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34 results for “predator prey dynamics”
Data from: Predators can influence the host-parasite dynamics of their prey via non-consumptive effects
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Data from: Transient recovery dynamics of a predator–prey system under press and pulse disturbances
Background: Species recovery after disturbances depends on the strength and duration of disturbance, on the species traits and on the biotic interactions with other species. In order to understand these complex relationships, it is essential to understand mechanistically the transient dynamics of interacting species during and after disturbances. We combined microcosm experiments with simulation modelling and studied the transient recovery dynamics of a simple microbial food web under pulse and press disturbances and under different predator couplings to an alternative resource. Results: Our results reveal that although the disturbances affected predator and prey populations by the same mortality, predator populations suffered for a longer time. The resulting diminished predation stress caused a temporary phase of high prey population sizes (i.e. prey release) during and even after disturbances. Increasing duration and strength of disturbances significantly slowed down the recovery time of the predator prolonging the phase of prey release. However, the additional coupling of the predator to an alternative resource allowed the predator to recover faster after the disturbances thus shortening the phase of prey release. Conclusions: Our findings are not limited to the studied system and can be used to understand the dynamic response and recovery potential of many natural predator–prey or host–pathogen systems. They can be applied, for instance, in epidemiological and conservational contexts to regulate prey release or to avoid extinction risk of the top trophic levels under different types of disturbances.
Data from: Environmental fluctuations restrict eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey system
Environmental fluctuations, species interactions and rapid evolution are all predicted to affect community structure and their temporal dynamics. Although the effects of the abiotic environment and prey evolution on ecological community dynamics have been studied separately, these factors can also have interactive effects. Here we used bacteria–ciliate microcosm experiments to test for eco-evolutionary dynamics in fluctuating environments. Specifically, we followed population dynamics and a prey defence trait over time when populations were exposed to regular changes of bottom-up or top-down stressors, or combinations of these. We found that the rate of evolution of a defence trait was significantly lower in fluctuating compared with stable environments, and that the defence trait evolved to lower levels when two environmental stressors changed recurrently. The latter suggests that top-down and bottom-up changes can have additive effects constraining evolutionary response within populations. The differences in evolutionary trajectories are explained by fluctuations in population sizes of the prey and the predator, which continuously alter the supply of mutations in the prey and strength of selection through predation. Thus, it may be necessary to adopt an eco-evolutionary perspective on studies concerning the evolution of traits mediating species interactions.
Data from: Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics
In theory, predator-prey pairs with extinction-prone local populations can persist through metapopulation dynamics, wherein local populations fluctuate asynchronously, occasionally providing dispersers that prevent permanent extinction in all patches. A few studies have shown that spatial structure can extend predator-prey persistence. However, no studies have unequivocally demonstrated the asynchrony among patches, low dispersal rates, and rescue effects that prove metapopulation dynamics extend persistence. We used a protist predator-prey pair to show that spatial subdivision lengthens persistence through metapopulation dynamics. The pair comprised the predaceous ciliate, Didinium nasutum, feeding on the bacterivorous ciliate, Colpidium cf. striatum. A replicated experiment assessed how habitat subdivision affects persistence. Undivided habitats were of four volumes: 30, 180, 270, and 750 mt. Subdivided microcosms, or ''arrays,'' were groups of nine or 25 linked 30-mL bottles (270 or 750 mt total volume). In arrays, predators and prey persisted for 130 d (602 prey and 437 predator generations), at which point the experiment ended. Predators went extinct in undivided microcosms of equivalent volumes within a mean of only 70 d. Predators persisted for a mean of just 19 d in isolated 30-mL bottles (equivalent to isolated patches of arrays). In a separate experiment, prey were driven extinct in four of 15 isolated 30-mL bottles, and persistence times of predators were broadly similar. We documented the following hallmarks of metapopulation dynamics: (1) asynchronous fluctuations in different subpopulations; (2) frequent local prey extinctions and recolonizations; (3) persistence of protists in arrays, despite extinction of isolated local populations; and (4) rescue effects in predator populations. Other experiments measured dispersal rates and the effects on local dynamics of immigrant predators and prey, and initial predator : prey ratios. Only a small fraction of protists dispersed within a generation, consistent with metapopulation dynamics. Immigration of predators increased the frequency of local extinctions of prey, and immigration of prey increased the persistence of both predators and prey. Higher initial predator:prey ratios decreased the persistence of prey in undivided volumes. Although the pair persisted regionally in arrays, data indicated that local extinctions of prey were common. In array patches, predator:prey ratios were higher and predator-prey cycles were shorter than in undivided volumes. Dispersal made local dynamics more prone to extinction, yet promoted regional persistence because the risk of extinction of distant subpopulations became independent.
