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Endothermic processes for producing hydrogen using autothermal microchannel reactor technology by steam reforming
<p><strong>Endothermic processes for producing hydrogen using autothermal microchannel reactor technology by steam reforming</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. Chemical reactions must be distinguished from physical changes. Physical changes include changes of state, such as ice melting to water and water evaporating to vapour. If a physical change occurs, the physical properties of a substance will change, but its chemical identity will remain the same. No matter what its physical state, water is the same compound, with each molecule composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. However, if water, as ice, liquid, or vapour, encounters sodium metal, the atoms will be redistributed to give the new substances molecular hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. By this, a chemical change or reaction has occurred. When making a new substance from other substances, chemists say either that they carry out a synthesis or that they synthesize the new material. Reactants are converted to products, and the process is symbolized by a chemical equation. For example, iron and sulfur combine to form iron sulfide.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 13.8238</p> <p>0.00025 13.829</p> <p>0.0005 13.7686</p> <p>0.00075 13.5966</p> <p>0.001 13.3629</p> <p>0.00125 13.1109</p> <p>0.0015 12.8776</p> <p>0.00175 12.6771</p> <p>0.002 12.5024</p> <p>0.00225 12.3324</p> <p>0.0025 12.148</p> <p>0.00275 11.9429</p> <p>0.003 11.7223</p> <p>0.00325 11.5024</p> <p>0.0035 11.3004</p> <p>0.00375 11.1228</p> <p>0.004 10.9663</p> <p>0.00425 10.8201</p> <p>0.0045 10.6735</p> <p>0.00475 10.5217</p> <p>0.005 10.3666</p> <p>0.00525 10.2161</p> <p>0.0055 10.079</p> <p>0.00575 9.9589</p> <p>0.006 9.85332</p> <p>0.00625 9.75492</p> <p>0.0065 9.65697</p> <p>0.00675 9.55649</p> <p>0.007 9.45433</p> <p>0.00725 9.35567</p> <p>0.0075 9.26616</p> <p>0.00775 9.18776</p> <p>0.008 9.11867</p> <p>0.00825 9.0535</p> <p>0.0085 8.98726</p> <p>0.00875 8.91821</p> <p>0.009 8.84762</p> <p>0.00925 8.77935</p> <p>0.0095 8.71752</p> <p>0.00975 8.66366</p> <p>0.01 8.61548</p> <p>0.01025 8.56872</p> <p>0.0105 8.51959</p> <p>0.01075 8.46699</p> <p>0.011 8.41232</p> <p>0.01125 8.35897</p> <p>0.0115 8.31019</p> <p>0.01175 8.26698</p> <p>0.012 8.22767</p> <p>0.01225 8.18823</p> <p>0.0125 8.14529</p> <p>0.01275 8.09866</p> <p>0.013 8.04992</p> <p>0.01325 8.00185</p> <p>0.0135 7.95721</p> <p>0.01375 7.91664</p> <p>0.014 7.87854</p> <p>0.01425 7.8395</p> <p>0.0145 7.79682</p> <p>0.01475 7.74993</p> <p>0.015 7.70089</p> <p>0.01525 7.65246</p> <p>0.0155 7.6065</p> <p>0.01575 7.56371</p> <p>0.016 7.52264</p> <p>0.01625 7.48033</p> <p>0.0165 7.43432</p> <p>0.01675 7.38447</p> <p>0.017 7.33228</p> <p>0.01725 7.28009</p> <p>0.0175 7.22957</p> <p>0.01775 7.18109</p> <p>0.018 7.13374</p> <p>0.01825 7.0847</p> <p>0.0185 7.03187</p> <p>0.01875 6.9754</p> <p>0.019 6.91664</p> <p>0.01925 6.85735</p> <p>0.0195 6.79932</p> <p>0.01975 6.74305</p> <p>0.02 6.687</p> <p>0.02025 6.62861</p> <p>0.0205 6.56642</p> <p>0.02075 6.50083</p> <p>0.021 6.43312</p> <p>0.02125 6.3647</p> <p>0.0215 6.29672</p> <p>0.02175 6.22942</p> <p>0.022 6.16121</p> <p>0.02225 6.09054</p> <p>0.0225 6.01672</p> <p>0.02275 5.9398</p> <p>0.023 5.86069</p> <p>0.02325 5.78065</p> <p>0.0235 5.70069</p> <p>0.02375 5.62078</p> <p>0.024 5.53996</p> <p>0.02425 5.45674</p> <p>0.0245 5.37043</p> <p>0.02475 5.28143</p> <p>0.025 5.19039</p> <p>0.02525 5.09831</p> <p>0.0255 5.00598</p> <p>0.02575 4.9134</p> <p>0.026 4.81981</p> <p>0.02625 4.72445</p> <p>0.0265 4.6271</p> <p>0.02675 4.52778</p> <p>0.027 4.42719</p> <p>0.02725 4.32633</p> <p>0.0275 4.22547</p> <p>0.02775 4.12485</p> <p>0.028 4.02385</p> <p>0.02825 3.9231</p> <p>0.0285 3.82001</p> <p>0.02875 3.71778</p> <p>0.029 3.60389</p> <p>0.02925 3.48476</p> <p>0.0295 3.37125</p> <p>0.02975 3.25454</p> <p>0.03 3.09704</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Steam reforming processes using microchannel technology for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
<p><strong>Steam reforming processes using microchannel technology for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Many catalytic processes are known in which the catalyst and the reactants are not present in the same phase, that is, state of matter. These are known as heterogeneous catalytic reactions. They include reactions between gases or liquids or both at the surface of a solid catalyst. Since the surface is the place at which the reaction occurs, it generally is prepared in ways that produce large surface areas per unit of catalyst; finely divided metals, metal gauzes, metals incorporated into supporting matrices, and metallic films have all been used in modern heterogeneous catalysis. The metals themselves are used, or they are converted to oxides, sulfides, or halides. With solid catalysts, at least one of the reactants is chemisorbed (a portmanteau term for chemically adsorbed) by the catalyst. A catalyst is chosen that releases the products formed as readily as possible; otherwise, the products remain on the catalyst surface and act as poisons to the process. Chemisorption can occur over a wide temperature range, the most effective temperature for adsorption depending on the nature of the catalyst. Thus, hydrogen is