle (theta 1 in rad) of the agent <em>i</em> relative to the simulated predator. The metric with index "2" depicts the value of the flee angle (theta 2 in rad) of the agent <em>i</em> relative to the simulated predator.</p> <p>To estimate the start and the end of the fountain evasion, one can use the following script in Python:</p> <p>import numpy as np</p> <p>m = h5py.File(filename, "r")<br><br>for key in m.keys():<br> print(key)</p> <p>fount_runs = m[key]["fount"]</p> <p>for j in range(40):<br> fnt_start[j] = np.where(fount_runs[j, 0:1200, 0:100,5]==1)[0][0] <br> fnt_end[j] = np.where(fount_runs[j, 0:1200, 0:100,5]==1)[0][-1]</p>
Empirical Dataset: Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies
<h3>Description of the data and file structure</h3> <p>The files contain the source data for Fig. 1 and Fig. 3A,B of the manuscript "Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies" by Bartashevich et al.</p> <h4>Files and variables</h4> <h5>File: Fountain_Fish_coordinates.zip</h5> <p><strong>Description:</strong> </p> <p>The zip file contains 30 folders, each containing information on one predator attack and respective prey evasion. Each folder is named according to the drone ID used for the filming (e.g., DJI _1, DJI _2, DJI _3) and the respective frame number (e.g., f930) from the video recording. </p> <h5>File naming</h5> <p>Each folder contains JPG and CSV files. </p> <p>The JPG files show the image from the footage at the corresponding frame indicated in the files' name (e.g., frame_001_im).</p> <p>There are 2 types of CSV files. Files with the name 'polygon.csv' contain coordinates (in pixels) of points (x, y) defining the polygon outlining the prey school at the particular frame as indicated in the files' name (e.g., frame001) and corresponding to the image in the JPG file with the same frame number. Files with the name 'sardines_and_marlin.csv' contain coordinates (in pixels) of points (x, y), defining the head (columns 1 and 2) and the dorsal fin (columns 3 and 4) of single sardine individuals (by rows), and of the respective attacking marlin: marlin's head (columns 5 and 6), marlin's dorsal fin (columns 7 and 8), and marlin's tip of the bill (columns 9 and 10). These coordinates correspond to the respective image with the same frame number.</p>
Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Many predators avoid unprofitable prey by learning to use visual features of the prey as reliable indicators of quality. However, individual variation in avoidance learning is rarely examined in detail. It has been hypothesized that better avoidance learning ability might correlate with faster exploration tendency, but available data are limited in both quantity and scope. In this study, we examined the covariation between exploration, foraging decisions, and avoidance learning in a generalist lizard <em>Eutropis multifasciata</em> to test the prediction that faster explorers are also better avoidance learners. We also examined how sex, population, and color of unpalatable prey might mediate the exploration-avoidance learning covariation. We collected data on exploration and foraging behavior in individuals from two allopatric populations and quantified changes in foraging decisions over five daily learning trials, in which individuals were presented with normal- and bitter-tasting prey that differed consistently in color. Even though bitter prey elicited strong negative responses, lizards overall did not avoid consuming fewer such prey with learning. Instead, they learned to prioritize palatable prey as the experiment progressed. In concordance with our prediction, we found that faster explorers were generally better avoidance learners, even though sex, population, and prey color were also important. Our study represents a rare experimental test of the exploration-avoidance learning covariation, especially in non-avian systems. Our results suggest that unpalatability might be an ineffective defense against generalist predators such as <em>E. multifasciata</em> and that faster explorers might impose stronger selection for the evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Proactive cursorial and ambush predation risk avoidance in four African herbivore species
<p>Most herbivores must balance demands to meet nutritional requirements, maintain stable thermoregulation and avoid predation. Species-specific predator and prey characteristics determine the ability of prey to avoid predation and the ability of predators to maximise hunting success. Using GPS collar data from African wild dogs, lions, impala, tsessebe, wildebeest and zebra in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, we studied proactive predation risk avoidance by herbivores. We considered predator activity level in relation to prey movement, predator and prey habitat selection, and preferential use of areas by prey. We compared herbivore behaviour to lion and wild dog activity patterns and determined the effect of seasonal resource availability and prey body mass on anti-predator behaviour. Herbivore movement patterns were more strongly correlated to lion than wild dog activity. Habitat selection by predators was not activity level-dependent and, while prey and predators differed to some extent in their habitat selection, there were also overlaps, probably caused by predators seeking habitats with high prey abundance. Areas favoured by lions were used by herbivores more when lions were less active, whereas wild dog activity level was not correlated with prey use. Prey body mass was not a strong predictor of the strength of proactive predation avoidance behaviour. Herbivores showed stronger anti-predator behaviours during the rainy season when resources were abundant. Reducing movement when top predators are most active and avoiding areas with a high likelihood of predator use during the same periods appear to be common strategies to minimize predation risk. Such valuable insights into predator-prey dynamics are only possible when using similar data from multiple sympatric species of predator and prey, an approach that should become more prevalent given the ongoing integration of technological methods into ecological studies.</p>
