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Figure 5. Sweetpotato vine borer shown pupating within a in Recovery of Sweetpotato Vine Borer, Omphisa anastomosalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in Sweetpotato Fields in Hawaii Through Field Collections and Detection Trapping
Figure 5. Sweetpotato vine borer shown pupating within a section of sweetpotato root.
Mechanism of Ca2+ in regulating pupation defects of Bombyx mori after exposure to chlorantraniliprole
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Data from: Adaptive developmental plasticity in a butterfly: mechanisms for size and time at pupation differ between diapause and direct development
Diapause (overwintering) and direct development are alternative developmental pathways in temperate insects. Diapause necessitates physiological preparations for dormancy, while direct development is associated with strong time constraints, resulting in selection for fast development under the direct development pathway. Physiological and behavioural preparations for pupation contribute to development time, so divergent selection in them is expected between the alternative developmental pathways. Critical mass for pupation induction is a central physiological parameter for the pupation process. Here, we compare the critical masses and the characteristics of the wandering stage – wandering taking place after the cessation of growth and before pupation – between diapausing and directly developing larvae in the butterfly Pieris napi. Critical mass estimation succeeded only for diapausing individuals, among which it was lower in females than in males, indicating an inter-pathway difference in the physiology of critical mass. Directly developing individuals wandered for a shorter time and distance and lost less mass before pupation than diapausing individuals. These physiological and behavioural differences represent adaptive phenotypic plasticity and contribute to fast development under direct development. Thus, the observed developmental plasticity in physiology offers a mechanistic explanation for adaptive life-history variation between alternative developmental pathways and sexual dimorphism.
Aedes albopuctus female pupa 47 hours after pupation
<p>X-ray tomography of <i>Aedes albopictus </i>female pupa 47 hours after pupation</p>
Fig. 1 in Underwater Pupation by the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis Comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown, 1988 (Coleoptera: Elmidae), with an Update on Culture Techniques
Fig. 1. Marking Heterelmis vulnerata using Brite-Mark® Fiber Tip Paint Markers and an insect pin following the recommendations of Wineriter and Walker (1984).
Fig. 3 in Underwater Pupation by the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis Comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown, 1988 (Coleoptera: Elmidae), with an Update on Culture Techniques
Fig. 3. Combined count of Microcylloepus pusillus, Stygobromus pecki, and Stygoparnus comalensis found on three cotton cloth lures buried within 3 m of one another during a 17-week monitoring period at Spring Run 2, Comal Springs, Texas.
Fig. 4 in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 4. Unambiguous optimization for the character "pupation chamber wall" on an adapted Scarabaeinae phylogenetic tree from Monaghan et al. (2007). Gray circles indicate pupation chamber wall character states: 0 – without visible pellets or pellets without a particular arrangement; 1 – row of pellets arranged in concentric rings; 2 – imbricate pellets grouped in slices oriented longitudinally; 3 – helicoid composed of whorls showing transverse rows of imbricate pellets. Dotted lines represent ambiguous optimization of the character. Node with * indicates when clusters A and B (Scarabaeinae) diverged, and probably when pellets arranged in rows in the construction of pupation chamber wall appeared. Black arrow shows a minimum age of approximately 54 million years for clade B. This is only for illustrative purpose. Branch lengths do not reflect any relative age for the groups. Principal genera within different polyphyletic tribes are: Canthonini 1: Panelus; Canthonini 2 (Ca 2): Temnoplectrom + Lepanus + Cephalodesmius + Saphabius; Canthonini 3 (Ca 3): Circellium; Canthonini 4 (Ca 4): Anachalcos; Neotropical Canthonini: Canthon + Megathoposoma + Malagoniella + Deltochilum; Coprini 1: Copris + Microcopris; Coprini 2 (Co 2): Coptodactyla; Coprini 3 (Co 3): Catharsius + Metacatharsius; Dichotomiini 1: Heliocopris; Dichotomiini 2 (Di 2): Uroxys + Bdelyropsis + Demarziella; Dichotomiini 3 (Di 3): Ateuchus; Dichotomiini 4 (Di 4): Ontherus + Canthidium; Onthophagini 1: Onthophagus + Euonthophagus + Hyalonthophagus + Caccobius + Milichus + Cleptocaccobius; Onthophagini 2: Proagoderus + Onthophagus + Digitonthophagus.
Fig. 2 in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 2. Micromorphology of pupation chambers of Sulcophanaeus imperator (A-C) and Anomiopsoides biloba (D-E). A) Internal (white arrows) and external parts of the wall, the latter represented by a set of small, lenticular, juxtaposed pellets (black arrows) that are composed of amorphous organic matter, dung fiber, and minerals, B) Detail of the internal part of the wall composed of flat, lenticular, juxtaposed pellets (white arrow), smaller than those of the external part of the wall, C) Roof of the pupation chamber showing acicular extensions (white arrow) toward the upper pole of the brood ball, where the egg chamber was originally located; in this specimen, part of the egg chamber wall (black arrow) is preserved, D) External part of the wall formed by poorly defined pellets that are composed of minerals and a scarce amount of dung fibers, which are delimited by amorphous organic matter (black arrows) that also cover mineral grain surfaces, E) Detail of the internal part of the wall that is formed by a smooth, thin layer of amorphous organic matter that covers the internal surface of the pupation chamber.