chemisorbed readily by many metals even at liquid air temperatures. With a series of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation catalysts, for example, zinc oxide-chromic oxide, chemisorption of hydrogen often occurs above room temperature. Nitrogen is rapidly chemisorbed on synthetic ammonia-iron catalyst in the region at temperatures above 400 degrees Celsius. It has been shown that iron films chemisorb nitrogen even at liquid air temperatures, with additional chemisorption found above room temperatures. It follows from such considerations that whereas physical adsorptions, which parallel the ease of liquefaction of the adsorbed substance, occur spontaneously, chemisorption, which involves the making and breaking of chemical bonds, often requires activation energies (energy needed to initiate reactions) as do uncatalyzed chemical processes. To be efficient catalytically, a process must involve energies of activation for all the steps involved that, at their maxima, are less than those required for the uncatalyzed reaction.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 9.08258</p> <p>0.00025 9.08623</p> <p>0.0005 9.06858</p> <p>0.00075 9.00579</p> <p>0.001 8.90897</p> <p>0.00125 8.80223</p> <p>0.0015 8.71498</p> <p>0.00175 8.6596</p> <p>0.002 8.62783</p> <p>0.00225 8.59661</p> <p>0.0025 8.54384</p> <p>0.00275 8.46052</p> <p>0.003 8.35118</p> <p>0.00325 8.23399</p> <p>0.0035 8.13034</p> <p>0.00375 8.05024</p> <p>0.004 7.98947</p> <p>0.00425 7.93422</p> <p>0.0045 7.87164</p> <p>0.00475 7.7959</p> <p>0.005 7.70981</p> <p>0.00525 7.62462</p> <p>0.0055 7.55304</p> <p>0.00575 7.50071</p> <p>0.006 7.46372</p> <p>0.00625 7.43144</p> <p>0.0065 7.39358</p> <p>0.00675 7.3462</p> <p>0.007 7.29176</p> <p>0.00725 7.23878</p> <p>0.0075 7.19691</p> <p>0.00775 7.16958</p> <p>0.008 7.15358</p> <p>0.00825 7.14021</p> <p>0.0085 7.12094</p> <p>0.00875 7.09265</p> <p>0.009 7.05774</p> <p>0.00925 7.02353</p> <p>0.0095 6.99801</p> <p>0.00975 6.98414</p> <p>0.01 6.97862</p> <p>0.01025 6.97401</p> <p>0.0105 6.9631</p> <p>0.01075 6.94354</p> <p>0.011 6.91761</p> <p>0.01125 6.89195</p> <p>0.0115 6.87358</p> <p>0.01175 6.86521</p> <p>0.012 6.86398</p> <p>0.01225 6.86277</p> <p>0.0125 6.8552</p> <p>0.01275 6.83935</p> <p>0.013 6.81755</p> <p>0.01325 6.79575</p> <p>0.0135 6.78029</p> <p>0.01375 6.77368</p> <p>0.014 6.77343</p> <p>0.01425 6.7728</p> <p>0.0145 6.76616</p> <p>0.01475 6.75146</p> <p>0.015 6.73076</p> <p>0.01525 6.70987</p> <p>0.0155 6.6946</p> <p>0.01575 6.68733</p> <p>0.016 6.68571</p> <p>0.01625 6.68358</p> <p>0.0165 6.67524</p> <p>0.01675 6.65921</p> <p>0.017 6.6378</p> <p>0.01725 6.61618</p> <p>0.0175 6.59945</p> <p>0.01775 6.59003</p> <p>0.018 6.5862</p> <p>0.01825 6.58161</p> <p>0.0185 6.5713</p> <p>0.01875 6.5542</p> <p>0.019 6.53214</p> <p>0.01925 6.50972</p> <p>0.0195 6.49195</p> <p>0.01975 6.48078</p> <p>0.02 6.47405</p> <p>0.02025 6.46635</p> <p>0.0205 6.45304</p> <p>0.02075 6.43348</p> <p>0.021 6.40959</p> <p>0.02125 6.38518</p> <p>0.0215 6.36493</p> <p>0.02175 6.35104</p> <p>0.022 6.34095</p> <p>0.02225 6.32964</p> <p>0.0225 6.31313</p> <p>0.02275 6.29039</p> <p>0.023 6.26259</p> <p>0.02325 6.23382</p> <p>0.0235 6.20867</p> <p>0.02375 6.18867</p> <p>0.024 6.17146</p> <p>0.02425 6.15243</p> <p>0.0245 6.12822</p> <p>0.02475 6.09766</p> <p>0.025 6.06206</p> <p>0.02525 6.02536</p> <p>0.0255 5.99144</p> <p>0.02575 5.9613</p> <p>0.026 5.93233</p> <p>0.02625 5.90042</p> <p>0.0265 5.86267</p> <p>0.02675 5.81762</p> <p>0.027 5.76647</p> <p>0.02725 5.71297</p> <p>0.0275 5.66002</p> <p>0.02775 5.60812</p> <p>0.028 5.55564</p> <p>0.02825 5.4997</p> <p>0.0285 5.43621</p> <p>0.02875 5.37507</p> <p>0.029 5.31206</p> <p>0.02925 5.25157</p> <p>0.0295 5.19092</p> <p>0.02975 5.13077</p> <p>0.03 5.07692</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming processes in chemical reactors employing microchannel process technology
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming processes in chemical reactors employing microchannel process technology</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The oxidation of sodium sulfite solutions by dissolved oxygen is greatly accelerated by minute traces of copper ions in the homogeneous liquid system. This system is of special interest since it has been shown that the process is a chain reaction. In this case many thousands of molecules of sodium sulfite can be oxidized to sulfate if the initial activation process is produced by absorption of a limited number of quanta (discrete energy measures) of light. The best example of a light-initiated chain reaction is the photocombination of hydrogen and chlorine; as many as one million molecules of hydrogen chloride can be formed by absorption of a single light quantum. It is of interest to note that such chain reactions can be retarded by the presence of negative catalysts, more commonly termed inhibitors. These are materials that slow down the overall reaction by shortening the reaction chains, generally by entering into a non-chain reaction with one of the chemical components that maintain the chain. A wide variety of substances, including alcohols, sugars, and phenols, have been found to act as inhibitors of the oxidation of sulfite solutions. In certain instances, two or more catalysts present at the same time produce effects greater than either would produce alone. It is then customary to speak of promoter action. Thus, iron ions in solution fortify the action of copper ions in catalyzing a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and iodine. It is assumed that each catalyst activates only one of the reactants.