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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

MFS-M-00155 Rain precipitation measured in coniferous forest, HOBO rain gauge RG3-M, 2015

A raine gauge HOBO RG3-M was installed at the Mukhrino field station research polygon, in coniferous mixed forest to measure precipitation under tree canopy. But this installation worked only for one year (2015), after this was stopped.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Figure 2 in A new species of Pinndorama Domahovski (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Hyalojassini) from the Amazon Rain Forest, Brazil

Figure 2. Pinndorama dilatata sp. nov., male holotype. (A) Habitus, dorsal view. (B) Habitus, lateral view. (C) Head, ventral view. (D) Sternite VIII, ventral view. (E) Genital capsule, lateral view. (F) Pygofer and subgenital plate, lateral view. (G) Pygofer and subgenital plate, ventral view. (H) Subgenital plate, lateral view. (I) Style, dorsal view. (J) Style, lateral view. (K) Aedeagus, lateral view. (L) Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars in mm.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Figure 3 in A new species of Pinndorama Domahovski (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Hyalojassini) from the Amazon Rain Forest, Brazil

Figure 3. Pinndorama dilatata sp. nov., female paratype. (A) Sternite VII, ventral view. (B) Distal portion of abdomen, ventral view. (C) Distal portion of abdomen, lateral view. (D) First valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. (E) Apical portion of first valvula. (F) Second valvula, lateral view. (G) Apical portion of second valvula. (H) Second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Patterns in the genetic structure of 49 lowland rain forest tree species co-distributed on opposite sides of the Northern Andes

The Andes are a major dispersal barrier for lowland rain forest plants and animals, yet hundreds of lowland tree species are distributed on both sides of the Northern Andes, raising questions about how the Andes influenced their biogeographic histories and population genetic structure. To explore these questions, we generated standardized datasets of thousands of SNPs from paired populations of 49 tree species co-distributed in rain forest tree communities located in Panama and Amazonian Ecuador and calculated genetic diversity (π) and absolute genetic divergence (dXY) within and between populations, respectively. We predicted (1) higher genetic diversity in the ancestral source region (east or west of the Andes) for each taxon, and (2) correlation of genetic statistics with species attributes, including elevational range and life-history strategy. We found that genetic diversity was higher in putative ancestral source regions, possibly reflecting founder events during colonization. We found little support for a relationship between genetic divergence and species attributes except that species with higher elevational range limits exhibited higher dXY, implying older divergence times. One possible explanation for this pattern is that dispersal through mountain passes declined in importance relative to dispersal via alternative lowland routes as the Andes experienced uplift. We found no difference in mean genetic diversity between populations in Central America and the Amazon. Overall, our results suggest that dispersal across the Andes has left enduring signatures in the genetic structure of widespread rain forest trees. We outline additional hypotheses to be tested with species-specific case studies.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Data from: Resource partitioning and interspecific interactions among sympatric rain forest arboreal mammals of the Western Ghats, India

Resource partitioning in a community of diurnal arboreal mammals consisting of the lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus, bonnet macaque (BM) Macaca radiata, Nilgiri langur Semnopithecus johnii, and the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica of the Western Ghats, southern India, was studied. Differences in their diet, vertical stratification, food resource niche breadth, niche overlap, and behavioral interactions were examined. Resource partitioning was through differential habitat use, resource use, and vertical stratification. Of the four species, the BM was not a resident species and made frequent forays into evergreen forest from the adjacent deciduous forest during the flowering season of Cullenia exarillata and fruiting season of Ficus microcarpa. The macaques had narrower niches, and the langur and the squirrel had wider niches. Niche overlap was highest between the two macaques. Overlap among the study species was particularly pronounced during the flowering of C. exarillata. There was significant correlation between niche overlap and intolerance among the study species. Certain species pairs showed little or no mutual intolerance despite high overlap. Cooperative interactions such as alarm calls occurred more frequently among the resident species. Interaction matrices revealed an underlying pattern of interspecific dominance hierarchy, with the BM dominating over the other three species. Our study suggests that the BM do not coexist with the other three because of high overlap with its congener and low occurrence of cooperative interactions.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Highly-replicated soil, topography and vegetation sampling across an old-growth tropical rain forest landscape

