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Figs. 46–48 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs. 46–48. Habitus of the pupa of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 46 – dorsal aspect. 47 – lateral aspect. 48 – ventral aspect. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 1–2 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 1–2. Habitus of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), dorsal aspect. 1 – last instar larva. 2 – male adult. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 14–16 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 14–16. Mandible of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 14 – ventral aspect. 15 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 14. 16 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 14 in dorsal aspect. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

Figs 39–45 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 39–45. Abdomen of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 39 – close-up of the chaetotaxy of tergites 1–7. 40 – close-up of the chaetotaxy of sternites 1–7. 41 – tergite 8, dorsal aspect. 42 – tergite 9, ventral aspect. 43 – sternite 8, ventral aspect. 44 – sternite 9, ventral aspect. 45 – marginal seta of sternite 9. Scale bars: 39 = 0.02 mm; 40 = 0.1 mm; 41–44 = 0.5 mm; 45 = 0.003 mm.

Figs 36–38 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 36–38. Leg of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 36 – prothoracic leg. 37 – tibiotarsus and pretarsus of prothoracic leg. 38 – close-up of tibiotarsal organ. Scale bars: 36 = 0.5 mm; 37 = 0.1 mm; 38 = 0.01 mm.

Figs 8–9 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 8–9.Antenna of the last instar larva of Ora species. 8 – right antenna of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), dorsal aspect. 9 – antennal sensorium of Ora sp. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figs 32–35 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 32–35. Thorax of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), dorsal aspect, showing long hair-like setae (squares with a cross), club-like setae (squares), ungrooved scale-like setae (circles with dot), and pore-like sensilla (circles). 32 – pronotum. 33 – mesonotum. 34 – metanotum. 35 – close-up of several grooved scale-like setae and one club-like seta of thorax. Scale bars: 32–34 = 0.5 mm; 35 = 0.02 mm.

Figs 25–27 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 25–27. Labium of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 25 – labium, ventral aspect. 26 – close-up of the apical portion of right palpus, showing conical basiconic sensillum (Conical B), elongate basiconic sensillum (Elongate B), styloconic sensilla (S), and coeloconic sensilla (C). 27 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 25, showing the multifid setae of stiff plate (hypopharynx). Scale bars: 25 = 0.2 mm; 26 = 0.002 mm; 27 = 0.01 mm.

Figs 53–58 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 53–58. Pupa of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), ventral aspect. 53 – left side of head and prothorax. 54 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 53. 55 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 54. 56 – female attachment organ. 57 – terminal portion of the abdomen of male. 58 – close-up of male attachment organ. Scale bars: 53 = 0.5 mm; 54, 56–57 = 0.2 mm; 55, 58 = 0.05 mm.

Figs 49–52 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 49–52. Pupa of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801), dorsal aspect. 49 – thorax. 50–51 – close-ups of the rectangular area indicated in figure 49. 52 – close-up of abdomen. Scale bars: 49 = 0.5 mm; 50–52 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 17–24 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 17–24. Maxilla of the last instar larva of Ora species. 17 – right maxilla of O. depressa (Fabricius, 1801), ventral aspect. 18 – laciniar teeth of O. depressa. 19 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 17, showing the stalk comb-bristles of the basal portion of galea. 20 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 17, showing the stalk comb-bristles of the apical portion of galea. 21 – right maxillary palpus of O. depressa, ventral aspect. 22 – right maxillary palpus of O. depressa, dorsolateral aspect. 23 – close-up of the apical portion of the maxillary palpus of O. depressa. 24 – digitiform sensillum of Ora sp. Scale bars: 17, 21–22 = 0.2 mm; 18–20, 23 = 0.02 mm; 24 = 0.01 mm.

Figs 28–31 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 28–31. Hypopharynx of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 28 – hypopharynx showing terms used in larval description. 29 – close-up of anterior half of hypopharynx. 30 – close-up of keel sclerite showing six pore-like sensilla (arrows). 31 – close-up of hand-like structures and cushion area. Scale bars: 28 = 0.2 mm; 29 = 0.1 mm; 30–31 = 0.02 mm.