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 4.44959</p> <p>0.00025 4.45878</p> <p>0.0005 4.48183</p> <p>0.00075 4.51166</p> <p>0.001 4.54417</p> <p>0.00125 4.58104</p> <p>0.0015 4.62817</p> <p>0.00175 4.68814</p> <p>0.002 4.75712</p> <p>0.00225 4.82549</p> <p>0.0025 4.88385</p> <p>0.00275 4.92753</p> <p>0.003 4.95729</p> <p>0.00325 4.98021</p> <p>0.0035 5.00483</p> <p>0.00375 5.03541</p> <p>0.004 5.07069</p> <p>0.00425 5.10466</p> <p>0.0045 5.13141</p> <p>0.00475 5.14874</p> <p>0.005 5.15804</p> <p>0.00525 5.16465</p> <p>0.0055 5.17504</p> <p>0.00575 5.19208</p> <p>0.006 5.21419</p> <p>0.00625 5.23637</p> <p>0.0065 5.25342</p> <p>0.00675 5.26315</p> <p>0.007 5.26706</p> <p>0.00725 5.26999</p> <p>0.0075 5.27698</p> <p>0.00775 5.2902</p> <p>0.008 5.30797</p> <p>0.00825 5.32557</p> <p>0.0085 5.33865</p> <p>0.00875 5.34553</p> <p>0.009 5.34758</p> <p>0.00925 5.34898</p> <p>0.0095 5.35409</p> <p>0.00975 5.36492</p> <p>0.01 5.38001</p> <p>0.01025 5.39497</p> <p>0.0105 5.40558</p> <p>0.01075 5.41024</p> <p>0.011 5.41031</p> <p>0.01125 5.41008</p> <p>0.0115 5.41383</p> <p>0.01175 5.42315</p> <p>0.012 5.43632</p> <p>0.01225 5.44943</p> <p>0.0125 5.45885</p> <p>0.01275 5.46302</p> <p>0.013 5.46291</p> <p>0.01325 5.46232</p> <p>0.0135 5.46534</p> <p>0.01375 5.47361</p> <p>0.014 5.48559</p> <p>0.01425 5.49703</p> <p>0.0145 5.50449</p> <p>0.01475 5.50685</p> <p>0.015 5.5052</p> <p>0.01525 5.50292</p> <p>0.0155 5.5039</p> <p>0.01575 5.5099</p> <p>0.016 5.51963</p> <p>0.01625 5.52926</p> <p>0.0165 5.53479</p> <p>0.01675 5.53509</p> <p>0.017 5.53187</p> <p>0.01725 5.52862</p> <p>0.0175 5.52867</p> <p>0.01775 5.53341</p> <p>0.018 5.54174</p> <p>0.01825 5.54974</p> <p>0.0185 5.5541</p> <p>0.01875 5.5541</p> <p>0.019 5.55067</p> <p>0.01925 5.54664</p> <p>0.0195 5.54565</p> <p>0.01975 5.54956</p> <p>0.02 5.55697</p> <p>0.02025 5.56395</p> <p>0.0205 5.56722</p> <p>0.02075 5.56603</p> <p>0.021 5.56165</p> <p>0.02125 5.55689</p> <p>0.0215 5.55505</p> <p>0.02175 5.55776</p> <p>0.022 5.56342</p> <p>0.02225 5.56878</p> <p>0.0225 5.57095</p> <p>0.02275 5.56887</p> <p>0.023 5.56341</p> <p>0.02325 5.55734</p> <p>0.0235 5.55408</p> <p>0.02375 5.55524</p> <p>0.024 5.55933</p> <p>0.02425 5.56278</p> <p>0.0245 5.56283</p> <p>0.02475 5.55851</p> <p>0.025 5.55036</p> <p>0.02525 5.54139</p> <p>0.0255 5.53503</p> <p>0.02575 5.53218</p> <p>0.026 5.53104</p> <p>0.02625 5.52834</p> <p>0.0265 5.52161</p> <p>0.02675 5.51435</p> <p>0.027 5.50735</p> <p>0.02725 5.50059</p> <p>0.0275 5.49358</p> <p>0.02775 5.48678</p> <p>0.028 5.47965</p> <p>0.02825 5.47246</p> <p>0.0285 5.46597</p> <p>0.02875 5.45839</p> <p>0.029 5.45181</p> <p>0.02925 5.4442</p> <p>0.0295 5.43768</p> <p>0.02975 5.43001</p> <p>0.03 5.42345</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed continuous flow reactors with highly insulating wall materials for the production of hydrogen by steam reforming
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed continuous flow reactors with highly insulating wall materials for the production of hydrogen by steam reforming</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Catalysts may be classified generally according to their physical state, their chemical nature, or the nature of the reactions that they catalyze. Catalysts may be gases, liquids, or solids. In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is molecularly dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases, separated by a phase boundary. Most commonly, heterogeneous catalysts are solids, and the reactants are gases or liquids. When the catalyst and the reacting substances are present together in a single state of matter, usually as a gas or a liquid, it is customary to classify the reactions as cases of homogeneous catalysis. Oxides of nitrogen serve as catalysts for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric acid, an instance of homogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and reactants are gases. Traces of water vapour catalyze some gas reactions, for example, the interaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen, which proceeds only slowly in dry conditions. Sulfuric acid used as a catalyst for the formation of diethyl ether from ethyl alcohol is an example of homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase (when the products, water and ether, are continuously removed by distillation); by this method, considerable quantities of alcohol can be converted to ether with a single charge of sulfuric acid. The inversion of cane sugar and the hydrolysis of esters by acid solutions also are examples of homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 2.51969</p> <p>0.00025 2.52898</p> <p>0.0005 2.55637</p> <p>0.00075 2.59905</p> <p>0.001 2.65199</p> <p>0.00125 2.71215</p> <p>0.0015 2.779</p> <p>0.00175 2.85188</p> <p>0.002 2.929</p> <p>0.00225 3.007</p> <p>0.0025 3.08264</p> <p>0.00275 3.15412</p> <p>0.003 3.22107</p> <p>0.00325 3.28478</p> <p>0.0035 3.34725</p> <p>0.00375 3.40961</p> <p>0.004 3.47145</p> <p>0.00425 3.53115</p> <p>0.0045 3.58689</p> <p>0.00475 3.63782</p> <p>0.005 3.68446</p> <p>0.00525 3.72848</p> <p>0.0055 3.77185</p> <p>0.00575 3.81555</p> <p>0.006 3.85919</p> <p>0.00625 3.90117</p> <p>0.0065 3.93975</p> <p>0.00675 3.9745</p> <p>0.007 4.00595</p> <p>0.00725 4.03554</p> <p>0.0075 