Data from: Spatiotemporal risk avoidance varies seasonally, relative to risk intensity, in a reestablishing predator–prey system
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Data from: Seasonal variation in behavioral thermoregulation and predator avoidance in a small mammal
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Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
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Data from: Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates
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Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
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Data from: Proactive cursorial and ambush predation risk avoidance in four African herbivore species
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Data from: Induced phenological avoidance: a neglected defense mechanism against seed predation in plants
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Differential learning by native versus invasive predators to avoid distasteful cleaning mutualists
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Data from: Hunger mediates apex predator's risk avoidance response in wildland-urban interface
1. Conflicts between large mammalian predators and humans present a challenge to conservation efforts, as these events drive human attitudes and policies concerning predator species. Unfortunately, generalities portrayed in many empirical carnivore landscape selection studies do not provide an explanation for a predator's occasional use of residential development preceding a carnivore-human conflict event. In some cases, predators may perceive residential development as a risk-reward tradeoff. 2. We examine whether state dependent mortality-risk sensitive foraging can explain an apex carnivore's (Puma concolor) occasional utilization of residential areas. We assess whether puma balance the risk and rewards in a system characterized by a gradient of housing densities ranging from wildland to suburban. Puma GPS location data, characterized as hunting and feeding locations, were used to assess landscape variables governing hunting success and hunting site selection. Hunting site selection behavior was then analyzed conditional on indicators of hunger state. 3. Residential development had a high energetic reward for puma, based on increases in prey availability and hunting success rates associated with increased housing density. Despite a higher energetic reward, hunting site selection analysis indicated that pumas generally avoided residential development, a landscape type attributed with higher puma mortality risk. However, when a puma experienced periods of extended hunger, risk avoidance behavior toward housing waned. 4. This study demonstrates that an apex carnivore faces a tradeoff between acquiring energetic rewards and avoiding risks associated with human housing. Periods of hunger can help explain an apex predator's occasional use of developed landscapes and thus the rare conflicts in the wildland-urban interface. Apex carnivore movement behaviors in relation to human conflicts are best understood as a three-player community level interaction incorporating wild prey distribution.
Data from: The significance of prey avoidance behaviour for the maintenance of a predator colour polymorphism
The existence of conspicuous colour polymorphisms in animals provides an ideal opportunity to examine the mechanisms which determine genetic and phenotypic variation in populations. It is well known that directional and negative frequency-dependent selection by predators can influence the persistence of colour polymorphisms in their prey, but much less attention has been paid to the idea that prey behaviour could generate selection on predator colour morphs. In this study, we examine the role that avoidance behaviour by honeybees might play in selection on a colour-polymorphic sit-and-wait predator, the crab spider Synema globosum. In two field experiments, we offered flowers harbouring spiders of different colour morphs to foraging honeybees. In the first, we tested for a pre-existing propensity in honeybees to avoid one spider morph over another, and whether this behaviour is influenced by the flower species on which spiders hunt. In the second, we tested the ability of bees to learn to avoid spider morphs associated with a previous simulated attack. Our results suggest that honeybees do not impose strong directional selection on spider morphs in our study population, and that avoidance behaviour is not influenced by flower species. However, we find evidence that honeybees learn to avoid spiders of a colour morph that has previously been associated with a simulated attack. These findings are the first empirical evidence for a mechanism by which prey behaviour might generate negative frequency-dependent selection on predator colour morphs, and hence potentially influence the long-term persistence of genetic and phenotypic diversity in predator populations.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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