Fig. 3. Double helicoidal wall design. A in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 3. Double helicoidal wall design. A helicoid develops downward to the inferior pole (A), leaving space between whorls to lodge the whorls of the second helicoid, which develops upwards after changing its orientation in the inferior pole (B). These trajectories are complementary and when they are superposed, they form the helicoidal wall (C).
Fig. 1 in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 1. Pupation chambers of scarabaeinae dung beetles. A) Dried brood ball of Ontherus sulcator that shows part of the helicoidal wall, B-D) Pupation chamber of Sulcophanaeus menelas showing (B) the whorls that form the helicoidal wall (white arrows), (C-D) the internal part of its wall (white arrow) and the roof (black arrows), E-F) Brood balls of Sulcophanaeus imperator that show (E) the external surface of the helicoidal wall of the pupation chamber when the wall is removed and (F) packets of pellets (white arrow) deposited by the larva on the layer of uneaten dung (black arrow), G) Brood ball of Malagoniella argentina that preserves an adult, which died during emergence, and shows three whorls (white arrows) of the helicoidal pupation chamber wall, H) Inferior pole of a Malagoniella argentina brood ball that shows the last section of one helicoid of the pupation chamber wall, I) Pupation chamber of Malagoniella argentina that shows the whorls of the helicoidal wall composed of transverse, bilobate rows (black arrows) of imbricate pellets, J-K) Pupation chambers of Malagoniella argentina showing (J) the change of the helicoid orientation in the inferior pole with its trajectory marked by a dotted white line (K), L) Pupation chamber of Anomiopsoides biloba, with helicoidal wall composed of only one whorl of juxtaposed pellets.
Fig. 1. A in Underwater Pupation by the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis Comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown, 1988 (Coleoptera: Elmidae), with an Update on Culture Techniques
Fig. 1. A) Culture container used for Heterelmis comalensis, B) H. comalensis pupa inside a plastic flow-through chamber. The steel mesh ring was used to forcefully keep pupae underwater.
Data from: Adaptive developmental plasticity in a butterfly: mechanisms for size and time at pupation differ between diapause and direct development
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Fig. 2. Heterelmis comalensis. A in Underwater Pupation by the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis Comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown, 1988 (Coleoptera: Elmidae), with an Update on Culture Techniques
Fig. 2. Heterelmis comalensis. A) Pupa, B) Adult.
Figures 13-16 from: Prathapan K, Viraktamath C (2011) A new species of Longitarsus Latreille, 1829 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) pupating inside stem aerenchyma of the hydrophyte host from the Oriental Region. ZooKeys 87: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.87.1294
Figures 13-16 - Longitarsus limnophilae sp. n. 13 egg; 14 larva; 15, 16 pupa inside stem aerenchyma.
Figures 9-12 from: Prathapan K, Viraktamath C (2011) A new species of Longitarsus Latreille, 1829 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) pupating inside stem aerenchyma of the hydrophyte host from the Oriental Region. ZooKeys 87: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.87.1294
Figures 9-12 - Longitarsus limnophilae sp. n. 9 habitat; 10 Limnophila aquatica; 11 Longitarsus repens; 12 adult feeding scars on leaf.
Figures 2-8 from: Prathapan K, Viraktamath C (2011) A new species of Longitarsus Latreille, 1829 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) pupating inside stem aerenchyma of the hydrophyte host from the Oriental Region. ZooKeys 87: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.87.1294
Figures 2-8 - Longitarsus limnophilae sp. n. 2 median lobe of aedeagus, ventral view; 3 median lobe of aedeagus, dorsal view; 4 median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 5 last abdominal ventrite of male (macerated specimen); 6 spermatheca; 7 tignum; 8 vaginal palpi.
Figure 2 A in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)
Figure 2 A) Scheme of the moisture levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 90%) and classes of soils tested (S1 – sandy, S2 - sandy clay loam, and S3 - clay loam), for a total of 12 treatments; B) Polystyrene foam containers, divided into stacked 1 cm rings.
Data from: The ‘dance’ of life: visualizing metamorphosis during pupation in the blow fly Calliphora vicina by X-ray video imaging and micro-computed tomography
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Figure 1 from: Prathapan K, Viraktamath C (2011) A new species of Longitarsus Latreille, 1829 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) pupating inside stem aerenchyma of the hydrophyte host from the Oriental Region. ZooKeys 87: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.87.1294
Figure 1 - Longitarsus limnophilae sp. n., dorsal habitus
Fig. 2 in Underwater Pupation by the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis Comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown, 1988 (Coleoptera: Elmidae), with an Update on Culture Techniques
Fig. 2. Mean Heterelmis comalensis adult counts for three lures buried in spring upwellings within 3 m of one another during a 17-week monitoring period at Spring Run 2, Comal Springs, Texas, with standard error bars.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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OpenNeuro
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