4.06508</p> <p>0.00775 4.09527</p> <p>0.008 4.1257</p> <p>0.00825 4.15508</p> <p>0.0085 4.18203</p> <p>0.00875 4.20586</p> <p>0.009 4.22692</p> <p>0.00925 4.24666</p> <p>0.0095 4.26675</p> <p>0.00975 4.28804</p> <p>0.01 4.31009</p> <p>0.01025 4.33162</p> <p>0.0105 4.35124</p> <p>0.01075 4.36833</p> <p>0.011 4.38322</p> <p>0.01125 4.39748</p> <p>0.0115 4.41272</p> <p>0.01175 4.42943</p> <p>0.012 4.44708</p> <p>0.01225 4.46422</p> <p>0.0125 4.47947</p> <p>0.01275 4.49245</p> <p>0.013 4.50367</p> <p>0.01325 4.51438</p> <p>0.0135 4.52587</p> <p>0.01375 4.53892</p> <p>0.014 4.55319</p> <p>0.01425 4.56709</p> <p>0.0145 4.57965</p> <p>0.01475 4.59029</p> <p>0.015 4.59928</p> <p>0.01525 4.60791</p> <p>0.0155 4.61738</p> <p>0.01575 4.62855</p> <p>0.016 4.64119</p> <p>0.01625 4.6539</p> <p>0.0165 4.665</p> <p>0.01675 4.67399</p> <p>0.017 4.68163</p> <p>0.01725 4.68922</p> <p>0.0175 4.69783</p> <p>0.01775 4.70789</p> <p>0.018 4.71927</p> <p>0.01825 4.73043</p> <p>0.0185 4.74005</p> <p>0.01875 4.74791</p> <p>0.019 4.75432</p> <p>0.01925 4.76037</p> <p>0.0195 4.7674</p> <p>0.01975 4.77614</p> <p>0.02 4.78619</p> <p>0.02025 4.79589</p> <p>0.0205 4.80412</p> <p>0.02075 4.81091</p> <p>0.021 4.81662</p> <p>0.02125 4.82204</p> <p>0.0215 4.8285</p> <p>0.02175 4.83678</p> <p>0.022 4.84603</p> <p>0.02225 4.85522</p> <p>0.0225 4.8636</p> <p>0.02275 4.87063</p> <p>0.023 4.87617</p> <p>0.02325 4.88134</p> <p>0.0235 4.88764</p> <p>0.02375 4.89563</p> <p>0.024 4.90453</p> <p>0.02425 4.91307</p> <p>0.0245 4.92044</p> <p>0.02475 4.92599</p> <p>0.025 4.92992</p> <p>0.02525 4.93332</p> <p>0.0255 4.93759</p> <p>0.02575 4.94309</p> <p>0.026 4.94878</p> <p>0.02625 4.95359</p> <p>0.0265 4.95679</p> <p>0.02675 4.95736</p> <p>0.027 4.95533</p> <p>0.02725 4.95189</p> <p>0.0275 4.94807</p> <p>0.02775 4.94582</p> <p>0.028 4.94248</p> <p>0.02825 4.9391</p> <p>0.0285 4.93625</p> <p>0.02875 4.93336</p> <p>0.029 4.93052</p> <p>0.02925 4.92708</p> <p>0.0295 4.92401</p> <p>0.02975 4.92139</p> <p>0.03 4.91781</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming reactors with highly insulating wall materials for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming reactors with highly insulating wall materials for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The design relates to a thermally coupled monolith reactor, used to thermally contact endothermic and exothermic reaction streams in adjacent channels. The geometry allows intimate thermal contact whilst keeping the streams from becoming mixed. The reactor body is constructed by modification of a substantially rigid and essentially nonporous monolith honeycomb. Prior to modification the monolith consists of a honeycombed body having a matrix of thin walls defining a multiplicity of discrete channels which pass through the body of the structure from one face to the opposing face. The monolith is modified in such a way as to produce a rigid body containing at least two discreet process flow paths which have a number of dividing walls in common. For the purpose of this design, a channel is defined as any individual passageway through the monolith body and a flow path is the group of channels used for a single reaction. The monolith body may be constructed from a number of materials using a range of techniques. Suitable materials include ceramics with a low coefficient of thermal expansion which are readily extrudable. These include, but are not limited to, mullite, corderite, alumina, and silica. Other materials include metals which may be extruded, welded, brazed, or diffusion bonded to make such structures. Using metals, it is sometimes useful to start with metal oxide powders, which are then bonded and reduced to the metallic state. Suitable metals include copper, aluminium, stainless steel, iron, titanium, and mixtures or alloys thereof.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 5.24167</p> <p>0.00025 5.35038</p> <p>0.0005 5.59568</p> <p>0.00075 5.86537</p> <p>0.001 6.11865</p> <p>0.00125 6.34243</p> <p>0.0015 6.53109</p> <p>0.00175 6.68219</p> <p>0.002 6.79554</p> <p>0.00225 6.87267</p> <p>0.0025 6.91642</p> <p>0.00275 6.93001</p> <p>0.003 6.91683</p> <p>0.00325 6.88071</p> <p>0.0035 6.82557</p> <p>0.00375 6.75504</p> <p>0.004 6.67218</p> <p>0.00425 6.58003</p> <p>0.0045 6.48092</p> <p>0.00475 6.37655</p> <p>0.005 6.26889</p> <p>0.00525 6.15969</p> <p>0.0055 6.05031</p> <p>0.00575 5.9419</p> <p>0.006 5.83551</p> <p>0.00625 5.73198</p> <p>0.0065 5.63166</p> <p>0.00675 5.53473</p> <p>0.007 5.44181</p> <p>0.00725 5.35303</p> <p>0.0075 5.26832</p> <p>0.00775 5.18794</p> <p>0.008 5.11205</p> <p>0.00825 5.0406</p> <p>0.0085 4.9734</p> <p>0.00875 4.91027</p> <p>0.009 4.85116</p> <p>0.00925 4.79592</p> <p>0.0095 4.74421</p> <p>0.00975 4.69592</p> <p>0.01 4.6509</p> <p>0.01025 4.60897</p> <p>0.0105 4.57006</p> <p>0.01075 4.53403</p> <p>0.011 4.50066</p> <p>0.01125 4.46966</p> <p>0.0115 4.44077</p> <p>0.01175 4.41409</p> <p>0.012 4.38962</p> <p>0.01225 4.36729</p> <p>0.0125 4.34699</p> <p>0.01275 4.32857</p> <p>0.013 4.31176</p> <p>0.01325 4.29635</p> <p>0.0135 4.28232</p> <p>0.01375 4.26966</p> <p>0.014 4.2583</p> <p>0.01425 4.24794</p> <p>0.0145 4.23865</p> <p>0.01475 4.23021</p> <p>0.015 4.22255</p> <p>0.01525 4.21587</p> <p>0.0155 4.21007</p> <p>0.01575 4.20509</p> <p>0.016 4.20091</p> <p>0.01625 4.1973</p> <p>0.0165 4.19387</p> <p>0.01675 4.19079</p> <p>0.017 4.1885</p> <p>0.01725 4.18682</p> <p>0.0175 4.18524</p> <p>0.01775 