Figs 3–7 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 3–7. Head morphology and chaetotaxy of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 3 – head capsule, dorsal aspect, showing long hair-like setae (squares with a cross), short hair-like setae (squares with dot), club-like setae (squares), ungrooved scale-like setae (circles with dot), and pore-like sensilla (circles); FR = frontale; PA = parietale. 4 – close-up of the square area indicated in figure 3. 5 – close-up of the rectangular area indicated in figure 3. 6 – club-like seta. 7 – grooved scale-like seta. Scale bars: 3 = 0.5 mm; 4 = 0.05 mm; 5–7 = 0.01 mm.

Figs 10–13 in The last instar larva and pupa of Ora depressa (Coleoptera: Scirtidae), a marsh beetle with underwater pupation

Figs 10–13. Clypeolabrum of the last instar larva of Ora depressa (Fabricius, 1801). 10 – dorsal aspect. 11 – close-up of left lobe, ventral aspect. 12 – ventral aspect. 13 – close-up of frontal margin. Scale bars: 10, 12 = 0.2 mm; 11, 13 = 0.1 mm.

Figure 6 in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Figure 6 Effect of time and moisture on the emergence of flies from three soil types (sandy, sandy clay loam and clay loam).The lines in the graphs of the relation between the number of flies emerged and time (a-c) represent nonlinear models with a quadratic term [a) y = 4.12***-0.94***x+0.04x^2, b)y = 0.81*+0.5*x-0.098***x^2 and c) y = 2.47***-0.26x-0.02x^2], while the lines in the graphs of the relation between number of flies emerged and moisture (d-f) represent linear models with Poisson distributions [d) y = 0.11+0.0016x, e) y = -0.69***+0.01***x and f) y = -0.37***+0.008***x]. *:P<0.05; *** P<0.001.

Figure 5 in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Figure 5 Effect of soil depth and moisture on the number of pupae in three soil types (sandy, sandy clay loam and clay loam). The lines in the graphs of the relation between the number of pupae and depth (a-c) represent exponential models [a) y=exp(1.58-1.24***x), b) y=exp(1.42-0.21***x) and c) y=exp(1.18-0.16***x)], while the lines in the graphs of the relation between number of pupae and moisture (d-f) represent linear models with Poisson distributions [d) y = 0.56-0.0006x, e) y = 0.55-0.0017x and f) y = 0.55-0.0025x].*** P<0.001.

Figure 4 in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Figure 4 Number of pupae per centimeter for each treatment (T1 to T4 with sandy soil, T5 to T8 with sandy clay loam and T9 to T12 with clay loam) in combination with different moisture levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 90% for T1 to T4, T5 to T8 and T9 to T12, respectively). Treatments: T1 = sandy × 0% moisture, T2 = sandy x 30% moisture, T3 = sandy x 60% moisture, T4 = sandy x 90% moisture, T5 = sandy clay loam x 0% moisture, T6 = sandy clay loam x 30% moisture, T7 = sandy clay loam x 60% moisture, T8 = sandy clay loam x 90% moisture, T9 = clay loam x 0% moisture, T10 = clay loam x 30% moisture, T11 = clay loam x 60% moisture, and T12 = clay loam x 90% moisture.

Figure 3 in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Figure 3 Illustration of the steps of the experiment: A) Larvae on the soil surface; B) Containers used in the experiment; C) Removal of a 1 cm ring; D) Transfer of the soil to a plastic tray; E) Sorting and counting of the pupal cases; and F) Insects that were unable to rupture the soil layer. Photos: Eric Joel Ferreira do Amaral.

Figure 1 in Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Figure 1 Representation of the steps for rearing B. carambolae: A) Oviposition container; B) Cage with adults; C) Eggs; D) Feed based on carrots in a plastic tray containing larvae; E) Paper envelope containing the plastic tray with larvae. Photos: Eric Joel Ferreira do Amaral.