Here we present data from highly-replicated sampling of soil, topography, and vegetation across an old-growth tropical rainforest landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Samples were taken at 100 x 50 m spacing using an existing surveyed grid system. The 573-ha sample area spanned a variety of soil, topographic and vegetation conditions, including flat terraces on old alluvial soil, ridge tops and steep slopes on residual soil, riparian habitats and fresh-water swamps. At each of 1170 grid points we established a circular 0.01 ha quadrat (radius = 5.64 m). We sampled soil at 30-50 cm depth with a soil augur and collected a sample for subsequent analysis. We measured slope angle with a clinometer and slope direction with a compass. We measured stem diameter to +1 mm with a synthetic fabric diameter tape for all stems >10 cm diameter (N= 5236) at 1.3 m from the ground or to ~ 6 m height if there were basal irregularities. We classified stems to life form (tree, palm, liana), and identified all trees and palms to species or morphospecies (N=266; lianas were not identified to species). We collected vouchers from all trees that we could not positively identify in the field (N=920). As a whole the data set presents an integrated view of soil, topography and vegetation across a mesoscale old-growth tropical rain forest landscape. The data have been used to refine a reserve-wide soils map for La Selva, and for a variety of papers analyzing the interactions of soil, topography and species distributions at landscape scales (see the 10 papers listed in the Related Works section below). There are no restrictions at all on the use of these data, and we think they will be useful for teaching and analysis projects as well as further original research applications. The data also provide a detailed benchmark of the status of old-growth vegetation in 1993-95 for one of the most intensively studied tropical rain forest landscapes in the world. Because the data are accurately georeferenced and detailed metadata on all methods are provided, this study could be repeated at any time to assess the trajectory of vegetation changes at La Selva, particularly in relation to local disturbances and changing regional and global climates.

Figure 3 in Composition and dynamics of mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Figure 3. Distribution of the three sampling sectors (I, II, and III) in the study area, in Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, municipality of Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil.

Figure 1 in Composition and dynamics of mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Figure 1. Location of the study area in Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, municipality of Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil.

Figure 7 in Composition and dynamics of mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Figure 7. Monthly variation of the average size (in the number of individuals) of the mixed flocks of birds, in Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, municipality of Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, between October 2016 and September 2017.

Figure 4 in Composition and dynamics of mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Figure 4. Simple linear regression of the relationship between species richness and the number of individuals from mixed flocks of birds, in Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, municipality of Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil, between October 2016 and September 2017.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Climate and microhabitat shape the prevalence of endozoochory in the seed rain of tropical montane forests

Endozoochory, the dispersal of seeds by animal ingestion, is the most dominant mode of seed dispersal in tropical forests and is a key process shaping current and future forest dynamics. However, it remains largely unknown how endozoochory is associated with environmental conditions at regional and local scales. Here, we investigated the effects of elevation, climate and microhabitat conditions on the proportion of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain of the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador. Over one year, we measured seed rain in 162 seed traps on nine 1-ha forest plots located at 1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m a.s.l. We recorded climatic conditions (mean annual temperature and rainfall) in each plot and microhabitat conditions (leaf area index and soil moisture) adjacent to each seed trap. In total, we recorded 331,838 seeds belonging to 323 morphospecies. Overall, the proportion of endozoochorous species in the seed rain decreased with elevation. Relative biomass of endozoochorous species decreased with increasing rainfall, whereas the relative seed richness of endozoochorous species increased with increasing temperature and leaf area index. These findings suggest an interplay between climate factors and microhabitat conditions in shaping the importance of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain of tropical montane forests. We conclude that changing climatic and microhabitat conditions are likely to cause changes in the dominant dispersal modes of plant communities which may trigger changes in current and future dynamics of tropical forests.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Recolonizing native wildlife facilitates exotic plant invasion into Singapore's rain forests: Data and R script

Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to facilitate invasive plants has been largely overlooked. Here, we investigate the role of Singapore's recolonizing native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in facilitating an invasive weed Miconia crenata into tropical rain forests, which are normally highly resistant to invasion. We conducted line-transect surveys in 11 Singaporean rain forests and used generalized linear mixed models to consider the contribution of pigs' soil disturbances, human forest paths, and other environmental covariates, on the density of M. crenata. We found that M. crenata was more abundant at forest edges and invasion into forest interior was facilitated by pigs, paths, and canopy gaps, but that these effects were all additive, not synergistic (i.e. not multiplicative). These results highlight how modern invasions are driven by multiple disturbances as well as propagule pressure (e.g. urban birds dispersing seeds at forest edges where they establish in pig soil disturbances). Singapore's extensive native forest restoration efforts may have provided plentiful edge and secondary forests that are well suited to pigs and M. crenata, which in turn undermine the aims of fostering later-successional native plant communities. To prevent negative externalities, we suggest that plant restoration and rewilding projects consider the potential role of wildlife in facilitating non-native plants, and couple these actions with preliminary screening of unintended consequences and continued monitoring, as well as limiting human-mediated weed invasion to minimize propagule sources.