4.18388</p> <p>0.018 4.18298</p> <p>0.01825 4.18213</p> <p>0.0185 4.18136</p> <p>0.01875 4.18095</p> <p>0.019 4.1809</p> <p>0.01925 4.1808</p> <p>0.0195 4.18068</p> <p>0.01975 4.18095</p> <p>0.02 4.18151</p> <p>0.02025 4.18213</p> <p>0.0205 4.18266</p> <p>0.02075 4.18322</p> <p>0.021 4.18389</p> <p>0.02125 4.18446</p> <p>0.0215 4.18499</p> <p>0.02175 4.18578</p> <p>0.022 4.18649</p> <p>0.02225 4.18705</p> <p>0.0225 4.18769</p> <p>0.02275 4.18848</p> <p>0.023 4.18913</p> <p>0.02325 4.18948</p> <p>0.0235 4.18969</p> <p>0.02375 4.18992</p> <p>0.024 4.18989</p> <p>0.02425 4.18952</p> <p>0.0245 4.18926</p> <p>0.02475 4.18907</p> <p>0.025 4.18838</p> <p>0.02525 4.18717</p> <p>0.0255 4.18578</p> <p>0.02575 4.18424</p> <p>0.026 4.18227</p> <p>0.02625 4.17979</p> <p>0.0265 4.17704</p> <p>0.02675 4.17371</p> <p>0.027 4.16989</p> <p>0.02725 4.16595</p> <p>0.0275 4.16173</p> <p>0.02775 4.15674</p> <p>0.028 4.15105</p> <p>0.02825 4.14506</p> <p>0.0285 4.13866</p> <p>0.02875 4.13164</p> <p>0.029 4.12371</p> <p>0.02925 4.11536</p> <p>0.0295 4.1047</p> <p>0.02975 4.07045</p> <p>0.03 4.04272</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Microchannel steam reforming reactors with insulating wall materials for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Microchannel steam reforming reactors with insulating wall materials for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>In one form, the design includes a monolithic catalytic reactor with a primary flow path comprising a number of tubes which are lined with a catalyst. As chemical reactants are fed into the primary flow path the chemicals react, with the aid of the catalyst, to produce an exothermic reaction. In the same catalytic reactor is a secondary flow path, also comprising a number of tubes and also lined with a catalyst. In this secondary flow path, a different collection of chemical reactants are fed and, through the aid of the catalyst, will produce an endothermic reaction. The tubes of the primary and secondary flow paths are interspersed with one another within the monolith such that the heat generated from the exothermic reaction may conduct through the tube walls and serve as a heat source for the endothermic reaction. Furthermore, the microchannel steam reforming reactor design includes a method for enhancing one or more catalytic chemical reactions in terms of rate, product yield, energy and other parameters. Here, the initiating an exothermic reaction within one flow path of the monolithic reactor serves the dual purpose of creating a product yield as a result of that exothermic reaction and as a heat source. With the aid of this heat source, a second and endothermic reaction may be initiated in a secondary flow path which may absorb the heat from the exothermic reaction thereby enhancing product yield and making efficient use of available energy. To optimize the use of this heat, the reactions are controlled through one of many factors such as feed rate of the reactants, catalyst quality, reactant concentration and others. The flow paths may be co-current, countercurrent or other such variation as necessary to maximize heat transfer between the two reactions.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 8.97706</p> <p>0.00025 9.12983</p> <p>0.0005 9.45292</p> <p>0.00075 9.76459</p> <p>0.001 10.009</p> <p>0.00125 10.1761</p> <p>0.0015 10.2678</p> <p>0.00175 10.2901</p> <p>0.002 10.2514</p> <p>0.00225 10.1611</p> <p>0.0025 10.0284</p> <p>0.00275 9.86268</p> <p>0.003 9.67153</p> <p>0.00325 9.46156</p> <p>0.0035 9.23929</p> <p>0.00375 9.01005</p> <p>0.004 8.77805</p> <p>0.00425 8.54661</p> <p>0.0045 8.31863</p> <p>0.00475 8.09598</p> <p>0.005 7.87987</p> <p>0.00525 7.67157</p> <p>0.0055 7.47194</p> <p>0.00575 7.28144</p> <p>0.006 7.10033</p> <p>0.00625 6.92886</p> <p>0.0065 6.76695</p> <p>0.00675 6.61432</p> <p>0.007 6.47076</p> <p>0.00725 6.33601</p> <p>0.0075 6.20963</p> <p>0.00775 6.09103</p> <p>0.008 5.98024</p> <p>0.00825 5.87692</p> <p>0.0085 5.78047</p> <p>0.00875 5.6906</p> <p>0.009 5.60703</p> <p>0.00925 5.5293</p> <p>0.0095 5.45708</p> <p>0.00975 5.38993</p> <p>0.01 5.3273</p> <p>0.01025 5.26922</p> <p>0.0105 5.2156</p> <p>0.01075 5.1662</p> <p>0.011 5.12058</p> <p>0.01125 5.07842</p> <p>0.0115 5.03943</p> <p>0.01175 5.00345</p> <p>0.012 4.9703</p> <p>0.01225 4.93973</p> <p>0.0125 4.91161</p> <p>0.01275 4.88587</p> <p>0.013 4.86227</p> <p>0.01325 4.84055</p> <p>0.0135 4.82058</p> <p>0.01375 4.80242</p> <p>0.014 4.78598</p> <p>0.01425 4.77087</p> <p>0.0145 4.75708</p> <p>0.01475 4.74449</p> <p>0.015 4.73297</p> <p>0.01525 4.72248</p> <p>0.0155 4.71307</p> <p>0.01575 4.70472</p> <p>0.016 4.69726</p> <p>0.01625 4.69071</p> <p>0.0165 4.68471</p> <p>0.01675 4.67933</p> <p>0.017 4.67489</p> <p>0.01725 4.67115</p> <p>0.0175 4.66781</p> <p>0.01775 4.66491</p> <p>0.018 4.6626</p> <p>0.01825 4.66054</p> <p>0.0185 4.65865</p> <p>0.01875 4.65713</p> <p>0.019 4.65599</p> <p>0.01925 4.65505</p> <p>0.0195 4.6543</p> <p>0.01975 4.65386</p> <p>0.02 4.65375</p> <p>0.02025 4.65363</p> <p>0.0205 4.6535</p> <p>0.02075 4.6538</p> <p>0.021 4.65451</p> <p>0.02125 4.65516</p> <p>0.0215 4.65575</p> <p>0.02175 4.65657</p> <p>0.022 4.65718</p> <p>0.02225 4.65771</p> <p>0.0225 4.65857</p> <p>0.02275 4.65952</p> <p>0.023 4.66024</p> <p>0.02325 4.66071</p> <p>0.0235 4.66111</p> <p>0.02375 4.66146</p> <p>0.024 4.66145</p> <p>0.02425 4.66101</p> <p>0.0245 4.66041</p> <p>0.02475 4.65975</p> <p>0.025 4.65862</p> <p>0.02525 