Data from: Anderson lab experiments from synthesizing the effects of spatial network structure on predator prey dynamics
<p>Predator-prey persistence is thought to be enhanced by spatial heterogeneity. Theory predicts that metacommunity size, spatial connectivity, network synchrony, predator identity, and productivity influence predator-prey persistence, through a variety of mechanisms such as statistical stabilization, colonization-extinction dynamics, and trophic interactions. However, comparative tests and synthesis of the multiple factors and mechanisms across different spatial networks are needed to understand which factors and mechanisms of spatial network structure promote predator-prey persistence. To address this gap between theory and empirical work, we synthesized data from 22 microcosm experiments of protist predator-prey communities differing the productivity, connectivity, and size of spatial habitat structure. Prey time to extinction was better explained by productivity and spatial factors than predator time to extinction. At the local and regional scale, metacommunity size and productivity had positive effects on prey occupancy, whereas connectivity negatively influenced prey occupancy. For predators, metacommunity size and connectivity had positive effects on predator occupancy, network synchrony had negative influences, and productivity showed a hump-shaped relationship with predator occupancy. Further, trophic interactions drove variation in the way species were spatially structured, where the strength and direction of predator and prey occupancy relationships varied among productivity levels and predator-prey combinations. In predator-prey interactions that were stronger, prey occupancy showed negative relationship with predator occupancy regardless of productivity. However, in predator-prey interactions that were weaker, prey occupancy was positively related to predator occupancy at low productivity, and this relationship disappeared at higher productivity treatments where prey occupancy was high regardless of predator occupancy. Predictions from metapopulation theory explained predator occupancy, while prey were better explained by trophic dynamics. Taken together, these results highlight that spatial network structure has a complex, spatially contingent relationship with predator-prey dynamics.</p>
Data from: Predator-prey dynamics and the plasticity of predator body size
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Data from: Transient recovery dynamics of a predator–prey system under press and pulse disturbances
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Data from: Anderson lab experiments from synthesizing the effects of spatial network structure on predator prey dynamics
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Data from: Inducible defense destabilizes predator–prey dynamics: the importance of multiple predators
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Data from: Spatial extinction or persistence: landscape-temperature interactions perturb predator-prey dynamics
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Data from: Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics
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Data from: Environmental fluctuations restrict eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey system
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Data from: Prey diversity, prey composition, and predator population dynamics in experimental microcosms
1. Food‐web complexity‐stability relations are central to ecology, and many empirical studies show greater food‐web complexity leads to lower population stability. Here, predator population variability decreased with increasing prey diversity in aquatic microcosm experiments, an example of greater food‐web complexity leading to greater population stability. 2. Prey diversity as well as different sets of prey species within each level of prey diversity produced differences in predator population dynamics, demonstrating the importance of both prey composition and prey diversity in determining predator population stability. 3. Prey diversity can affect predator population dynamics through at least three groups of mechanisms: prey reliability, prey biomass, and prey composition mechanisms. The results suggest that greater prey reliability at higher prey diversities enhances predator stability and provide support for MacArthur (1955).
Data from: Prey diversity, prey composition, and predator population dynamics in experimental microcosms
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