4.65679</p> <p>0.0255 4.65471</p> <p>0.02575 4.65255</p> <p>0.026 4.6498</p> <p>0.02625 4.64634</p> <p>0.0265 4.64254</p> <p>0.02675 4.63791</p> <p>0.027 4.63242</p> <p>0.02725 4.62651</p> <p>0.0275 4.62008</p> <p>0.02775 4.61266</p> <p>0.028 4.60415</p> <p>0.02825 4.59488</p> <p>0.0285 4.585</p> <p>0.02875 4.57438</p> <p>0.029 4.5624</p> <p>0.02925 4.54979</p> <p>0.0295 4.5335</p> <p>0.02975 4.47929</p> <p>0.03 4.43516</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Autothermal steam reforming reactors with thermally conductive walls for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Autothermal steam reforming reactors with thermally conductive walls for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>It is necessary to provide a reactor where the catalytically active components are immobilized on adjacent sides of the monolith dividing walls such that heat transfer can occur via purely conduction through the wall from one catalytic process to the second catalytic process. It is also necessary to provide a reactor where the monolith body is demountable from the inlet and outlet manifolds such that catalyst replacement and recovery of spent catalyst can be easily performed. It is also necessary to provide a reactor where the heat transfer characteristics are decoupled from the reactant or product fluid velocities such that the system can operate with moderate gas velocities and with low pressure drops. It is also necessary to provide a reactor of low thermal inertia and high heat load such that rapid start up and fast response to load transients can be achieved. The design comprises, in one form thereof, a chemical processing method to thermally contact an endothermic and an exothermic reaction without mixing the two streams, utilizing a thermally coupled monolith reactor. A ceramic or metal monolith is modified to produce a structure containing at least two sets of discrete flow channels and which are separated by a number of common walls. Manifolds are arranged such that one reaction mixture flows through one set of channels and a different reaction mixture flows through the second. Catalytic material, which is active for the relevant reaction, is coated onto the inner walls of each of the sets of channels. The two reactions are chosen such that one is exothermic and one is endothermic, such that the energy required by the endothermic process is supplied directly through the dividing wall from the exothermic process occurring on the opposing side. This method of heat transfer completely decouples the gas phase hydrodynamics from the heat transfer process.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 12.1245</p> <p>0.00025 12.2056</p> <p>0.0005 12.3371</p> <p>0.00075 12.3931</p> <p>0.001 12.3704</p> <p>0.00125 12.2891</p> <p>0.0015 12.1645</p> <p>0.00175 12.0076</p> <p>0.002 11.8272</p> <p>0.00225 11.63</p> <p>0.0025 11.4214</p> <p>0.00275 11.2059</p> <p>0.003 10.987</p> <p>0.00325 10.7674</p> <p>0.0035 10.5496</p> <p>0.00375 10.3354</p> <p>0.004 10.1263</p> <p>0.00425 9.9232</p> <p>0.0045 9.72691</p> <p>0.00475 9.53772</p> <p>0.005 9.35585</p> <p>0.00525 9.18161</p> <p>0.0055 9.01491</p> <p>0.00575 8.85575</p> <p>0.006 8.70412</p> <p>0.00625 8.55976</p> <p>0.0065 8.42235</p> <p>0.00675 8.29183</p> <p>0.007 8.16813</p> <p>0.00725 8.05097</p> <p>0.0075 7.94006</p> <p>0.00775 7.83509</p> <p>0.008 7.73603</p> <p>0.00825 7.64259</p> <p>0.0085 7.55447</p> <p>0.00875 7.47149</p> <p>0.009 7.39325</p> <p>0.00925 7.31962</p> <p>0.0095 7.25041</p> <p>0.00975 7.18541</p> <p>0.01 7.12413</p> <p>0.01025 7.06625</p> <p>0.0105 7.01189</p> <p>0.01075 6.96101</p> <p>0.011 6.91331</p> <p>0.01125 6.86823</p> <p>0.0115 6.82574</p> <p>0.01175 6.78591</p> <p>0.012 6.74833</p> <p>0.01225 6.7128</p> <p>0.0125 6.67938</p> <p>0.01275 6.648</p> <p>0.013 6.61842</p> <p>0.01325 6.5905</p> <p>0.0135 6.56401</p> <p>0.01375 6.53896</p> <p>0.014 6.51549</p> <p>0.01425 6.49316</p> <p>0.0145 6.47196</p> <p>0.01475 6.45184</p> <p>0.015 6.43277</p> <p>0.01525 6.41475</p> <p>0.0155 6.39735</p> <p>0.01575 6.38068</p> <p>0.016 6.36501</p> <p>0.01625 6.35036</p> <p>0.0165 6.33607</p> <p>0.01675 6.32215</p> <p>0.017 6.30899</p> <p>0.01725 6.29632</p> <p>0.0175 6.28384</p> <p>0.01775 6.27168</p> <p>0.018 6.2601</p> <p>0.01825 6.24866</p> <p>0.0185 6.23744</p> <p>0.01875 6.22675</p> <p>0.019 6.21628</p> <p>0.01925 6.20588</p> <p>0.0195 6.19553</p> <p>0.01975 6.18524</p> <p>0.02 6.17518</p> <p>0.02025 6.16499</p> <p>0.0205 6.1546</p> <p>0.02075 6.1444</p> <p>0.021 6.13426</p> <p>0.02125 6.12398</p> <p>0.0215 6.11344</p> <p>0.02175 6.10277</p> <p>0.022 6.09166</p> <p>0.02225 6.08022</p> <p>0.0225 6.06884</p> <p>0.02275 6.05715</p> <p>0.023 6.04483</p> <p>0.02325 6.03193</p> <p>0.0235 6.01875</p> <p>0.02375 6.00527</p> <p>0.024 5.99094</p> <p>0.02425 5.97588</p> <p>0.0245 5.96041</p> <p>0.02475 5.94431</p> <p>0.025 5.92737</p> <p>0.02525 5.90954</p> <p>0.0255 5.89105</p> <p>0.02575 5.87191</p> <p>0.026 5.85159</p> <p>0.02625 5.83007</p> <p>0.0265 5.80776</p> <p>0.02675 5.78416</p> <p>0.027 5.7593</p> <p>0.02725 5.73344</p> <p>0.0275 5.70642</p> <p>0.02775 5.67803</p> <p>0.028 5.64823</p> <p>0.02825 5.61725</p> <p>0.0285 5.58477</p> <p>0.02875 5.55098</p> <p>0.029 5.52507</p> <p>0.02925 5.49861</p> <p>0.0295 5.46342</p> <p>0.02975 5.43244</p> <p>0.03 5.40902</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Microchannel steam reforming reactors with enhanced heat transfer for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
<p><strong>Microchannel steam reforming reactors with enhanced heat transfer for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>It has been described a compact multiple tube steam reformer. The design consists of multiple packed tubes, of small diameter, being placed in intimate contact with a heat generating flame. The arrangement leads to improved heat transfer and therefore chemical conversion. However, the packed tube results in a significant pressure drop and the author states the process is still heat transfer limited. Therefore, a reactor design which minimizes the process side pressure drop and does not suffer from heat transfer limitation is required. It has been described a method to modify a monolithic structure into a combined heat exchanger reactor. The method describes the mechanical process to transform the structure into a structure consisting of two discrete volumes. It is proposed that the arrangement can either be used as a heat exchanger, where energy is transferred from one stream to another via conduction through the wall or it is suitable as a chemical reactor where the second set of channels allow the introduction of a heat transfer fluid. In the second case, the energy required or generated through the reaction is removed via a heat transfer fluid in the second channel. It is noted that the reaction can be a catalytic process and the catalytically active material can be coated onto the monolith passage walls to minimize pressure drop. In this arrangement, the heat transfer from the process catalyst to the dividing wall will be highly efficient, however, the uptake of the energy by the heat transfer fluid will suffer from all of the limitations of traditional heat transfer operations. In this case, the boundary layer will provide a significant resistance to heat transfer and will severely limit the rate of the process. Also, for this arrangement to successfully supply or remove heat and maintain a near isothermal longitudinal profile considerable heat transfer fluid velocities must be utilized. The high velocities will reduce the characteristic thickness of the boundary layer and ensure that a sufficient mass of heat transfer fluid is available to absorb the heat of reaction without significantly changing temperature. These requirements will lead to excessive pressure drop through the coolant channels. Therefore, a reactor design which minimizes the heat transfer fluid side pressure drop is required. The method does not teach about combining endothermic and exothermic reactions on opposing sides of dividing walls of adjacent channels as an efficient method of heat transfer.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meters), Heat flux (watts per square meter)</p> <p>0 28082.8</p> <p>0.00025 139648</p> <p>0.0005 111616</p> <p>0.00075 93312</p> <p>0.001 81920</p> <p>0.00125 74112</p> <p>0.0015 68096</p> <p>0.00175 62976</p> <p>0.002 58752</p> <p>0.00225 55168</p> <p>0.0025 52096</p> <p>0.00275 49152</p> <p>0.003 46336</p> <p>0.00325 44032</p> <p>0.0035 41984</p> <p>0.00375 40064</p> <p>0.004 38400</p> <p>0.00425 36864</p> <p>0.0045 35328</p> <p>0.00475 33920</p> <p>0.005 32512</p> <p>0.00525 31360</p> <p>0.0055 30336</p> <p>0.00575 29184</p> <p>0.006 28288</p> <p>0.00625 27392</p> <p>0.0065 26496</p> <p>0.00675 25728</p> <p>0.007 24832</p> <p>0.00725 24192</p> <p>0.0075 23680</p> <p>0.00775 23040</p> <p>0.008 22400</p> <p>0.00825 21760</p> <p>0.0085 21376</p> <p>0.00875 21120</p> <p>0.009 20608</p> <p>0.00925 20224</p> <p>0.0095 19968</p> <p>0.00975 19456</p> <p>0.01 19072</p> <p>0.01025 18688</p> <p>0.0105 18432</p> <p>0.01075 18176</p> <p>0.011 17920</p> <p>0.01125 17792</p> <p>0.0115 17536</p> <p>0.01175 17280</p> <p>0.012 17024</p> <p>0.01225 16768</p> <p>0.0125 16640</p> <p>0.01275 16512</p> <p>0.013 16384</p> <p>0.01325 16256</p> <p>0.0135 16128</p> <p>0.01375 16000</p> <p>0.014 15872</p> <p>0.01425 15744</p> <p>0.0145 15488</p> <p>0.01475 15488</p> <p>0.015 15360</p> <p>0.01525 15104</p> <p>0.0155 15104</p> <p>0.01575 14976</p> <p>0.016 14848</p> <p>0.01625 14720</p> <p>0.0165 14720</p> <p>0.01675 14720</p> <p>0.017 14592</p> <p>0.01725 14336</p> <p>0.0175 14336</p> <p>0.01775 14464</p> <p>0.018 14336</p> <p>0.01825 14336</p> <p>0.0185 14336</p> <p>0.01875 14208</p> <p>0.019 14080</p> <p>0.01925 14080</p> <p>0.0195 14080</p> <p>0.01975 14080</p> <p>0.02 13952</p> <p>0.02025 13824</p> <p>0.0205 13824</p> <p>0.02075 13952</p> <p>0.021 13952</p> <p>0.02125 13824</p> <p>0.0215 13696</p> <p>0.02175 13568</p> <p>0.022 13568</p> <p>0.02225 13696</p> <p>0.0225 13696</p> <p>0.02275 13440</p> <p>0.023 13312</p> <p>0.02325 13440</p> <p>0.0235 13440</p> <p>0.02375 13312</p> <p>0.024 13312</p> <p>0.02425 13312</p> <p>0.0245 13312</p> <p>0.02475 13184</p> <p>0.025 13056</p> <p>0.02525 13056</p> <p>0.0255 13056</p> <p>0.02575 12800</p> <p>0.026 12672</p> <p>0.02625 12800</p> <p>0.0265 12672</p> <p>0.02675 12544</p> <p>0.027 12544</p> <p>0.02725 12288</p> <p>0.0275 12160</p> <p>0.02775 12160</p> <p>0.028 12032</p> <p>0.02825 12032</p> <p>0.0285 11904</p> <p>0.02875 11776</p> <p>0.029 11648</p> <p>0.02925 11520</p> <p>0.0295 11392</p> <p>0.02975 11008</p> <p>0.03 10624</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Excel data coding file for child welfare reform scoping review
<p><span>While there have been ongoing calls to reform child welfare so that it better meets children's and families' needs,</span> <span>to date there have been no comprehensive summaries of child welfare reform strategies. For this systematic scoping review, we summarized authors' recommendations for improving child welfare. We conducted a systematic search (2010 to 2021) and included published reviews that addressed authors' recommendations for improving child welfare for children, youth, and families coming into contact with child welfare in high-income countries. A total of 4,758 records was identified by the systematic search, 685 full-text articles were screened for eligibility, and 433 reviews were found to be eligible for this scoping review. Reviews were theoretically divided, with some review authors arguing for reform efforts at the macro level (e.g., addressing poverty) and others arguing for reform efforts at the practice level (e.g., implementing evidence-based parenting programs). Reform efforts across socioecological levels were summarized in this scoping review. An important next step is to formulate what policy solutions are likely to lead to the greatest improvement in safety and well-being for children and families involved in child welfare. </span></p>
Experimental data set for the article entitled "Mathematical Model of Steam Reforming in the Anode Channel of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell"
<p>Experimental data for the article: Szablowski, L.; Dybinski, O.; Szczesniak, A.; Milewski, J. Mathematical Model of Steam Reforming in the Anode Channel of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell. Energies 2022, 15, 608. The experiments were performed by the first two authors.<br> These data set refer to experiments carried out on a stand used to test high-temperature fuel cells. The subject of the study was a molten carbonate fuel cell fueled with a mixture of methane and steam with steam to carbon ratio of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 and at the cell operating temperature of 550°C and 650°C. Additionally, in the anode channel of the cell, there was a catalyst in the amount of 2 g. The active area of the cell was 20.25 cm<sup>2</sup>. The article that uses these research results is published in an open access journal with a CC-BY license. This research was funded by the National Science Center, Poland (Grant number 2020/39/D/ST8/02021).</p>
Research exceptions in copyright laws around the world in Legal reform to enhance global text and data mining research.
Research exceptions in copyright laws around the world
International cooperation and Chinese pension reform I: technical assistance, and cooperation projects (1994-2010)
<p>The list provides an overview of international exchange activities relating to Chinese pension reform: exchanges, technical assistance, and cooperation projects in the period 1994 to 2010. Main actors are international organizations, such as the World Bank, Asia Development Bank (ADB), next to the EU and national governments. </p> <p>Matthias Stepan has compiled the information in the period 2009-2013. It has been part of his dissertation project at VU University Amsterdam. </p>
REFORM Clinical Study: Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis With the Formula Balloon-Expandable Stent
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00631540. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Urinary Proteomics Combined With Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring for Health Care Reform
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04299529. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 9. Publications: 1.
Excel data coding file for child welfare reform scoping review
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Dodd Frank financial reform at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC): Public comments, January 14th, 2010 – July 16th, 2014
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Portalul bisericii reformate din Cricău
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Reform Button
For more information about this item visit: https://bhpsite.org/ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Business power against redistribution – the case of watered-down tax reform in Poland (csv. dataset)
<p>For our research purpose we compile a dataset of press articles, concerning the tax reform, published between May 15th, 2021 and October 1st, 2021 – namely, between the day of the announcement of the “Polish Deal” and the day when the final legal act with changes favourable for the high income self-employed was passed by the Sejm. We consider articles from the three most opinion-forming Polish newspapers – Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza and Dziennik Gazeta Prawna – according to the ranking prepared by the Institute of Media Monitoring for 2021. The ranking is prepared based on the number of citations of articles/statements of one medium by other media. Therefore, it may be interpreted as a measure of the impact of a given medium on the public debate.</p> <p>We study the electronic versions of the paper editions and include in the dataset all the articles that somehow concerned the tax reform. Additionally, we have separately distilled all the comments of external experts used in the articles – usually short (1-5 sentences) statements. The initial dataset consisted of 359 articles and 378 comments.</p>
Dry reforming of methane over gallium-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.